Role of commercial harbours and recreational marinas in the spread of non-indigenous fouling species

References

• Airoldi L, Beck MW. 2007. Loss, status and trends for coastal marine habitats of Europe. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev. 45:345–405. doi 10.1201/9781420050943.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airoldi L, Turon X, Perkol-Finkel S, Rius M. 2015. Corridors for aliens but not for natives: effects of marine urban sprawl at a regional scale. Divers Distrib. 21(7):755–768. doi:10.1111/ddi.12301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson MJ. 2005. PERMANOVA: a FORTRAN computer program for permutational multivariate analysis of variance. Auckland: University of Auckland; p. 24.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton G, Zabin C, Davidson I, Ruiz G. 2012. Aquatic invasive species vector risk assessments: recreational vessels as vectors for non-native marine species in California. The Aquatic Bioinvasion Research & Policy Institute. Final Report; p. 29.
   Google Scholar
• Azmi F, Hewitt CL, Campbell ML. 2014. A hub and spoke network of introduced marine species in Indonesia. ICES J Mar Sci. 72(3):1069–1077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey SA. 2015. An overview of thirty years of research on ballast water as a vector for aquatic invasive species to freshwater and marine environments. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag. 18(3):261–268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brine O, Hunt L, Costello MJ. 2013. Marine biofouling on recreational boats on swing moorings and berths. Manag Biol Invasions. 4(4):327–341. doi:10.3391/mbi10.3391/mbi
   Google Scholar
• Carlton JT. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev. 23:313–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton JT. 1996a. Pattern, process, and prediction in marine invasion ecology. Biol Conserv. 78(1):97–106. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(96)00020-110.1016/0006-3207(96)00020-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlton JT. 1996b. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology. 77(6):1653–1655. doi:10.2307/226576710.2307/2265767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman JW, Carlton JT. 1991. A test of criteria for introduced species: the global invasion by the isopod Synidotea laevidorsalis (Miers, 1881). J Crustacean Biol. 11(3):386–400. doi:10.2307/154846510.2307/1548465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke KR. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Aust J Ecol. 18(1):117–143. doi:10.1111/aec.1993.18.issue-110.1111/aec.1993.18.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke KR, Gorley RN. 2006. PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. Plymouth: Primer-E.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke Murray C, Pakhomov EA, Therriault TW. 2011. Recreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species. Divers Distrib. 17(6):1161–1172. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00798.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafforn KA, Glasby TM, Airoldi L, Rivero NK, Mayer-Pinto M, Johnston EL. 2015. Marine urbanization: an ecological framework for designing multifunctional artificial structures. Front Ecol Environ. 13(2):82–90. doi:10.1890/140050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafforn KA, Johnston EL, Glasby TM. 2009. Shallow moving structures promote marine invader dominance. Biofouling. 25(3):277–287. doi:10.1080/08927010802710618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darbyson E, Locke A, Hanson JM, Willison JHM. 2009. Marine boating habits and the potential for spread of invasive species in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Aquat Invasions. 4(1):87–94. doi:10.3391/ai.2009.4.1.9.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson IC, Zabin CJ, Chang AL, Brown CW, Sytsma MD, Ruiz GM. 2010. Recreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot. Aquat Biol. 11:179–191. doi:10.3354/ab00302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake JM, Lodge DM. 2007. Hull fouling is a risk factor for intercontinental species exchange in aquatic ecosystems. Aquat Invasions. 2(2):121–131. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.2.7.
   Google Scholar
• EC [European Commission]. 2008. Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 establishing a framework for community action in the field of marine environment policy (Marine Strategy Framework Directive). Off J Eur Union L. 164:19–40.
   Google Scholar
• EC [European Commission]. 2010. Communication from the Commission: Europe, the world’s No 1 tourist destination – a new political framework for tourism in Europe. COM (2010) 352 final (30/06/2010).
   Google Scholar
• EC [European Commission]. 2012. Communication from the commission: blue growth opportunities for marine and maritime sustainable growth. COM (2012) 494 final (13/09/2012).
   Google Scholar
• EC [European Commission]. 2014a. Communication from the commission: a European strategy for more growth and jobs in coastal and maritime tourism. COM (2014) 86 final (20/2/2014).
   Google Scholar
• EC [European Commission]. 2014b. Communication from the commission: innovation in the blue economy: realising the potential of our seas and oceans for jobs and growth. COM (2014) 254/2 (13/05/2014).
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Gonzalez V, Sanchez-Jerez P. 2016. Fouling assemblages associated with off-coast aquaculture facilities: an overall assessment of the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterr Mar Sci. 18(1):87–96. doi:10.12681/mms.1806.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrario J, D’Hondt J-L, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2015. From the Pacific Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea: Watersipora arcuata, a new non-indigenous bryozoan in Europe. Mar Biol Res. 11(9):909–919. doi:10.1080/17451000.2015.1041531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Inglis GJ. 2003. Boat harbour design can exacerbate hull fouling. Austral Ecol. 28(2):116–127. doi:10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01254.x10.1046/j.1442-9993.2003.01254.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Inglis GJ. 2005. Starting the invasion pathway: the interaction between source populations and human transport vectors. Biol Invasions. 7(4):589–606. doi:10.1007/s10530-004-0952-810.1007/s10530-004-0952-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Inglis GJ, Dey K, Smith A. 2009. The importance of transport hubs in stepping-stone invasions. J Appl Ecol. 46(1):37–45. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01540.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floerl O, Inglis GJ, Hayden BJ. 2005. A risk-based predictive tool to prevent accidental introductions of nonindigenous marine species. Environ Manage. 35(6):765–778. doi:10.1007/s00267-004-0193-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster V, Giesler RJ, Wilson AMW, Nall CR, Cook EJ. 2016. Identifying the physical features of marina infrastructure associated with the presence of non-native species in the UK. Mar Biol. 163(8):173. doi:10.1007/s00227-016-2941-810.1007/s00227-016-2941-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galil BS, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Minchin D, Narščius A, Ojaveer H, Olenin S. 2014. International arrivals: widespread bioinvasions in European Seas. Ethol Ecol Evol. 26(2–3):152–171. doi:10.1080/03949370.2014.897651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galil BS, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2016. East is east and West is west? Management of marine bioinvasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci. in press. doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2015.12.02c.
   Google Scholar
• Glasby TM, Connell SD, Holloway MG, Hewitt CL. 2007. Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions? Mar Biol. 151(3):887–895. doi:10.1007/s00227-006-0552-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt CL, Gollasch S, Minchin D. 2009. The vessel as a vector – biofouling, ballast water and sediments. In: Rilov G, Crooks JA, editors. Biological invasions in marine ecosystems. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer; p. 117–131. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79236-910.1007/978-3-540-79236-9
   Google Scholar
• Hughes LE, Lowry JK. 2010. Establishing a neotype for Elasmopus rapax Costa, 1853 and its presence as an invasive species in temperate Australian waters. J Crustac Biol. 30(4):699–709. doi:10.1651/10-3290.1.
   Google Scholar
• IMO. 2003. Guidelines for the installation of a shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS). Jan 6 2003, London; p. 12.
   Google Scholar
• IMO. 2004. International convention for the control and management of ship’s ballast water and sediments. International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2004 Feb 13. London; p. 36.
   Google Scholar
• IMO. 2011. MEPC207(62) Add1 Guidelines for the control and management of ships’ biofouling to minimize the transfer of invasive aquatic species. London; p. 25.
   Google Scholar
• IMO. 2012. MEPC1/Circ792 Guidance for minimizing the transfer of invasive aquatic species as biofouling (hull fouling) for recreational craft. London; p. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Karlson RH, Osman RW. 2012. Species composition and geographic distribution of invertebrates in fouling communities along the east coast of the USA: a regional perspective. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 458:255–268. doi:10.3354/meps09767.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kensley B, Schotte M. 2010. New species and records of Asellota from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Peracarida: Isopoda). J Nat Hist. 36(12):1421–1461. doi:10.1080/00222930110050401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kölzsch A, Blasius B. 2011. Indications of marine bioinvasion from network theory. Eur Phys J. B 84(4):601–612. doi:10.1140/epjb/e2011-20228-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacoursière-Roussel A, Bock DG, Cristescu ME, Guichard F, McKindsey CW. 2016. Effect of shipping traffic on biofouling invasion success at population and community levels. Biol Invasions. 18(12):3681–3695. doi:10.1007/s10530-016-1258-310.1007/s10530-016-1258-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtiniemi M, Ojaveer H, David M, Galil B, Gollasch S, McKenzie C, Minchin D, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Olenin S, Pederson J. 2015. Dose of truth – monitoring marine non-indigenous species to serve legislative requirements. Mar Policy. 54:26–35. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2014.12.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodola A, Ferrario J, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2015. Further Mediterranean expansion of the non-indigenous bryozoan Celleporaria brunnea: multiple records along the Italian coasts. Sci Mar. 79(2):263–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Legentil S, Legentil ML, Erwin PM, Turon X. 2015. Harbor networks as introduction gateways: contrasting distribution patterns of native and introduced ascidians. Biol Invasions. 17(6):1623–1638. doi:10.1007/s10530-014-0821-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenti M, Dappiano M, Gambi MC. 2009. Occurrence and ecology of Mesanthura (Crustacea: Isopoda: Anthuridea) in two Italian harbours. Mar Biodivers Rec. 2(e48):1–5. doi:10.1017/S1755267209000542.
   Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Ferrario J, Minchin D. 2015. Marinas may act as hubs for the spread of the pseudoindigenous bryozoan Amathia verticillata (Delle Chiaje, 1822) and its associates. Sci Mar. 79(3):355–365. doi:10.3989/scimar.04238.03A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Ferrario J, Nasi E. 2016. Arrival of the invasive amphipod Grandidierella japonica to the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Biodivers Rec. 9:38. doi:10.1186/s41200-016-0049-y.
   Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Ferrario J, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2016a. The relative importance of aquaculture and shipping as vectors of introduction of marine alien species: the case of Olbia (Sardinia). Rapp Comm Int Mer Médit. 41:430.
   Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Ferrario J, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2016b. Confirming predictions: the invasive isopod Ianiropsis serricaudis Gurjanova, 1936 (Crustacea: Peracarida) is abundant in the Lagoon of Venice. Acta Adriat. 57(2):331–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Gauzer K, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability of hard-bottom macrofauna in a disturbed coastal lagoon (Sacca di Goro, Po River Delta, Northwestern Adriatic Sea). Mar Pollut Bull. 48(11):1084–1095. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2003.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchini A, Sorbe J, Torelli F, Lodola A. 2014. The non-indigenous Paranthura japonica Richardson, 1909 in the Mediterranean Sea: travelling with shellfish? Mediterr Mar Sci. 15(3):545–553. doi:10.12681/mms.779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megina C, González-Duarte MM, López-González PJ. 2016. Benthic assemblages, biodiversity and invasiveness in marinas and commercial harbours: an investigation using a bioindicator group. Biofouling. 32(4):465–475. doi:10.1080/08927014.2016.1151500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minchin D, Floerl O, Savini D, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2006. Small craft and the spread of exotic species. In: John D, Davenport JL, editors. The ecology of transportation: managing mobility for the environment. Netherlands: Springer; p. 99–118. doi:10.1007/1-4020-4504-210.1007/1-4020-4504-2
   Google Scholar
• Mineur F, Cook EJ, Minchin D, Bohn K, Macleod A, Maggs CA. 2012. Changing coasts: marine aliens and artificial structures. Oceanogr Mar Biol. 50:189–234. doi:10.1201/CRCOCEMARBIO10.1201/CRCOCEMARBIO
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry for Primary Industries. 2010. Requirements for vessels arriving in New Zealand. https://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/files/regs/ships/vessel-standard-current.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for Primary Industries Manatū Ahu Matua. 2017. New Zealand’s new border rules on hull fouling. https://www.customs.govt.nz/news/resources/Documents/New-Zealands-new-border-rules-on-hull-fouling.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• National System for the Prevention and Management of Marine Pest Incursions. 2009. National biofouling management guidelines for recreational vessels. https://www.marinepests.gov.au/national-system/Documents/biofouling_guidelines_rec.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Occhipinti-Ambrogi A. 2007. Global change and marine communities: alien species and climate change. Mar Pollut Bull. 55(7):342–352. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.11.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojaveer H, Galil BS, Minchin D, Olenin S, Amorim A, Canning-Clode J, Chainho P, Copp GH, Gollasch S, Jelmert A, et al. 2014. Ten recommendations for advancing the assessment and management of non-indigenous species in marine ecosystems. Mar Policy. 44:160–165. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenin S, Alemany F, Cardoso AC, Gollasch S, Goulletquer P, Lehtiniemi M, McCollin T, Minchin D, Miossec L, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, et al. 2010. Marine strategy framework directive – Task group 2 report. Non-indigenous species. EUR 24342 EN. ISBN 978-92-79-15655-7. ISSN 1018-5593. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. doi:10.2788/87092.
   Google Scholar
• Olenin S, Elliott M, Bysveen I, Culverhouse PF, Daunys D, Dubelaar GBJ, Gollasch S, Goulletquer P, Jelmert A, Kantor Y, et al. 2011. Recommendations on methods for the detection and control of biological pollution in marine coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull. 62(12):2598–2604. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.08.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olenin S, Ojaveer H, Minchin D, Boelens R. 2016. Assessing exemptions under the ballast water management convention: preclude the Trojan horse. Marine Pollut Bull. 103(1):84–92. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.12.043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters K, Sink K, Robinson TB. 2017. Raising the flag on marine alien fouling species. Manag Biol Invasion. 8:1–11. doi:10.3391/mbi10.3391/mbi
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricciardi A. 2016. Tracking marine alien species by ship movements. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113:5470–5471. doi:10.1073/pnas.1605152113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ros M, Vázquez-Luis M, Guerra-García JM. 2013. The role of marinas and recreational boating in the occurrence and distribution of exotic caprellids (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Western Mediterranean: Mallorca Island as a case study. J Sea Res. 83:94–103. doi:10.1016/j.seares.2013.04.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ros M, Vázquez-Luis M, Guerra-García JM. 2015. Environmental factors modulating the extent of impact in coastal invasions: the case of a widespread invasive caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the Iberian Peninsula. Mar Pollut Bull. 98(1):247–258. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.06.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz GM, Carlton JT, Grosholz ED, Hines AH. 1997. Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species: mechanisms, extent, and consequences. Am Zool. 37(6):621–632. doi:10.1093/icb/37.6.62110.1093/icb/37.6.621
   Google Scholar
• Ryland JS, Bishop JDD, de Blauwe H, El Nagar A, Minchin D, Wood CA, Yunnie ALE. 2011. Alien species of Bugula (Bryozoa) along the Atlantic coasts of Europe. Aquat Invasions. 6(1):17–31.doi:10.3391/ai10.3391/ai
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savini D, Marchini A, Forni G, Castellazzi M. 2006. Touristic harbours and secondary spread of alien species. Biol Mar Mediterr. 13(1):760–763.
   Google Scholar
• Sconfietti R, Marchini A, Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Sacchi CF. 2003. The sessile benthic community patterns on hard bottoms in response to continental vs. marine influence in Northern Adriatic lagoons. Oceanol Acta. 26(1):47–56. doi:10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01228-810.1016/S0399-1784(02)01228-8
   Google Scholar
• Seebens H, Gastner MT, Blasius B. 2013. The risk of marine bioinvasion caused by global shipping. Ecol Lett. 16(6):782–790. doi:10.1111/ele.1211110.1111/ele.12111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seebens H, Schwartz N, Schupp PJ, Blasius B. 2016. Predicting the spread of marine species introduced by global shipping. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(20):5646–5651. doi:10.1073/pnas.152442711310.1073/pnas.1524427113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simard N, Pelletier-Rousseau M, Clarke Murray C, McKindsey CW, Therriault TW, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Bernier R, Sephton D, Drolet D, Locke A, et al. 2017. National risk assessment of recreational boating as a vector for marine non-indigenous species. DFO Can Sci Advis Sec Res Doc. 2017/006: vi + 95 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Steen F, Aragay J, Zuljevic A, Verbruggen H, Mancuso FP, Bunker F, Vitales D, Gómez Garreta A, De Clerck O. 2016. Tracing the introduction history of the brown seaweed Dictyota cyanoloma (Phaeophyceae, Dictyotales) in Europe. Eur J Phycol. 52(1):31–42. doi:10.1080/09670262.2016.1212998.
   Google Scholar
• Sylvester F, Kalaci O, Leung B, Lacoursière-Roussel A, Clarke-Murray C, Choi FM, Bravo MA, Therriault TW, MacIsaac HJ. 2011. Hull fouling as an invasion vector: can simple models explain a complex problem? J Appl Ecol. 48(2):415–423. doi:10.1111/jpe.2011.48.issue-210.1111/jpe.2011.48.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underwood AJ. 1997. Experiments in ecology: their logical design and interpretation using analysis of variance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; p. 504.
   Google Scholar
• Underwood AJ, Chapman MG. 1997. GMAV 5 for windows. Sydney: University of Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Vieira LM, Jones MS, Taylor PD. 2014. The identity of the invasive fouling bryozoan Watersipora subtorquata (d’Orbigny) and some other congeneric species. Zootaxa. 3857(2):151–182. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3857.210.11646/zootaxa.3857.2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabin CJ, Ashton GV, Brown CW, Davidson IC, Sytsma MD, Ruiz GM. 2014. Small boats provide connectivity for nonindigenous marine species between a highly invaded international port and nearby coastal harbors. Manag Biol Invasions. 5(2):97–112. doi:10.3391/mbi10.3391/mbi
   Google Scholar
• Zaiko A, Schimanski K, Pochon X, Hopkins GA, Goldstien S, Floerl O, Wood SA. 2016. Metabarcoding improves detection of eukaryotes from early biofouling communities: implications for pest monitoring and pathway management. Biofouling. 32(6):671–684. doi:10.1080/08927014.2016.118616510.1080/08927014.2016.1186165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar