Mini-review: Molecular mechanisms of antifouling compounds

References

• Akcha , F , Spagnol , C and Rouxel , J . 2012 . Genotoxicity of diuron and glyphosate in oyster spermatozoa and embryos . Aquat Toxicol , 106–107 : 104 – 113 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldred , N , Phang , IY , Conlan , SL , Clare , AS and Vancso , GJ . 2008 . The effects of a serine protease, Alcalase®, on the adhesives of barnacle cyprids (Balanus amphitrite) . Biofouling , 24 : 97 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Juhni , AA and Newby , BZ . 2006 . Incorporation of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate into silicone coatings and subsequent leaching of the compound from the incorporated coatings . Prog Org Coat , 56 : 135 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Amsler , MO , Amsler , CD , Rittschoff , D , Becerro , MA and Mcclintock , JB . 2006 . The use of computer-assisted motion analysis for quantitative studies of the behaviour of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) larvae . Mar Freshw Behav Physiol , 39 : 259 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angarano , MB , McMahon , RF , Hawkins , DL and Schetz , JA . 2007 . Exploration of structure-antifouling relationships of capsaicin-like compounds that inhibit zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) macrofouling . Biofouling , 23 : 295 – 305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrhenius , Å , Backhaus , T , Grönvall , F , Junghans , M , Scholze , M and Blanck , H . 2006 . Effects of three antifouling agents on algal communities and algal reproduction: mixture toxicity studies with TBT, Irgarol, and Sea-Nine . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 50 : 335 – 345 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao , WY , Lee , OO , Chung , HC , Li , M and Qian , PY . 2010 . Copper affects biofilm inductiveness to larval settlement of the serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell) . Biofouling , 26 : 119 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer , M , Hellio , C , Maréchal , JP , Frank , W , Lin , W , Weber , H and Proksch , P . 2011 . Antifouling bastadin congeners target mussel phenoloxidase and complex copper(II) ions . Mar Biotechnol , 13 : 1148 – 1158 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becerro , MA , Turon , X and Uriz , MJ . 1997 . Multiple functions for secondary metabolites in encrusting marine invertebrates . J Chem Ecol , 23 : 1527 – 1547 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellas , J . 2006 . Comparative toxicity of alternative antifouling biocides on embryos and larvae of marine invertebrates . Sci Total Environ , 367 : 573 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellas , J . 2007 . Toxicity of the booster biocide Sea-Nine to the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus . Aquat Toxicol , 83 : 52 – 61 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bellas , J . 2008 . Prediction and assessment of mixture toxicity of compounds in antifouling paints using the sea-urchin embryo-larval bioassay . Aquat Toxicol , 88 : 308 – 315 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berlinck , RGS , Braekman , JC , Daloze , D , Bruno , I , Riccio , R , Ferri , S , Spampinato , S and Speroni , E . 1993 . Polycyclic guanidine alkaloids from the marine sponge Crambe crambe and Ca++ channel blocker activity of crambescidin 816 . J Nat Prod , 56 : 1007 – 1015 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bollyky LJ, LePage WL. 1991. Method for controlling Zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). United States patent US 5,040,487.
   Google Scholar
• Bouchard , N , Pelletier , E and Fournier , M . 1999 . Effects of butyltin compounds on phagocytic activity of haemocytes from three marine bivalves . Environ Toxicol Chem , 18 : 519 – 522 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragadin , M , Cima , F , Ballarin , L and Manente , S . 2006 . Irgarol inhibits the synthesis of ATP in mitochondria from rat liver . Chemosphere , 65 : 1898 – 1903 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bragadin , M , Iero , A , Cima , F , Ballarin , L and Manente , S . 2007 . TCMS inhibits ATP synthesis in mitochondria: a systematic analysis of the inhibitory mechanism . Toxicol In Vitro , 21 : 1127 – 1133 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bragadin , M , Manente , S , Marton , D , Cima , F , Rigobello , MP and Bindoli , A . 2003 . The interaction of zinc pyrithione with mitochondria from rat liver and a study of the mechanism of inhibition of ATP synthesis . Appl Organomet Chem , 17 : 869 – 874 .
   Google Scholar
• Bragadin , M and Marton , D . 1997 . A proposal for a new mechanism of interaction of trialkyltin (TAT) compounds with mitochondria . J Inorg Biochem , 68 : 75 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Bragadin , M , Marton , D , Manente , S and Toninello , A . 2001 . The interaction of tributyllead with lysosomes from rat liver . J Inorg Biochem , 83 : 229 – 232 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bragadin , M , Pavoni , B , Scutari , G and Manente , S . 2005 . An in vitro study of the interaction of Sea-Nine with mitochondria from rat liver . Environ Toxicol Chem , 24 : 1074 – 1078 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braithwaite , RA and Fletcher , RL . 2005 . The toxicity of Irgarol 1051 and Sea-Nine 211 to the non-target macroalga Fucus serratus Linnaeus, with the aid of an image capture and analysis system . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 322 : 111 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , RJ , Galloway , TS , Lowe , D , Browne , MA , Dissanayake , A , Jones , MB and Depledge , MH . 2004 . Differential sensitivity of three marine invertebrates to copper assessed using multiple biomarkers . Aquat Toxicol , 66 : 267 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , JA , Stanley , MS , Wetherbee , R and Callow , ME . 2000 . Cellular and molecular approaches to understanding primary adhesion in Enteromorpha: an overview . Biofouling , 16 : 141 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callow , ME and Callow , JA . 2002 . Marine biofouling: a sticky problem . Biologist , 49 : 1 – 5 .
   Google Scholar
• Chelossi , E , Mancini , I , Sepčić , K , Turk , T and Faimali , M . 2006 . Comparative antibacterial activity of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Reniera sarai and their synthetic analogues . Biomol Eng , 23 : 317 – 323 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen , ZF , Matsumura , K , Wang , H , Arellano , SM , Yan , X , Alam , I , Archer , JAC , Bajic , VB and Qian , PY . 2011 . Toward an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of barnacle larval settlement: a comparative transcriptomic approach . PLoS ONE , 6 : e22913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , TC and Sullivan , JT . 1984 . Effects of heavy metals on phagocytosis by molluscan haemocytes . Mar Environ Res , 14 : 305 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Cima , F and Ballarin , L . 1999 . TBT-induced apoptosis in tunicate haemocytes . Appl Organomet Chem , 13 : 697 – 703 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cima , F and Ballarin , L . 2000 . Tributyltin induces cytoskeletal alterations in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri phagocytes via interaction with calmodulin . Aquat Toxicol , 48 : 419 – 429 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cima , F and Ballarin , L . 2004 . Tributyltin–sulfhydryl interaction as a cause of immunotoxicity in phagocytes of tunicates . Ecotox Environ Safe , 58 : 386 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cima , F and Ballarin , L . 2012 . Immunotoxicity in ascidians: antifouling compounds alternative to organotins III-the case of copper(I) and Irgarol 1051 . Chemosphere , 89 : 19 – 29 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cima , F , Bragadin , M and Ballarin , L . 2008 . Toxic effects of new antifouling substances on tunicate haemocytes. I. Sea-nine 211™ and chlorothalonil . Aquat Toxicol , 86 : 299 – 312 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cima , F , Dominici , D , Ballarin , L and Burighel , P . 2002 . Influence of tributyltin on activity of detoxifying enzymes from haemocytes of a colonial ascidian . Fresenius Environ Bull , 11 : 573 – 577 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cima , F , Marin , MG , Matozzo , V , Da Ros , L and Ballarin , L . 1999 . Biomarkers for TBT immunotoxicity studies on cultivated clam, Tapes philippinarum . Mar Pollut Bull , 39 : 112 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Clare , AS , Thomas , RF and Rittschof , D . 1995 . Evidence for the involvement of cyclic AMP in the pheromonal modulation of barnacle settlement . J Exp Biol , 198 : 655 – 664 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton , ME , Steinmann , R and Fent , K . 2000 . Different expression patterns of heat shock proteins hsp60 and hsp70 in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) exposed to copper and tributyltin . Aquat Toxicol , 47 : 213 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon , SL , Bonar , DB and Weiner , RM . 1985 . Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrewa gigas (Thunberg), by L-dopa and catecholamines . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 94 : 211 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coon , SL , Bonar , DB and Weiner , RM . 1986 . Chemical production of cultchless oyster spat using epinephrine and norepinephrine . Aquaculture , 58 : 255 – 262 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper , EL , Arizza , V , Cammarata , M , Pellerito , L and Parrinello , N . 1995 . Tributyltin affects phagocytic activity of Ciona intestinalis haemocytes . Comp Biochem Physiol , 112C : 285 – 289 .
   Google Scholar
• Cope , WG , Bartsch , MR and Marking , LL . 1997 . Efficacy of candidate chemicals for preventing attachment of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) . Environ Toxicol Chem , 16 : 1930 – 1934 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cresswell , T , Richards , JP , Gleg , GA and Readman , JW . 2006 . The impact of legislation on the usage and environmental concentrations of Irgarol 1051 in UK coastal waters . Mar Pollut Bull , 52 : 1169 – 1175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlström , M and Elwing , H . 2006 . Adrenoceptor and other pharmacoactive compounds as putative antifoulants . Prog Mol Subcell Biol , 42 : 171 – 202 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dahlström , M , Mårtensson , LGE , Jonsson , PR , Arnebrant , T and Elwing , H . 2000 . Surface active adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of cyprid larvae of Balanus improvisus . Biofouling , 16 : 191 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahms , HU , Jin , T and Qian , PY . 2004 . Adrenoceptor compounds prevent the settlement of marine invertebrate larvae: Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) and Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta) . Biofouling , 20 : 313 – 321 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash , S , Chandramouli , KH , Zhang , Y and Qian , PY . 2012 . Effects of poly-ether B on proteome and phosphoproteome expression in biofouling Balanus amphitrite cyprids . Biofouling , 28 : 405 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dash , S , Nogata , Y , Zhou , XJ , Zhang , Y , Xu , Y , Guo , X , Zhang , X and Qian , PY . 2011 . Poly-ethers from Winogradskyella poriferorum: antifouling potential, time-course study of production and natural abundance . Bioresour Technol , 102 : 7532 – 7537 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson , IC , Brown , CW , Sytsma , MD and Ruiz , GM . 2009 . The role of containerships as transfer mechanisms of marine biofouling species . Biofouling , 25 : 645 – 655 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Gregoris , TB , Rupp , O , Klages , S , Knaust , F , Bekel , T , Kube , M , Burgess , JG , Arnone , MI , Goesmann , A , Reinhardt , R and Clare , AS . 2011 . Deep sequencing of naupliar- cyprid- and adult-specific normalised expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries of the acorn barnacle Balanus amphitrite . Biofouling , 27 : 367 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nys , R , Steinberg , PD , Willemsen , P , Dworjanyn , SA , Gabaliesh , CL and King , RJ . 1995 . Broad spectrum effects of secondary metabolites from the red alga Delisea pulchra in antifouling assays . Biofouling , 8 : 259 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desbois , AP , Mearns-Spragg , A and Smith , VJ . 2009 . A fatty acid from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum as antibacterial against diverse bacteria including multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) . Mar Biotechnol , 11 : 45 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devilla , RA , Brown , MT , Donkin , M , Tarran , GA , Aiken , J and Readman , JW . 2005 . Impact of antifouling booster biocides on single microalgal species and on a natural marine phytoplankton community . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 286 : 1 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinning , AJ , AL-Adham , ISI , Austin , P , Charlton , M and Collier , PJ . 1998 . Pyrithione biocide interactions with bacterial phospholipids head groups . J Appl Microbiol , 85 : 132 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinning , AJ , AL-Adham , ISI , Eastwood , IM , Austin , P and Collier , PJ . 1998 . Pyrithione biocides as inhibitors of bacterial ATP synthesis . J Appl Microbiol , 85 : 141 – 146 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Dahms , HU and Qian , PY . 2006 . Inhibition of biofouling by marine microorganisms and their metabolites . Biofouling , 22 : 43 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Teplitski , M , Bayer , M , Gunasekera , S , Proksch , P and Paul , VJ . 2011 . Inhibition of marine biofouling by bacterial quorum sensing inhibitors . Biofouling , 27 : 893 – 905 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Teplitski , M and Paul , V . 2009 . Mini-review: quorum sensing in the marine environment and its relationship to biofouling . Biofouling , 25 : 413 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobretsov , S , Xiong , HR , Xu , Y , Levin , LA and Qian , PY . 2007 . Novel antifoulants: inhibition of larval attachment by proteases . Mar Biotechnol , 9 : 388 – 397 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs , C and Downs , A . 2007 . Preliminary examination of short-term cellular toxicological responses of the coral Madracis mirabilis to acute Irgarol 1051 exposure . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 52 : 47 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ermolayeva , E and Sanders , D . 1995 . Mechanism of pyrithione-induced membrane depolarisation in Neurospora crassa . Appl Environ Microbiol , 61 : 3385 – 3390 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faimali , M , Garaventa , F , Piazza , V , Greco , G , Corra , C , Magillo , F , Pittore , M , Giacco , E , Gallus , L , Falugi , C and Tagliafierro , G . 2006 . Swimming speed alteration of larvae of Balanus amphitrite as a behavioural end-point for laboratory toxicological bioassays . Mar Biol , 149 : 87 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faimali , M , Sepčić , K , Turk , T and Geraci , S . 2003 . Non-toxic antifouling activity of polymeric 3-alkylpyridinium salts from the Mediterranean sponge Reniera sarai (Pulitzer-Finali) . Biofouling , 19 : 47 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fent , K . 1996 . Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds . Crit Rev Toxicol , 26 : 3 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnie , AA and Williams , DN . 2010 . “ Paint and coatings technology for the control of marine fouling ” . In Biofouling , Edited by: Durr , S and Thomason , JC . 185 – 206 . Oxford : Wiley-Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Fisher , WS , Wishkovsky , A and Chu , FE . 1990 . Effects of tributyltin on defence-related activities of oyster haemocytes . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 19 : 354 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Friedrichs , J , Zieris , A , Prokoph , S and Werner , C . 2012 . Quantifying the effect of covalently immobilized enzymes on biofilm formation by atomic force microscopy-based single-cell force spectroscopy . Macromol Rapid Commun , 33 : 1453 – 1458 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fusetani , N , Hirota , H , Okino , T , Tomono , Y and Yoshimura , E . 1996 . Antifouling activity of isocyanoterpenoids and related compounds isolated from a marine sponge and nudibranchs . J Nat Toxins , 5 : 249 – 259 .
   Google Scholar
• Garaventa , F , Faimali , M , Sepčić , K and Geraci , S . 2003 . Laboratory analysis of antimicrofouling activity of Poly-APS extracted from Reniera sarai (Porifera: Demospongiae) . Biol Mar Mediterr , 10 : 565 – 567 .
   Google Scholar
• Gohad , NV , Aldred , N , Orihuela , B , Clare , AS , Rittschof , D and Mount , AS . 2012 . Observations on the settlement and cementation of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) cyprid larvae after artificial exposure to noradrenaline and the locations of adrenergic-like receptors . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 416–417 : 153 – 161 .
   Google Scholar
• Gohad , NV , Shah , NM , Metters , AT and Mount , AS . 2010 . Noradrenaline deters marine invertebrate biofouling when covalently bound in polymeric coatings . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 394 : 63 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Mendikute , A and Cajaraville , MP . 2003 . Comparative effects of cadmium, paraquat and benzo[a]pyrene on the actin cytoskeleton and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mussel haemocytes . Toxicol In Vitro , 17 : 539 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , SF , Lee , HP , Chaw , KC , Miklas , J , Teo , SLM , Dickenson , GH , Birch , WR and Khoo , BC . 2011 . Effect of ultrasound on cyprids and juvenile barnacles . Biofouling , 27 : 185 – 192 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo , S , Lee , HP , Teo , SL and Khoo , BC . 2012 . Inhibition of barnacle cyprid settlement using low frequency and intensity ultrasound . Biofouling , 28 : 131 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , JA , Depledge , MH and Galloway , TS . 2005 . Toxicity of tributyltin in the marine mollusc Mytilus edulis . Mar Pollut Bull , 51 : 811 – 816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , JA , Fisher , AS , Hill , SJ , Depledge , MH and Jha , AN . 2002 . Genotoxic, cytotoxic and ontogenetic effects of tri-n-butyltin on the marine worm, Platynereis dumerilii (Polychaeta: Nereidae) . Aquat Toxicol , 57 : 243 – 255 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , LW Jr , Giddings , JM , Solomon , KR and Balcomb , R . 1999 . An ecological risk assessment for the use of Irgarol 1051 as an algaecide for antifoulant paints . Crit Rev Toxicol , 29 : 367 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He F, Sun YL, Liu KS, Zhang XY, Qian PY, Wang YF, Qi SH. 2012. Indole alkaloids from marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii SCSIO 00305. J Antibiot 65:109–111.
   Google Scholar
• He , LS , Xu , Y , Matsumura , K , Zhang , Y , Zhang , G , Qi , SH and Qian , PY . 2012 . Evidence for the involvement of p38 MAPK activation in barnacle larvael settlement . PLoS ONE , 7 : e47195
   Google Scholar
• Hellio , C , Bourgougnon , N and Le Gal , Y . 2000 . Phenoloxidase (E.C.1.14.18.1) from Mytilus edulis byssus gland: purification, partial characterization and application for screening products with potential antifouling activities . Biofouling , 16 : 235 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden , MT , Chhabra , SR , de Nys , R , Stead , P , Bainton , NJ , Hill , PJ , Manefield , M , Kumar , N , Labatte , M England , D . 1999 . Quorum-sensing cross talk: isolation and chemical characterization of cyclic dipeptides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacteria . Mol Microbiol , 33 : 1254 – 1266 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , GL and Wang , Y . 1995 . Effects of tributyltin chloride on marine bivalve mussels . Water Res , 29 : 1877 – 1884 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunziker , RW , Escher , BI and Schwarzenbach , RP . 2002 . Acute toxicity of triorganotin compounds: different specific effects on the energy metabolism and role of pH . Environ Toxicol Chem , 21 : 1191 – 1197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwao , O . 2003 . Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives . Appl Organomet Chem , 17 : 81 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Johansen , C , Falholt , P and Gram , L . 1997 . Enzymatic removal and disinfection of bacterial biofilms . Appl Environ Microbiol , 63 : 3724 – 3728 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , RJ and Kerswell , AP . 2003 . Phytotoxicity of photosystem II (PSII) herbicides to coral . Mar Ecol Prog Ser , 261 : 149 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato , T , Shizuri , Y , Izumida , H , Yokoyama , A and Endo , M . 1995 . Styloguanidines, new chitinase inhibitors from the marine sponge Stylotella aurantium . Tetrahedron Lett , 36 : 2133 – 2136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawai , K , Nozawa , K , Nakajima , S and Iitaka , Y . 1984 . Studies on fungal products. VII. The structure of meleagrin and 9-O-p-bromobenzoylmeleagrin . Chem Pharm Bull , 32 : 94 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kem , WR , Soti , F and Rittschof , D . 2003 . Inhibition of barnacle larval settlement and crustacean toxicity of some hoplonemertine pyridyl alkaloids . Biomol Eng , 20 : 355 – 361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitano , Y , Nogata , Y , Matsumura , K , Yoshimura , E , Chiba , K , Tada , M and Sakaguchi , I . 2005 . Design and synthesis of anti-barnacle active fluorescence-labeled probe compounds and direct observation of the target region in barnacle cypris larvae for dimethyl-isocyanoalkyl compounds . Tetrahedron , 61 : 9969 – 9973 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight , J , Rowley , AF and Clare , AS . 1999 . Sea-NineTM 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-(n-octyl)-3(2H)-isothiazolone) is a potent stimulator of eicosanoid biosynthesis in the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis (L) . Biofouling , 14 : 213 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinou , IK and Albanis , TA . 2004 . Worldwide occurrence and effects of antifouling paint booster biocides in the aquatic environment: a review . Environ Int , 30 : 235 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kon-ya , K , Shimizu , N , Adachi , K and Miki , W . 1994 . 2,5,6-tribromo-1-methylgramine, an antifouling substance from the marine bryozoan Zoobotryon pellucidum . Fish Sci , 60 : 773 – 775 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krang , AS and Dahlström , M . 2006 . Effects of a candidate antifouling compound (medetomidine) on pheromone induced mate search in the amphipod Corophium volutator . Mar Pollut Bull , 52 : 1776 – 1783 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen , JB , Meyer , RL , Laursen , BS , Shipovskov , S , Besenbacher , F and Poulsen , CH . 2008 . Antifouling enzymes and the biochemistry of marine settlement . Biotechnol Adv , 26 : 471 – 481 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy , C , Delbarre , C , Ghillebaert , F , Compere , C and Combes , D . 2008 . Effects of commercial enzymes on the adhesion of a marine biofilm-forming bacterium . Biofouling , 24 : 11 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , X , Dobretsov , S , Xu , Y , Xiao , X , Hung , OS and Qian , PY . 2006 . Antifouling diketopiperazines produced by a deep-sea bacterium, Streptomyces fungicidicus . Biofouling , 22 : 201 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , Y , Zhang , F , Xu , Y , Matsumura , K , Han , Z , Liu , L , Lin , W , Jia , Y and Qian , PY . 2012 . Structural optimization and evaluation of butenolides as potent antifouling agents: modification of the side chain affects the biological activities of compounds . Biofouling , 28 : 857 – 864 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind , U , Rosenblad , MA , Frank , LH , Falkbring , S , Brive , L , Laurila , JM , Pohjanoksa , K , Vuorenpää , A , Kukkonen , JP Gunnarsson , L . 2010 . Octopamine receptors from the barnacle Balanus improvisus are activated by the α2-adrenoceptoragonist medetomidine . Mol Pharmacol , 78 : 237 – 248 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren , JF , Haeffner , M , Ericsson , CT and Jonsson , PR . 2009 . Oxygen-depleted surfaces: a new antifouling technology . Biofouling , 25 : 455 – 461 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu , HB , Koh , KP , Kim , JS , Seo , Y and Park , S . 2008 . The effects of betonicine, floridoside, and isethionic acid from the red alga Ahnfeltiopsis flabelliformis on quorum-sensing activity . Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng , 13 : 458 – 463 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loschau , M and Kratke , R . 2005 . Efficacy and toxicity of self-polishing biocide-free antifouling paints . Environ Pollut , 138 : 260 – 267 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyssimachou , A , Jenssen , BM and Arukwe , A . 2006 . Brain cytochrome P450 aromatase gene isoforms and activity levels in Atlantic salmon after waterborne exposure to nominal environmental concentrations of the pharmaceutical ethynylestradiol and antifoulant tributyltin . Toxicol Sci , 91 : 82 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manefield , M , Rasmussen , TB , Henzter , M , Andersen , JB , Steinberg , P , Kjelleberg , S and Givskov , M . 2002 . Halogenated furanones inhibit quorum sensing through accelerated LuxR turnover . Microbiology , 148 : 1119 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansueto , V , Cangialosi , MV and Arukwe , A . 2012 . Acetylcholinesterase activity in juvenile Ciona intestinalis (Ascidiacea, Urochordata) after exposure to tributyltin . Caryologia , 65 : 18 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maraldo , K and Dahllöf , I . 2004 . Seasonal variations in the effect of zinc pyrithione and copper pyrithione on pelagic phytoplankton communities . Aquat Toxicol , 69 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcheselli , M , Azzoni , P and Mauri , M . 2011 . Novel antifouling agent-zinc pyrithione: stress induction and genotoxicity to the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . Aquat Toxicol , 102 : 39 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martensson L, Gunnarsson F. 2005. Preventing marine biofouling by inhibiting adhesive release from barnacles. United States patent US 0,045,864 A1.
   Google Scholar
• Martinelli , E , Suffredini , M , Galli , G , Glisenti , A , Pettitt , ME , Callow , ME , Callow , JA , Williams , D and Lyall , G . 2011 . Amphiphilic block copolymer/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) blends and nanocomposites for improved fouling-release . Biofouling , 27 : 529 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menin , A , Ballarin , L , Marin , MG and Cima , F . 2008 . Immunotoxicity in ascidians of antifouling compounds alternative to organotins, the case of diuron and TCMS pyridine . J Environ Sci Health B , 43 : 644 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mičić , M , Bihari , N , Jakšić , Ž , Müller , WEG and Batel , R . 2002 . DNA damage and apoptosis in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis . Mar Environ Res , 53 : 243 – 262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mičić , M , Bihari , N , Labura , Ž , Müller , WEG and Batel , R . 2001 . Induction of apoptosis in the blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis by tri-n-butyltin chloride . Aquat Toxicol , 55 : 61 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokrini , R , Ben Mesaoud , M , Daoudi , M , Hellio , C , Maréchal , JP , El Hattab , M , Ortalo-Magné , A , Piovetti , L and Culioli , G . 2008 . Meroditerpenoids and derivatives from the brown alga Cystoseira baccata and their antifouling properties . J Nat Prod , 71 : 1806 – 1811 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy DP. 2001. A method for controlling Dreissena species. United States patent US 6,194,194.
   Google Scholar
• Morcillo , Y and Porte , C . 2000 . Evidence of endocrine disruption in clams-Ruditapes decussate-transplanted to a tributyltin-polluted environment . Environ Pollut , 107 : 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz , I , Bueno , MJM , Aguera , A and Fernandez-Alba , AR . 2010 . Environmental and human health risk assessment of organic micro-pollutants occurring in a Spanish marine fish farm . Environ Pollut , 158 : 1809 – 1816 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura , K , Yasunaga , T , Ichikawa , S and Wakao , Y . 1988 . Development of a new antifouling method for a marine cooling water system . Mar Biol , 99 : 145 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogata , Y and Kitano , Y . 2006 . “ Isocyano compounds as non-toxic antifoulants ” . In Antifouling compounds , Edited by: Fusetani , N and Clare , AS . 87 – 104 . Berlin Heidelberg : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Ödling , K , Albertsson , C , Russell , JT and Mårtensson , LGE . 2006 . An in vivo study of exocytosis of cement proteins from barnacle Balanus improvisus (D.) cyprid larva . J Exp Biol , 209 : 956 – 964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano , K , Shimizu , K , Satuito , CG and Fusetani , N . 1996 . Visualization of cement exocytosis in the cypris cement gland of the barnacle Megabalanus rosa . J Exp Biol , 199 : 2131 – 2137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano , K , Shimizu , K , Satuito , CG and Fusetani , N . 1998 . Enzymatic isolation and culture of cement secreting cells from cypris larvae of the barnacle . Biofouling , 12 : 149 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omae , I . 2003 . Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives . Appl Organomet Chem , 17 : 81 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortlepp , S , Sjögren , M , Dahlström , M , Weber , H , Ebel , R , Edrada , R , Thomas , C , Schup , P , Bohlin , L and Proksch , P . 2007 . Antifouling activity of bromotyrosine-derived sponge metabolites and synthetic analogues . Mar Biotechnol , 9 : 776 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patricolo , E , Mansueto , C , D’Agati , P and Pellerito , L . 2001 . Organometallic complexes with biological molecole: XVI. Endocrine disruption effects of tributyltin(IV)chloride on metamorphosis of the ascidian larva . Appl Organomet Chem , 15 : 916 – 923 .
   Google Scholar
• Paul , JH and Jeffrey , WH . 1985 . Evidence for separate adhesion mechanisms for hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces in Vibrio proteolytica . Appl Environ Microbiol , 50 : 431 – 437 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellerito , C , D’Agati , P , Fiore , T , Mansueto , C , Mansueto , V , Stocco , G , Nagy , L and Pellerito , L . 2005 . Synthesis, structural investigations on organotin(IV) chlorin-e6 complexes, their effect on sea urchin embryonic development and induced apoptosis . J Inorg Biochem , 99 : 1294 – 1305 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , BX , Wang , JL , Peng , ZH , Zhou , SZ , Wang , FQ , Ji , YL , Ye , ZJ , Zhou , XF , Lin , T and Zhang , XB . 2012 . Studies on the synthesis, pungency and anti-biofouling performance of capsaicin analogues . Sci China-Chem , 55 : 435 – 442 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , L , Konig , GM , Wright , AD , Pukall , R , Stackebrandt , E , Eberl , L and Riedel , K . 2003 . Secondary metabolites of Flustra foliacea and their influence on bacteria . Appl Environ Microbiol , 69 : 3469 – 3475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettitt , ME , Henry , SL , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Clare , AS . 2004 . Activity of commercial enzymes on settlement and adhesion of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amhitrite, spores of the green alga Ulva linza, and the diatom Navicula perimuta . Biofouling , 20 : 299 – 311 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinori , E , Berglin , M , Brive , LM , Hulander , M , Dahlström , M and Elwing , H . 2011 . Multi-seasonal barnacle (Balanus improvisus) protection achieved by trace amounts of a macrocyclic lactone (ivermectin) included in rosin-based coatings . Biofouling , 27 : 941 – 953 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pipe , RK , Coles , JA , Carissan , FMM and Ramanathan , K . 1999 . Copper induced immunomodulation in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis . Aquat Toxicol , 46 : 43 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouguerné , E , Ioannou , E , Georgantea , P , Vagias , C , Roussis , V , Hellio , C , Kraffe , E and Stiger-Pouvreau , V . 2010 . Anti-microfouling activity of lipidic metabolites from the invasive brown alga Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt . Mar Biotechnol , 12 : 52 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , PY , Wong , YH and Zhang , Y . 2010 . Changes in the proteome and phosphoproteome expression in the bryozoan Bugula neritina larvae in response to the antifouling agent butenolide . Proteomics , 10 : 3435 – 3446 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , PY , Xu , Y and Fusetani , N . 2010 . Natural products as antifouling compounds: recent progress and future perspectives . Biofouling , 26 : 223 – 234 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radlowska , M and Pempkowiak , J . 2002 . Stress-70 as indicator of heavy metals accumulation in blue mussel Mytilus edulis . Environ Int , 27 : 605 – 608 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raftos , D and Hutchinson , A . 1997 . Effects of common estuarine pollutants on the immune reactions of tunicates . Biol Bull , 192 : 62 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Railkin , A . 2004 . Marine biofouling: colonization processes and defenses , Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 194–225
   Google Scholar
• Rao , DGVP and Khan , MAQ . 2000 . Zebra mussels: enhancement of copper toxicity by high temperature and its relationship with respiration and metabolism . Water Environ Res , 72 : 175 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao , YP , Devi , VU and Rao , DGVP . 1986 . Copper toxicity in tropical barnacles, Balanus amphitrite amphitrite and Balanus tintinnabulum tintinnabulum . Water Air Soil Pollut , 27 : 109 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , TB , Manefield , M , Andersen , JB , Eberl , L , Anthoni , U , Christophersen , C , Steinberg , P , Kjelleberg , S and Givskov , M . 2000 . How Delisea pulchra furanones affect quorum sensing and swarming motility in Serratia liquefaciens MG1 . Microbiology , 146 : 3237 – 3244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raveendran , TV and Mol , VPL . 2009 . Natural product antifoulants . Curr Sci , 97 : 508 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redpath , KJ and Davenport , J . 1988 . The effect of copper, zinc and cadmium on the pumping rate of Mytilus edulis . Aquat Toxicol , 13 : 217 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Ren , D , Sims , JJ and Wood , TK . 2001 . Inhibition of biofilm formation and swarming of Escherichia coli by (5Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-3-butyl-2(5H)-furanone . Environ Microbiol , 3 : 731 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricart , M , Barceló , D , Geszinger , A , Guasch , H , López de Alda , M , Romaní , AM , Vidal , G , Villagrasa , M and Sabater , S . 2009 . Effects of low concentrations of the phenylurea herbicide diuron on biofilm algae and bacteria . Chemosphere , 76 : 1392 – 1401 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell KG, Srivastava LM. 1987. Fatty acids as antimicrobial substances in brown algae. In: Ragan A, Bird CJ, editors. Twelfth International Seaweed Symposium. Developments in hydrobiology 41 (reprinted from Hydrobiologia 151/152); Junk: Dordrecht; p. 471–475.
   Google Scholar
• Schena , M , Shalon , D , Davis , RW and Brown , PO . 1995 . Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray . Science , 270 : 467 – 470 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , MP , Bendick , JA , Holm , ER and Hertel , WM . 2011 . Economic impact of biofouling on a naval surface ship . Biofouling , 27 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepčić , K , Marcel , V , Klaebe , A , Turk , T , Šuput , D and Fournier , D . 1998 . Inhibition of acetylchloinesterase by an alkylpyridinium polymer from the marine sponge, Reniera sarai . Biochim Biophys Acta , 1387 : 217 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar , PM , Prabhawathi , V and Doble , M . 2010 . 2-Methoxy-2′,4′-dichloro chalcone as an antimicrofoulant against marine bacterial biofilm . Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces , 81 : 439 – 446 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skindersoe , ME , Ettinger-Epstein , P , Rasmussen , TB , Bjarnsholt , T , de Nys , R and Givskov , M . 2008 . Quorum sensing antagonism from marine organisms . Mar Biotechnol , 10 : 56 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasso , M , Conlan , SL , Clare , AS and Werner , C . 2012 . Active enzyme nanocoatings affect settlement of Balanus amphitrite barnacle cyprids . Adv Funct Mater , 22 : 39 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasso , M , Pettitt , ME , Cordeiro , AL , Callow , ME , Callow , JA and Werner , C . 2009 . Antifouling potential of subtilisin A immobilized onto maleic anhydride copolymer thin films . Biofouling , 25 : 505 – 516 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedengren , M , Olsson , B , Bradley , B and Zhou , L . 1999 . Heavy metal uptake, physiological response and survival of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis from marine and brackish waters in relation to the induction of heat-shock protein 70 . Hydrobiologia , 393 : 261 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Thiyagarajan , V , Wong , T and Qian , PY . 2009 . 2D gel-based proteome and phosphoproteome analysis during larval metamorphosis in two major marine biofouling invertebrates . J Proteome Res , 8 : 2708 – 2719 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , KV and Brooks , S . 2010 . The environmental fate and effects of antifouling paint biocides . Biofouling , 26 : 73 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tujula , N , Radford , J , Nair , SV and Raftos , DA . 2001 . Effects of tributyltin and other metals on the phenoloxidase activating system of the tunicate, Styela plicata . Aquat Toxicol , 55 : 191 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turk , T , Frangež , R and Sepčić , K . 2007 . Mechanisms of toxicity of 3-alkylpyridinium polymers from marine sponge Reniera sarai . Mar Drugs , 5 : 157 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urushitani , H , Katsu , Y , Ohta , Y , Shiraishi , H , Iguchi , T and Horiguchi , T . 2011 . Cloning and characterization of retinoid X receptor (RXR) isoforms in the rock shell Thais clavigera . Aquat Toxicol , 103 : 101 – 111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Wezel , AP and van Wlaardingen , P . 2004 . Environmental risk limits for antifouling substances . Aquat Toxicol , 66 : 427 – 444 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voulvoulis , N . 2006 . Antifouling paint booster biocides: occurrence and partitioning in water and sediments . Handbook Environ Chem , 5 : 155 – 170 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H and Qian , PY . 2010 . Involvement of a novel p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in larval metamorphosis of the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell) . J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol , 314B : 390 – 402 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H , Zhang , H , Wong , YH , Voolstra , C , Ravasi , T , Bajic , V and Qian , PY . 2010 . Rapid transcriptome and proteome profiling of a non-model marine invertebrate, Bugula neritina . Proteomics , 10 : 2972 – 2981 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang , WX , Widdows , J and Page , DS . 1992 . Effects of organic toxicants on the anoxic energy metabolism of the mussel M. edulis. . Mar Environ Res , 34 : 327 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiatr CL. 1990. Application of cellulase to control industrial slime. United States patent US 4,936,994.
   Google Scholar
• Widdows , J and Page , DS . 1993 . Effects of tributyltin and dibutyltin on the physiological energetics of the mussel, Mytilus edulis . Mar Environ Res , 35 : 233 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong , YH , Arellano , SM , Zhang , H , Ravasi , T and Qian , PY . 2010 . Dependency on de novo protein synthesis and proteomic changes during metamorphosis of the marine bryozoan Bugula neritina . Proteome Sci , 8 : e25
   Google Scholar
• Wong , YH , Wang , H , Ravasi , T and Qian , PY . 2012 . Involvement of Wnt signaling pathways in the metamorphosis of the bryozoan Bugula neritina . PLoS ONE , 7 : e33323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu , RSS , Lam , PKS and Zhou , BS . 1997 . Effects of two oil dispersants on phototaxis and swimming behaviour of barnacle larvae . Hydrobiologia , 352 : 9 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , RSS , Lam , PKS and Zhou , BS . 1997 . A phototaxis inhibition assay using barnacle larvae . Environ Toxic Water , 12 : 231 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu F. 2004. Methods for eliminating the formation of biofilm. United States patent US 6,777,223.
   Google Scholar
• Xu , QW , Barrios , CA , Cutright , T and Newby , BMZ . 2005 . Assessment of antifouling effectiveness of two natural product antifoulants by attachment study with freshwater bacteria . Environ Sci Pollut Res , 12 : 278 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Y , He , HP , Schulz , S , Liu , X , Fusetani , N , Xiong , HR , Xiao , X and Qian , PY . 2010 . Potent antifouling compounds produced by marine Streptomyces . Bioresour Technol , 101 : 1331 – 1336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , Y , Li , LH , Xiao , X and Qian , PY . 2009 . Inhibitory effects of a branched-chain fatty acid on larval settlement of the polychaete Hydroides elegans . Mar Biotechnol , 11 : 495 – 504 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto , H , Tachibana , A , Kawaii , S , Matsumura , K and Fusetani , N . 1996 . Serotonin involvement in larval settlement of the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite . J Exp Zool Part A: Compar Exp Biol , 275 : 339 – 345 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , LH , Lau , SCK , Lee , OO , Tsoi , MM and Qian , PY . 2007 . Potential roles of succinic acid against colonization by a tubeworm . J Exp Mar Biol Ecol , 349 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Yang , LH , Lee , OO , Jin , T , Li , XC and Qian , PY . 2006 . Antifouling properties of 10β-formamidokalihinol-A and kalihinol A isolated from the marine sponge Acanthella cavernosa . Biofouling , 22 : 23 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , LH , Miao , L , Lee , OO , Li , X , Xiong , HR , Pang , KL , Vrijmoed , L and Qian , PY . 2007 . Effect of culture conditions on antifouling compound production of a sponge associated fungus . Appl Microbiol Biotechnol , 74 : 1221 – 1231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasokawa , D , Murata , S , Iwahashi , Y , Kitagawa , E , Kishi , K , Okumura , Y and Iwahashi , H . 2010 . DNA microaary analysis suggests that zinc pyrithione causes iron starvation to the yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae . J Biosci Bioeng , 109 : 479 – 486 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yebra , DM , Kiil , S and Dam-Johansen , K . 2004 . Antifouling technology-past, present and future steps towards efficient and environmentally friendly antifouling coatings . Prog Org Coat , 50 : 75 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zentz , F , Hellio , C , Valla , A , De La Broise , D , Bremer , G and Labia , R . 2002 . Antifouling activities of N-substituted imides: antimicrobial activities and inhibition of Mytilus edulis phenoloxidase . Mar Biotechnol , 4 : 431 – 440 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , Y , He , LS , Zhang , G , Xu , Y , Lee , OO , Matsumura , K and Qian , PY . 2012 . The regulatory role of the NO/cGMP signal transduction cascade during larval attachment and metamorphosis of the barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite . J Exp Biol , 215 : 3813 – 3822 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang , YF , Kitano , Y , Nogata , Y , Zhang , Y and Qian , PY . 2012 . The mode of action of isocyanide in three aquatic organisms, Balanus amphitrite, Bugula neritina and Danio rerio . PLoS ONE , 7 : e45442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , YF , Wang , GC , Xu , Y , Sougrat , R and Qian , PY . 2011 . The effect of butenolide on behavioral and morphological changes in two marine fouling species, the barnacle Balanus amphitrite and the bryozoan Bugula neritina . Biofouling , 27 : 467 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , YF , Xiao , K , Chandramouli , KH , Xu , Y , Pan , K , Wang , WX and Qian , PY . 2011 . Acute toxicity of the antifouling compound butenolide in non-target organisms . PLoS ONE , 6 : e23803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang , Y , Xu , Y , Arellano , SM , Xiao , K and Qian , PY . 2010 . Comparative proteome and phosphoproteome analyses during cyprid development of the barnacle Balanus (=Amphibalanus) amphitrite . J Proteome Res , 9 : 3146 – 3157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , YF , Zhang , H , He , L , Liu , C , Xu , Y and Qian , PY . 2012 . Butenolide inhibits marine fouling by altering the primary metabolism of three target organisms . ACS Chem Biol , 76 : 1049 – 1058 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhou , XJ , Okamura , H and Nagata , S . 2006 . Remarkable synergistic effects in antifouling chemicals against Vibrio fischeri in a bioluminescent assay . J Health Sci , 52 : 243 – 251 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , XJ , Zhang , Z , Xu , Y , Jin , CL , He , HP , Hao , XJ and Qian , PY . 2009 . Flavone and isoflavone derivatives of terrestrial plants as larval settlement inhibitor of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite . Biofouling , 25 : 69 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar