Effects of a sub-minimum inhibitory concentration of chlorhexidine gluconate on the development of in vitro multi-species biofilms

References

• Alvarez G, Gonzalez M, Isabal S, Blanc V, Leon R. 2013. Method to quantify live and dead cells in multi-species oral biofilm by real-time PCR with propidium monoazide. AMB Express. 3:1. doi:10.1186/2191-0855-3-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baehni PC, Takeuchi Y. 2003. Anti-plaque agents in the prevention of biofilm-associated oral diseases. Oral Dis. 9:23–29. doi:10.1034/j.1601-0825.9.s1.5.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedran TBL, Grignon L, Spolidorio DP, Grenier D. 2014. Subinhibitory concentrations of triclosan promote Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation and adherence to oral epithelial cells. PLoS One. 9:e89059. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0089059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen WH. 2002. Do we need to be concerned about dental caries in the coming millennium? J Am Dent Assoc. 133:1405–1407. doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen WH, Koo H. 2011. Biology of Streptococcus mutans-derived glucosyltransferases: role in extracellular matrix formation of cariogenic biofilms. Caries Res. 45:69–86. doi:10.1159/000324598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceri H, Olson ME, Stremick C, Read RR, Morck D, Buret A. 1999. The Calgary Biofilm Device: new technology for rapid determination of antibiotic susceptibilities. J Clin Microbiol. 37:1771–1776. doi:10.1128/JCM.37.6.1771-1776.1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement A, Tamalet A, Leroux E, Ravilly S, Fauroux B, Jais JP. 2006. Long term effects of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Thorax. 61:895–902. doi:10.1136/thx.2005.057950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong L, Tong Z, Linghu D, Lin Y, Tao R, Liu J, Tian Y, Ni L. 2012. Effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial agents on Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 39:390–395. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye BA, Tan S, Smith V, Lewis BG, Barker LK, Thornton-Evans G, Eke PI, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Horowitz AM, Li CH. 2007. Trends in oral health status: United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2004. Vital Health Stat. 11:1–92.
   Google Scholar
• Figuero E, Nóbrega DF, García-Gargallo M, Tenuta LMA, Herrera D, Carvalho JC. 2017. Mechanical and chemical plaque control in the simultaneous management of gingivitis and caries: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 44:S116–S134. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon JG, Pandit S, Xiao J, Gregoire S, Falsetta ML, Klein MI, Koo H. 2011. Influences of trans‐trans farnesol, a membrane‐targeting sesquiterpenoid, on Streptococcus mutans physiology and survival within mixed‐species oral biofilms. Int J Oral Sci. 3:98–106. doi:10.4248/IJOS11038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CG. 1997. Chlorhexidine: is it still the gold standard? Periodontol 2000. 15:55–62. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB. 2011. Antibiotic-induced biofilm formation. Int J Artif Organs. 34:737–751. doi:10.5301/ijao.5000027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB, Izano EA, Gopal P, Karwacki MT, Kim S, Bose JL, Bayles KW, Horswill AR. 2012. Low levels of β-Lactam antibiotics induce extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. mBio. 3:e00198-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawabata S, Torii M, Minami T, Fujiwara T, Hamada S. 1993. Effects of selected surfactants on purified glucosyltransferases from mutans streptococci and cellular adherence to smooth surfaces. J Med Microbiol. 38:54–60. doi:10.1099/00222615-38-1-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein M, DeBaz L, Agidi S, Lee H, Xie G, Lin H-MA, Hamaker BR, Lemos JA, Koo H. 2010. Dynamics of Streptococcus mutans transcriptome in response to starch and sucrose during biofilm development. PLoS One. 5:e13478. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013478
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo H, Jeon JG. 2009. Naturally occurring molecules as alternative therapeutic agents against cariogenic biofilms. Adv Dent Res. 21:63–68. doi:10.1177/0895937409335629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koo H, Xiao J, Klein M, Jeon J. 2010. Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms. J Bacteriol. 192:3024–3032. doi:10.1128/JB.01649-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SY, Lee SY. 2019. Effects of sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on the morphology and surface hydrophobicity of periodontopathic anaerobes. Anaerobe. 55:107–111. doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2018.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis K. 2007. Persister cells, dormancy, and infectious disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 5:48–56. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loesche WJ. 1986. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 50:353–380. doi:10.1128/MMBR.50.4.353-380.1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maeda K, Tribble G, Tucker C, Anaya C, Shizukuishi S, Lewis J, Demuth D, Lamont RA. 2008. Porphyromonas gingivalis tyrosine phosphatase is a multifunctional regulator of virulence attributes. Mol Microbiol. 69:1153–1164. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06338.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD. 1992. Microbiological aspects of the chemical control of plaque and gingivitis. J Dent Res. 71:1431–1438. doi:10.1177/00220345920710071501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD. 2003. Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology. 149:279–294. doi:10.1099/mic.0.26082-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsunaga T, Nakahara A, Ninnatul KM, Noiri Y, Ebisu S, Kato A, Azakami H. 2010. The inhibitory effects of catechins on biofilm formation by the periodontopathogenic bacterium, Eikenella corrodens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 74:2445–2450. doi:10.1271/bbb.100499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noiri Y, Ehara A, Kawahara T, Takemura N, Ebisu S. 2002. Participation of bacterial biofilms in refractory and chronic periapical periodontitis. J Endod. 28:679–683. doi:10.1097/00004770-200210000-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohsumi T, Takenaka S, Wakamatsu R, Sakaue Y, Narisawa N, Senpuku H, Ohshima H, Terao Y, Okiji T. 2015. Residual structure of Streptococcus mutans biofilm following complete disinfection favors secondary bacterial adhesion and biofilm re-development. PLoS One. 10:e0116647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooshima T, Matsumura M, Hoshino T, Kawabata S, Sobue S, Fujiwara T. 2001. Contributions of three glucosyltransferases to sucrose-dependent adherence of Streptococcus mutans. J Dent Res. 80:1672–1677. doi:10.1177/00220345010800071401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Periasamy S, Chalmers NI, Du-Thumm L, Kolenbrander PE. 2009. Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 requires Actinomyces naeslundii ATCC 43146 for growth on saliva in a three-species community that includes Streptococcus oralis 34. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75:3250–3257. doi:10.1128/AEM.02901-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rani SA, Pitts B, Beyenal H, Veluchamy RA, Lewandowski Z, Davison WM, Buckingham-Meyer K, Stewart PS. 2007. Spatial patterns of DNA replication, protein synthesis, and oxygen concentration within bacterial biofilms reveal diverse physiological states. J Bacterial. 189:4223–4233. doi:10.1128/JB.00107-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiman L, Marshall BC, Mayer-Hamblett N, Burns JL, Quittner AL, Cibene DA, Coquillette S, Fieberg AY, Accurso FJ, Campbell PW, 3rd, et al. 2003. Azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis chronically infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 290:1749–1756. doi:10.1001/jama.290.13.1749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salli K, Ouwehand A. 2015. The use of in vitro model systems to study dental biofilms associated with caries: a short review. J Oral Microbiol. 7:26149. doi:10.3402/jom.v7.26149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos A. 2003. Evidence-based control of plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 30:13–16. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051X.30.s5.5.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlacek MJ, Walker C. 2007. Antibiotic resistance in an in vitro subgingival biofilm model. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 22:333–339. doi:10.1111/j.1399-302X.2007.00366.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senadheera D, Cvitkovitch DG. 2008. Quorum sensing and biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans. In: Bacterial signal transduction: networks and drug targets. p. 178–188.
   Google Scholar
• Serrano J, Escribano M, Roldán S, Martín C, Herrera D. 2015. Efficacy of adjunctive anti-plaque chemical agents in managing gingivitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 42:S106–S138. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim C, Dashper S, Reynolds E. 2016. Oral microbial biofilm models and their application to the testing of anticariogenic agents. J Dent. 50:1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2016.04.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. 2002. Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets. Periodontology 2000. 28:12–55. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0757.2002.280102.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song JH, Kim SK, Chang KW, Han SK, Yi HK, Jeon JG. 2006. In vitro inhibitory effects of Polygonum cuspidatum on bacterial viability and virulence factors of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Arch Oral Biol. 51:1131–1140. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2006.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sreenivasan P, Gaffar A. 2002. Antiplaque biocides and bacterial resistance: a review. J Clin Periodontol. 29:965–974. doi:10.1034/j.1600-051X.2002.291101.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka S, Oda M, Domon H, Ohsumi T, Suzuki Y, Ohshima H, Yamamoto H, Terao Y, Noiri Y. 2016. Vizantin inhibits bacterial adhesion without affecting bacterial growth and causes Streptococcus mutans biofilm to detach by altering its internal architecture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 480:173–179. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takenaka S, Trivedi H, Corbin A, Pitts B, Stewart P. 2008. Direct visualization of spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial action within model oral biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 74:1869–1875. doi:10.1128/AEM.02218-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Strydonck DA, Slot DE, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden F. 2012. Effect of a chlorhexidine mouth rinse on plaque, gingival inflammation and staining in gingivitis patients: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 39:1042–1055. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2012.01883.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner T, Soong G, Sokol S, Saiman L, Prince A. 2005. Effects of azithromycin on clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis patients. Chest. 128:912–919. doi:10.1378/chest.128.2.912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wake N, Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Hayashi M, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Gotoh K, Miura J, Machi H, Iida T, et al. 2016. Temporal dynamics of bacterial microbiota in the human oral cavity determined using an in situ model of dental biofilms. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2:16018. doi:10.1038/npjbiofilms.2016.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WL, Liu J, Huo YB, Ling JQ. 2013. Bacteriocin immunity proteins play a role in quorum-sensing system regulated antimicrobial sensitivity of Streptococcus mutans UA159. Arch Oral Biol. 58:384–390. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood TK, Knabel SJ, Kwan BW. 2013. Bacterial persister cell formation and dormancy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 79:7116–7121. doi:10.1128/AEM.02636-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao J, Klein MI, Falsetta ML, Lu B, Delahunty CM, Yates IIJ, Heydorn A, Koo H. 2012. The exopolysaccharide matrix modulates the interaction between 3D architecture and virulence of a mixed-species oral biofilm. PLoS Pathog. 8:e1002623. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi M, Noiri Y, Kuboniwa M, Yamamoto R, Asahi Y, Maezono H, Hayashi M, Ebisu S. 2013. Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms persist after chlorhexidine treatment. Eur J Oral Sci. 121:162–168. doi:10.1111/eos.12050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar