Enhancing the efficacy of fouling-release coatings against fouling by Mytilus galloprovincialis using nanofillers

References

• Aldred , N , Scardino , A , Cavaco , A , de Nys , R and Clare , AS . 2010 . Attachment strength is a key factor in the selection of surfaces by barnacle cyprids (Balanus amphitrite) during settlement . Biofouling , 26 : 287 – 299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfaro , AC and Jeffs , AG . 2002 . Small-scale mussel settlement patterns within morphologically distinct substrata at Ninety Mile Beach, northern New Zealand . Malacologia , 44 : 1 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , C , Atlar , M , Callow , M , Candries , M , Milne , A and Townsin , RL . 2003 . The development of foul-release coatings for seagoing vessels . J Mar Des Operations , B4 : 11 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Apolinario , M and Coutinho , R . 2009 . “ Understanding the biofouling of offshore and deep-sea structures ” . In Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies , Edited by: Hellio , C and Yebra , D . 132 – 147 . Cambridge , , UK : Woodhead Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Aprile , C , Corma , A and Garcia , H . 2008 . Enhancement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 through spatial structuring and particle size control: from subnanometric to submillimetric length scale . Phys Chem Chem Phys , 10 : 769 – 783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aruoja , V , Dubourguier , H-C , Kasemets , K and Kahru , A . 2009 . Toxicity of nanoparticles of CuO, ZnO and TiO2 to microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata . Sci Total Environ , 407 : 1461 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM . 2004 . Standard test method for Corona-treated polymer films using water contact angle measurements , Designation : D 5946–04 .
   Google Scholar
• Beigbeder , A , Jeusette , M , Mincheva , R , Claes , M , Brocorens , P , Lazzaroni , R and Dubois , P . 2009 . On the effect of carbon nanotubes on the wettability and surface morphology of hydrosilyation-curing silicone coatings . J Nanostr Polym Nanocomp , 5 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Beigbeder , A , Mincheva , R , Pettitt , ME , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Claes , M and Dubois , P . 2010 . Marine fouling release silicone/carbon nanotube nanocomposite coatings: on the importance of the nanotube dispersion state . J Nanosci Nanotechno , 10 : 2972 – 2978 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigbeder , A , Degee , P , Conlan , SL , Mutton , RJ , Clare , AS , Pettitt , ME , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Dubois , P . 2008 . Preparation and characterisation of silicone-based coatings filled with carbon nanotubes and natural sepiolite and their application as marine fouling-release coatings . Biofouling , 24 : 291 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsson , KM , Jonsson , PR , Lejhall , M and Gatenholm , P . 2000 . Analysis of behavioural rejection of micro-textured surfaces and implications for recruitment by the barnacle Balanus improvisus . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 251 : 59 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatkhande , DS , Pangarkar , VG and Beenackers , AACM . 2002 . Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review . J Chem Technol Biotechnol , 77 : 102 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite , RA and McEvoy , LA . 2005 . Marine biofouling on fish farms and its remediation . Adv Mar Biol , 47 : 215 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briand , JF . 2009 . Marine antifouling laboratory bioassays: an overview of their diversity . Biofouling , 25 : 297 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , S and Babcock , R . 1997 . Primary and secondary settlement by the Greenshell mussel Perna canaliculus . J Shellfish Res , 16 : 71 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , ME , Jennings , AR , Brennan , AB , Seegert , CE , Gibson , A , Wilson , L , Feinberg , A , Baney , R and Callow , JA . 2002 . Microtopographic cues for settlement of zoospores of the green fouling alga Enteromorpha . Biofouling , 18 : 237 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carl , C , Poole , AJ , Vucko , MJ , Williams , MR , Whalan , S and de Nys , R . 2011 . Optimising settlement assays of pediveligers and plantigrades of Mytilus galloprovincialis . Biofouling , 27 : 859 – 868 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carl , C , Polole , A , Sexton , B , Glenn , F , Vucko , M , Williams , M , Whalan , S and de Nys , R . 2012 . Enhancing the settlement and attachment of pediveligers of Mytilus galloprovincialis using surface wettability and microtopography . Biofouling , 28 : 175 – 186 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carman , ML , Estes , TG , Feinberg , AW , Schumacher , JF , Wilkerson , W , Wilson , LH , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Brennan , AB . 2006 . Engineered antifouling microtopographies – correlating wettability with cell attachment . Biofouling , 22 : 11 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ci , L , Suhr , J , Pushparaj , V , Zhang , X and Ajayan , PM . 2008 . Continuous carbon nanotube reinforced composites . Nano Lett , 8 : 2762 – 2766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , K and Gorley , R . 2006 . PRIMER v6: User manual/tutorial , 190 Plymouth , , UK : PRIMER-E .
   Google Scholar
• Conde , D , Aubriot , L and Sommaruga , R . 2000 . Changes in UV penetration associated with marine intrusions and freshwater discharge in a shallow coastal lagoon of the Southern Atlantic Ocean . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 207 : 19 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabrunz , A , Duester , L , Prasse , C , Seitz , F , Rosenfeldt , R , Schilde , C , Schaumann , GE and Schulz , R . 2011 . Biological surface coating and molting inhibition as mechanisms of TiO2 nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna . PLoS One , 6 : 20112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nys , R and Guenther , J . 2009 . “ The impact and control of biofouling in marine finfish aquaculture ” . In Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies , Edited by: Hellio , C and Yebra , D . 177 – 247 . Cambridge , , UK : Woodhead Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S and Thomason , JC . 2011 . The development of marine biofilms on two commercial non-biocidal coatings: a comparison between silicone and fluoropolymer technologies . Biofouling , 27 : 869 – 880 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edyvean , R . 2010 . “ Consequences of fouling on shipping ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Dürr , S and Thomason , JC . 217 – 225 . Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Erlandsson , J , Pal , P and McQuaid , CD . 2006 . Re-colonisation rate differs between co-existing indigenous and invasive intertidal mussels following major disturbance . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 320 : 169 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filgueira , R , Peteiro , LG , Labarta , U and Fernández-Reiriz , MJ . 2007 . Assessment of spat collector ropes in Galician mussel farming . Aquac Eng , 37 : 195 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnie , AA and Williams , DN . 2010 . “ Paint and coatings technology for the control of marine fouling ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Dürr , S and Thomason , JC . 185 – 206 . Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Fitridge , I , Dempster , T , Guenther , J and de Nys , R . 2012 . The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review . Biofouling , 28 : 649 – 669 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming , H-C . 2010 . “ Why microorganism live in biofilms and the problem of biofouling ” . In Marine and industrial biofouling , Edited by: Flemming , H-C , Murthy , PS , Venkatesan , R and Cooksey , K . 3 – 12 . Berlin , , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Frogley , M , Ravich , D and Wagner , HD . 2003 . Mechanical properties of carbon nanoparticle-reinforced elastomers . Compos Sci Technol , 63 : 1647 – 1654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujishima , A and Zhang , X . 2006 . Titanium dioxide photocatalysis: present situation and future approaches . CR Chim , 9 : 750 – 760 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujishima , A , Zhang , X and Tryk , DA . 2008 . TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena . Surf Sci Rep , 63 : 515 – 582 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao , Y and Liu , H . 2003 . Preparation of TiO2/silicone rubber film by a fluidifying sedimentation method and its photocatalytic reactivities for the purification of water . J Mater Sci Lett , 22 : 1821 – 1823 .
   Google Scholar
• Gaya , UI and Abdullah , AH . 2008 . Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems . J Photoch Photobio C , 9 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladis , F , Eggert , A , Karsten , U and Schumann , R . 2010 . Prevention of biofilm growth on man-made surfaces: evaluation of antialgal activity of two biocides and photocatalytic nanoparticles . Biofouling , 26 : 89 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosling , E . 2003 . Bivalve molluscs. Biology, ecology and culture , Oxford , , UK : Blackwell Science. 465 pp .
   Google Scholar
• Gribben , PE , Jeffs , AG , de Nys , R and Steinberg , PD . 2011 . Relative importance of natural cues and substrate morphology for settlement of the New Zealand Greenshell(™) mussel, Perna canaliculus . Aquaculture , 319 : 240 – 246 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajkova , P , Spatenka , P , Horsky , J , Horska , I and Kolouch , A . 2007 . Photocatalytic effect of TiO2 films on viruses and bacteria . Plasma Process Polym , 4 : S397 – S401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson , P . 2010 . “ Fouling and antifouling in other industries – power stations, desalination plants – drinking water supplies and sensors ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Dürr , S and Thomason , JC . 288 – 305 . Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ho , SH , Kwak , S-Y , Sohn , B-H and Park , TH . 2003 . Design of TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled aromatic polyamide thin-film-composite (TFC) membrane as an approach to solve biofouling problem . J Membrane Sci , 211 : 157 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , R , Dugdale , TM , Wetherbee , R , Brennan , AB , Finlay , JA , Callow , JA and Callow , ME . 2004 . Adhesion and motility of fouling diatoms on a silicone elastomer . Biofouling , 20 : 323 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iketani , K , Sun , R-D , Toki , M , Hirota , K and Yamaguchi , O . 2003 . Sol–gel-derived TiO2/poly(dimethylsiloxane) hybrid films and their photocatalytic activities . J Phys Chem Solids , 64 : 507 – 513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemmitt , T , Young , AG and Depree , C . 2012 . Observation of diatom settling and photocatalytic antifouling on TiO2 using ATR-IR spectroscopy . Mater Sci Forum , 700 : 227 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Kobak , J . 2001 . Light, gravity and conspecifics as cues to site selection and attachment behaviour of juvenile and adult Dreissena polymorpha Pallas, 1771 . J Mollus Stud , 67 : 183 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , C , Hong , C , Kim , H , Kang , J and Zheng , HM . 2010 . TiO2 nanotubes as a therapeutic agent for cancer thermotherapy . Photochem Photobiol , 86 : 981 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long , CJ , Finlay , JA , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Brennan , AB . 2010 . Engineered antifouling microtopographies: mapping preferential and inhibitory microenvironments for zoospore attachment . Biofouling , 26 : 941 – 952 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinelli , E , Suffredini , M , Galli , G , Glisenti , A , Pettitt , ME , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Williams , D and Lyall , G . 2011 . Amphiphilic block copolymer/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) blends and nanocomposites for improved fouling-release . Biofouling , 27 : 529 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , RJ , Bennett , S , Keller , AA , Pease , S and Lenihan , HS . 2012 . TiO2 nanoparticles are phototoxic to marine phytoplankton . PloS One , 7 : 30321
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirabedini , SM , Mohseni , M , PazokiFard , S and Esfandeh , M . 2008 . Effect of TiO2 on the mechanical and adhesion properties of RTV silicone elastomer coatings . Colloid Surface A , 317 : 80 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molino , PJ , Campbell , E and Wetherbee , R . 2009 . Development of the initial diatom microfouling layer on antifouling and fouling-release surfaces in temperate and tropical Australia . Biofouling , 25 : 685 – 694 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page , HM , Dugan , JE and Pilts , F . 2010 . “ Fouling and antifouling in oil and other offshore industries ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Dürr , S and Thomason , JC . 252 – 266 . Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , J , Sindhu , S , Nurmawati , MH and Valiyaveettil , S . 2006 . Mechanics of prestressed polydimethylsiloxane-carbon nanotube composite . Appl Phys Lett , 89 : 184101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersen , AK , Turchini , GM , Jahangard , S , Ingram , BA and Sherman , CDH . 2010 . Effects of different dietary microalgae on survival, growth, settlement and fatty acid composition of blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) larvae . Aquaculture , 309 : 115 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadhu , SD and Bhowmick , AK . 2008 . “ Elastomer-clay nanocomposites ” . In Current topics in elastomer research , Edited by: Bhowmick , AK . 23 – 56 . Boca-Raton , (FL : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Scardino , AJ and de Nys , R . 2011 . Mini review: Biomimetic models and bioinspired surfaces for fouling control . Biofouling , 27 : 73 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scardino , AJ , Harvey , E and de Nys , R . 2006 . Testing attachment point theory: diatom attachment on microtextured polyimide biomimics . Biofouling , 22 : 55 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scardino , AJ , Guenther , J and de Nys , R . 2008 . Attachment point theory revisited: the fouling response to a microtextured matrix . Biofouling , 24 : 45 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , MP , Bendick , JA , Holm , ER and Hertel , WM . 2011 . Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship . Biofouling , 27 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher , JF , Aldred , N , Callow , ME , Finlay , JA , Callow , JA , Clare , AS and Brennan , AB . 2007a . Species-specific engineered antifouling topographies: correlations between the settlement of algal zoospores and barnacle cyprids . Biofouling , 23 : 307 – 317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumacher , JF , Carman , ML , Estes , TG , Feinberg , AW , Wilson , LH , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Finlay , JA and Brennan , AB . 2007b . Engineered antifouling microtopographies – effect of feature size, geometry, and roughness on settlement of zoospores of the green alga Ulva . Biofouling , 23 : 55 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seed , R . 1976 . “ Ecology ” . In Marine mussels: their ecology and physiology , Edited by: Bayne , BL . 13 – 65 . Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , VP , Paschoalino , MP , Gonçalves , MC , Felisberti , MI , Jardim , WF and Yoshida , IVP . 2009 . Silicone rubbers filled with TiO2: characterization and photocatalytic activity . Mater Chem Phys , 113 : 395 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorstenson , ET , Ren , Z and Chou , T-W . 2001 . Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: a review . Compos Sci Technol , 61 : 1899 – 1912 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjong , SC . 2006 . Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites . Mater Sci Eng R , 53 : 73 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsin , RL . 2003 . The ship hull fouling penalty . Biofouling , 19 : 9 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsin , RL and Anderson , CD . 2009 . “ Fouling control coatings using low surface energy, foul release technology ” . In Advances in marine antifouling coatings and technologies , Edited by: Hellio , C and Yebra , S . 693 – 708 . Cambridge , , UK : Woodhead Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Vladkova , T . 2010 . “ Surface modification approach to control biofouling ” . In Marine and industrial biofouling , Edited by: Flemming , H-C , Murthy , PS , Venkatesan , R and Cooksey , K . 135 – 163 . Berlin , , Germany : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , S , Ang , HM and Tade , MO . 2007 . Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: state of the art . Environ Int , 33 : 694 – 705 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster , DC and Chisholm , BJ . 2010 . “ New directions in antifouling technology ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Dürr , S and Thomason , JC . 366 – 387 . Singapore : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Zargiel , KA , Coogan , JS and Swain , GW . 2011 . Diatom community structure on commercially available ship hull coatings . Biofouling , 27 : 955 – 965 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar