Factors influencing the en route survivorship and post-voyage growth of a common ship biofouling organism, Bugula neritina

References

• Anderson MJ. 2001. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 26:32–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson MJ. 2006. Distance-based tests for homogeneity of multivariate dispersions. Biometrics. 62:245–253. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2005.00440.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson MJ, Gorley RN, Clarke RK. 2008. PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to software and statistical methods. Plymouth: PRIMER-E.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson MJ, Robinson J. 2003. Generalized discriminant analysis based on distances. Aust N Z J Stat. 45:301–318. doi:10.1111/1467-842X.00285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babarro JMF, Carrington E. 2013. Attachment strength of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis: effect of habitat and body size. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 443:188–196. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2013.02.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop JH. 1982. Underwater coatings under dynamic flow conditions. Australian Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association Proceedings and News. December:8–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bone EK, Keough MJ. 2005. Responses to damage in an arborescent bryozoan: effects of injury location. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 324:127–140. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2005.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briski E, Bailey SA, Casas-Monroy O, DiBacco C, Kaczmarska I, Lawrence JE, Leichsenring J, Levings C, MacGillivary ML, McKindsey CW, et al. 2013. Taxon- and vector-specific variation in species richness and abundance during the transport stage of biological invasions. Limnol Oceanogr. 58:1361–1372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brock R, Bailey-Brock JH, Goody J. 1999. A case study of efficacy of freshwater immersion in controlling introduction of alien marine fouling communities: the USS Missouri. Pac Sci. 07(01):223.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard SG, Sedlack B, Reinhardt JF, Litty C, Gareau K, Whitlatch RB. 2007. Fragmentation of colonial ascidians: differences in reattachment capability among species. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 342:166–168. doi:10.1016/j.jembe.2006.10.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton JT, Hodder J. 1995. Biogeography and dispersal of coastal marine organisms: experimental studies on a replica of a 16th-century sailing vessel. Mar Biol. 121:721–730. doi:10.1007/BF00349308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadwick NE, Loya Y. 1990. Regeneration after experimental breakage in the solitary reef coral Fungia granulosa Klunzinger, 1879. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 142:221–234. doi:10.1016/0022-0981(90)90093-R
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke KR, Gorley RN. 2006. PRIMER v 6: User manual/tutorial. Plymouth: PRIMER-E.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke Murray C, Pakhomov EA, Therriault TW. 2011. Recreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species. Divers Distrib. 17:1161–1172. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00798.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke Murray C, Therriault TW, Martone PT. 2012. Adapted for invasion? Comparing attachment, drag and dislodgment of native and nonindigenous hull fouling species. Biol Invasions. 14:1651–1663. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0178-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts ADM, Dodgshun TJ. 2007. The nature and extent of organisms in vessel sea-chests: a protected mechanism for marine bioinvasions. Mar Pollut Bull. 54:875–886. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts ADM, Piola RF, Hewitt CL, Connell SD, Gardner JPA. 2010. Effect of vessel voyage speed on survival of biofouling organisms: implications for translocation of non-indigenous marine species. Biofouling. 26:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts AD, Piola RF, Taylor MD, Hewitt CL, Gardner JP. 2010. The effect of vessel speed on the survivorship of biofouling organisms at different hull locations. Biofouling. 26:539–553. doi:10.1080/08927014.2010.492469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutts ADM, Taylor MD. 2004. A preliminary investigation of biosecurity risks associated with biofouling on merchant vessels in New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshw Res. 2004/06/01. 38:215–229. doi:10.1080/00288330.2004.9517232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranfield HJ, Gordon DP, Willan RC, Marshall BA, Battershill CN, Francis MP, Nelson WA, Glasby CJ, Read GB. 1998. Adventive marine species in New Zealand. NIWA Technical Report, 34. Wellington: National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research.
   Google Scholar
• Dahms HU, Gao QF, Hwang JS. 2007. Optimized maintenance and larval production of the bryozoan Bugula neritina (Bugulidae: Gymnolaemata) in the laboratory. Aquaculture. 265:169–175. doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.01.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson IC, McCann LD, Fofonoff PW, Sytsma MD, Ruiz GM. 2008. The potential for hull-mediated species transfers by obsolete ships on their final voyages. Divers Distrib. 14:518–529. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2008.00465.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson IC, Zabin CJ, Chang AL, Brown CW, Sytsma MD, Ruiz GM. 2010. Recreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot. Aquat Biol. 11:179–191. doi:10.3354/ab00302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denny M, Gaylord B. 2002. The mechanics of wave-swept algae. J Exp Biol. 205:1355–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O. 2002. Intracoastal spread of fouling organisms by recreational vessels [dissertation]. Townsville, Australia: James Cook University.
   Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ. 2005. A risk-based predictive tool to prevent accidental introductions of nonindigenous marine species. Environ Manag. 2005/06/01. 35:765–778. doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0193-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Pool TK, Inglis GJ. 2004. Positive interactions between nonindigenous species facilitate transport by human vectors. Ecol Appl. 14:1724–1736. doi:10.1890/03-5399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forrest BM, Hopkins GA. 2013. Population control to mitigate the spread of marine pests: insights from management of the Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida and colonial ascidian Didemnum vexillum. Manag Biol Invasions. 4:317–326.
   Google Scholar
• Gollasch S. 2007. International collaboration on marine bioinvasions–The ICES response. Mar Pollut Bull. 55:353–359. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gosselin LA, Qian PY. 1997. Juvenile mortality in benthic marine invertebrates. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 146:265–282. doi:10.3354/meps146265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden B, Unwin M, Roulston H, Peacock L, Floerl O, Kospartov M, Seaward K. 2009. Vessel movements within New Zealand: evaluation of vessel movements from the 24 ports and marinas surveyed through the port baseline survey programmes ZBS2000-04, ZBS2005-18 and ZBS2005-19. Christchurch: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Hedge LH, O’Connor WA, Johnston EL. 2012. Manipulating the intrinsic parameters of propagule pressure: implications for bio-invasion. Ecosphere. 3:1–13. doi:10.1890/ES11-000375.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt CL, Campbell ML, Thresher RE, Martin RB, Boyd S, Cohen BF, Currie DR, Gomon MF, Keough MJ, Lewis JA, et al. 2004. Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Mar Biol. 144:183–202. doi:10.1007/s00227-003-1173-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins GA, Forrest BM. 2008. Management options for vessel hull fouling: an overview of risks posed by in-water cleaning. ICES J Mar Sci: J Conseil. 65:811–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins GA, Forrest BM. 2010. A preliminary assessment of biofouling and non-indigenous marine species associated with commercial slow-moving vessels arriving in New Zealand. Biofouling. 26:613–621. doi:10.1080/08927014.2010.502963
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inglis G, Morrisey D, Woods C, Sinner J, Newton M. 2013. Managing the domestic spread of harmful marine organisms Part A: operational tools for management. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Inglis GJ, Floerl O, Ahyong S, Cox S, Unwin M, Ponder-Sutton A, Seaward K, Kospartov M, Read G, Gordon D, et al. 2010. The biosecurity risks associated with biofouling on international vessels arriving in New Zealand: summary of the patterns and predictions of fouling. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Inglis GJ, Floerl O, Woods C. 2012. Scenarios of vessel biofouling risk and their management: an evaluation of options. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston EL, Piola RF, Clark GF. 2009. The role of propagule pressure in invasion success. Marine bioinvasions: ecology, conservation, and management perspectives. Berlin: Springer; p. 133–153.
   Google Scholar
• Keough MJ, Chernoff H. 1987. Dispersal and population variation in the bryozoan Bugula neritina. Ecology. 68:199–210. doi:10.2307/1938820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis JA. 1998. Marine biofouling and its prevention on underwater surfaces. Mater Forum. 22:41–61.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis JA, Coutts AD. 2009. Biofouling invasions. In: Dürr S, Thomason JC, editors. Biofouling. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; p. 348–365.
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood JL, Cassey P, Blackburn T. 2005. The role of propagule pressure in explaining species invasions. Trends Ecol Evol. 20:223–228. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall DJ. 2008. Transgenerational plasticity in the sea: context-dependent maternal effects across the life history. Ecology. 89:418–427. doi:10.1890/07-0449.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall DJ, Keough MJ. 2004. When the going gets rough: effect of maternal size manipulation on larval quality. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 272:301–305. doi:10.3354/meps272301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie LA, Brooks RC, Johnston EL. 2012. A widespread contaminant enhances invasion success of a marine invader. J Appl Ecol. 49:767–773. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02158.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for Primary Industries. 2014. Craft risk management standard: biofouling on vessels arriving to New Zealand. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Piola RF, Johnston EL. 2008. The potential for translocation of marine species via small-scale disruptions to antifouling surfaces. Biofouling. 24:145–155. doi:10.1080/08927010801930480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pochon X, Zaiko A, Hopkins GA, Banks JC, Wood SA. 2015. Early detection of eukaryotic communities from marine biofilm using high-throughput sequencing: an assessment of different sampling devices. Biofouling. 31:241–251. doi:10.1080/08927014.2015.1028923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MP. 2007. Effects of coating roughness and biofouling on ship resistance and powering. Biofouling. 23:331–341. doi:10.1080/08927010701461974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simberloff D. 2009. The role of propagule pressure in biological invasions. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 40:81–102. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.110308.120304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LD, Hughes TP. 1999. An experimental assessment of survival, re-attachment and fecundity of coral fragments. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol. 235:147–164. doi:10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00178-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith LD, Wonham MJ, McCann LD, Ruiz GM, Hines AH, Carlton JT. 1999. Invasion pressure to a ballast-flooded estuary and an assessment of inoculant survival. Biol Invasions. 1:67–87. doi:10.1023/A:1010094527218
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester F, Kalaci O, Leung B, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Murray CC, Choi FM, Bravo MA, Therriault TW, MacIsaac HJ. 2011. Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? J Appl Ecol. 48:415–423. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01957.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsin RL. 2003. The ship hull fouling penalty. Biofouling. 19:9–15. doi:10.1080/0892701031000088535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SL, Smith JE. 2007. A global review of the distribution, taxonomy, and impacts of introduced seaweeds. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst. 38:327–359. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woollacott RM, Zimmer RL. 1975. A simplified placenta-like system for the transport of extraembryonic nutrients during embryogenesis of Bugula neritina (Bryozoa). J Morphol. 147:355–377. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051470308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M. 1975. Growth and reproductive cycles of the marine fouling ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Styela plicata, Botrylloides violaceus, and Leptoclinum mitsukurii at Aburatsubo-Moroiso Inlet (central Japan). Mar Biol. 29:253–259. doi:10.1007/BF00391851
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar