Microbially-derived cocktail of carbohydrases as an anti-biofouling agents: a ‘green approach’

References

• Abdallah M, Benoliel C, Drider D, Dhulster P, Chihib NE. 2014. Biofilm formation and persistence on abiotic surfaces in the context of food and medical environments. Arch Microbiol. 196:453–472. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-014-0983-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acharya S, Chaudhary A. 2012. Bioprospecting thermophiles for cellulase production: a review. Braz J Microbiol. 43:844–856. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822012000300001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algburi A, Comito N, Kashtanov D, Dicks LM, Chikindas ML. 2017. Control of biofilm formation: antibiotics and beyond. Appl Environ Microbiol. 83:e02508–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00165-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkawash MA, Soothill JS, Schiller NL. 2006. Alginate lyase enhances antibiotic killing of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilms. APMIS. 114:131–138. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2006.apm_356.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allison DG. 2003. The biofilm matrix. Biofouling. 19:139–150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0892701031000072190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Álvarez-Ordóñez A, Briandet R. 2016. Editorial: biofilms from a food microbiology perspective: structures, functions, and control strategies. Front Microbiol. 7:1938. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01938
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annous BA, Fratamico PM, Smith JL. 2009. Scientific status summary: quorum sensing in biofilms: Why bacteria behave the way they do. J Food Sci. 74:R24–R37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2008.01022.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araújo PA, Machado I, Meireles A, Leiknes T, Mergulhão F, Melo LF, Simões M. 2017. Combination of selected enzymes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in biofilm inactivation, removal and regrowth. Food Res Int. 95:101–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.02.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Augimeri RV, Varley AJ, Strap JL. 2015. Establishing a role for bacterial cellulose in environmental interactions: lessons learned from diverse biofilm-producing Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol. 6:1282. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustin M, Ali-Vehmas T, Atroshi F. 2004. Assessment of enzymatic cleaning agents and disinfectants against bacterial biofilms. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 7:55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azeredo J, Azevedo NF, Briandet R, Cerca N, Coenye T, Costa AR, Desvaux M, Di Bonaventura G, Hébraud M, Jaglic Z, et al. 2017. Critical review on biofilm methods. Crit Rev Microbiol. 43:313–351. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2016.1208146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacic A, Harris PJ, Stone BA. 1988. Structure and function of plant cell walls. In: Preiss J, editor. Biochem Plants. 1st ed. Cambridge: Academic Press; p. 297–371.
   Google Scholar
• Bansal N, Tewari R, Soni R, Soni SK. 2012. Production of cellulases from Aspergillus niger NS-2 in solid state fermentation on agricultural and kitchen waste residues. Waste Manage. 32:1342–1346.
   Google Scholar
• Baranova DE, Levinson KJ, Mantis NJ. 2018. Vibrio cholerae O1 secretes an extracellular matrix in response to antibody-mediated agglutination. PLoS One. 13:e0190026. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0190026
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batoni G, Maisetta G, Esin S. 2016. Antimicrobial peptides and their interaction with biofilms of medically relevant bacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1858:1044–1060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beenken KE, Mrak LN, Griffin LM, Zielinska AK, Shaw LN, Rice KC, Horswill AR, Bayles KW, Smeltzer MS. 2010. Epistatic relationships between sarA and agr in Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. PLoS One. 5:e10790. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera BC, Sethi BK, Mishra RR, Dutta SK, Thatoi HN. 2017. Microbial cellulases - Diversity & biotechnology with reference to mangrove environment: a review. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 15:197–210. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.12.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benigar E, Dogsa I, Stopar D, Jamnik A, Kralj Cigić I, Tomšič M. 2014. Structure and dynamics of a polysaccharide matrix: aqueous solutions of bacterial levan. Langmuir. 30:4172–4182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/la500830j
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P. 2019. A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective. Bioresour Bioprocess. 6:1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binod P, Gnansounou E, Sindhu R, Pandey A. 2019. Enzymes for second generation biofuels: recent developments and future perspectives. Bioresour Technol Rep. 5:317–325. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Bixler GD, Bhushan B. 2012. Biofouling: lessons from nature. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 370:2381–2417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackledge MS, Worthington RJ, Melander C. 2013. Biologically inspired strategies for combating bacterial biofilms. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 13:699–706. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2013.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boles BR, Horswill AR. 2011. Staphylococcal biofilm disassembly. Trends Microbiol. 19:449–455. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowler PG. 2018. Antibiotic resistance and biofilm tolerance: a combined threat in the treatment of chronic infections. J Wound Care. 27:273–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.5.273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brindle ER, Miller DA, Stewart PS. 2011. Hydrodynamic deformation and removal of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms treated with urea, chlorhexidine, iron chloride, or DispersinB. Biotechnol Bioeng. 108:2968–2977. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.23245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bugli F, Palmieri V, Torelli R, Papi M, De Spirito M, Cacaci M, Galgano S, Masucci L, Paroni Sterbini F, Vella A, et al. 2016. In vitro effect of clarithromycin and alginate lyase against Helicobacter pylori biofilm. Biotechnol Prog. 32:1584–1591. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/btpr.2339
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burke TP, Loukitcheva A, Zemansky J, Wheeler R, Boneca IG, Portnoy DA. 2014. Listeria monocytogenes is resistant to lysozyme through the regulation, not the acquisition, of cell wall-modifying enzymes. J Bacteriol. 196:3756–3767. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.02053-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burne RA, Chen YYM, Wexler DL, Kuramitsu H, Bowen WH. 1996. Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans strains with defects in fructan metabolism assessed in a program-fed specific-pathogen-free rat model. J Dent Res. 75:1572–1577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345960750080801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bzdrenga J, Daudé D, Remy B, Jacquet P, Plener L, Elias M, Chabriere E. 2017. Biotechnological applications of quorum quenching enzymes. Chem Biol Interact. 267:104–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplice E, Fitzgerald GF. 1999. Food fermentations: role of microorganisms in food production and preservation. Int J Food Microbiol. 50:131–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(99)00082-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Lee SM, Mao Y. 2004. Protective effect of exopolysaccharide colanic acid of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to osmotic and oxidative stress. Int J Food Microbiol. 93:281–286. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2003.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Stewart PS. 2000. Biofilm removal caused by chemical treatments. Water Res. 34:4229–4233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00187-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Wang Z, Ren J, Qu X. 2018. Enzyme mimicry for combating bacteria and biofilms. Acc Chem Res. 51:789–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi AH, Slamti L, Avci FY, Pier GB, Maira-Litrán T. 2009. The pgaABCD locus of Acinetobacter baumannii encodes the production of poly-beta-1-6-N-acetylglucosamine, which is critical for biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 191:5953–5963. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00647-09
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin KM, Irie Y, Tart CS, Urbano R, Whitney JC, Ryder C, Howell PL, Wozniak DJ, Parsek MR. 2012. The Pel and Psl polysaccharides provide Pseudomonas aeruginosa structural redundancy within the biofilm matrix. Environ Microbiol. 14:1913–1928. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02657.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper GM, Hausman RE. 2000. The cell: a molecular approach. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Coradi M, Zanetti M, Valério A, de Oliveira D, da Silva A, Ulson SM, de Souza AA. 2018. Production of antimicrobial textiles by cotton fabric functionalization and pectinolytic enzyme immobilization. Mater Chem Phys. 208:28–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2018.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordeiro AL, Werner C. 2011. Enzymes for antifouling strategies. J Adhes Sci Technol. 25:2317–2344. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/016942411X574961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortés ME, Bonilla JC, Sinisterra RD. 2011. Biofilm formation, control and novel strategies for eradication. Sci against Microbial Pathog Commun Curr Res Technol Adv. 2:896–905.
   Google Scholar
• Cos P, Tote K, Horemans T, Maes L. 2010. Biofilms: an extra hurdle for effective antimicrobial therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 16:2279–2295. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/138161210791792868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa OYA, Raaijmakers JM, Kuramae EE. 2018. Microbial extracellular polymeric substances: ecological function and impact on soil aggregation. Front Microbiol. 9:1636. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton JW, Cheng KJ, Geesey GG, Ladd TI, Nickel JC, Dasgupta M, Marrie TJ. 1987. Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol. 41:435–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.41.100187.002251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM. 1995. Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol. 49:711–745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Greenberg EP. 1999. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science. 284:1318–1322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5418.1318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughlan LM, Cotter PD, Hill C, Alvarez-Ordóñez A. 2016. New weapons to fight old enemies: novel strategies for the (Bio)control of bacterial biofilms in the food industry. Front Microbiol. 7:1641. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craigen B, Dashiff A, Kadour DE. 2011. The use of commercially available alpha-amylase compounds to inhibit and remove Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Open Microbiol J. 5:21–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cramton SE, Gerke C, Schnell NF, Nichols WW, Götz F. 1999. The intercellular adhesion (ica) locus is present in Staphylococcus aureus and is required for biofilm formation. Infect Immun. 67:5427–5433. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.67.10.5427-5433.1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cywes-Bentley C, Skurnik D, Zaidi T, Roux D, Deoliveira RB, Garrett WS, Lu X, O'Malley J, Kinzel K, Zaidi T, et al. 2013. Antibody to a conserved antigenic target is protective against diverse prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110:E2209–E2218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daboor SM, Rohde JR, Cheng Z. 2021. Disruption of the extracellular polymeric network of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms by alginate lyase enhances pathogen eradication by antibiotics. J Cyst Fibros. 20:264–270. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcf.2020.04.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darouiche RO, Mansouri MD, Gawande PV, Madhyastha S. 2009. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of triclosan and DispersinB® combination. J Antimicrob Chemother. 64:88–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkp158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta S, Christena LR, Rajaram YRS. 2013. Enzyme immobilization: an overview on techniques and support materials. 3 Biotech. 3:1–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-012-0071-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davarzani F, Saidi N, Besharati S, Saderi H, Rasooli I, Owlia P. 2021. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance pattern, alginate and biofilm production in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iran J Public Health. 50:341–349. doi:https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i2.5349
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davies D. 2003. Understanding biofilm resistance to antibacterial agents. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2:114–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, de Souza CM, Scorzoni L, Fenley JD, Junqueira JC. 2020. Candida biofilms: an update on developmental mechanisms and therapeutic challenges. Mycopathologia. 185:415–424. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-020-00445-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Pozo JL, Patel R. 2007. The challenge of treating biofilm-associated bacterial infections. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 82:204–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.clpt.6100247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan S, Kaur J. 2007. Microbial mannanases: an overview of production and applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 27:197–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550701775919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Martino P. 2018. Extracellular polymeric substances, a key element in understanding biofilm phenotype. AIMS Microbiol. 4:274–288. doi:https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.2.274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrynina OY, Bolshakova TN, Umyarov AM, Boksha IS, Lavrova NV, Grishin AV, Lyashchuk AM, Galushkina ZM, Avetisian LR, Chernukha MY, et al. 2015. Disruption of bacterial biofilms using recombinant dispersin B. Microbiol. 84:498–501. doi:https://doi.org/10.1134/S0026261715040062
   Google Scholar
• Dogsa I, Brloznik M, Stopar D, Mandic-Mulec I. 2013. Exopolymer diversity and the role of levan in Bacillus subtilis biofilms. PLoS One. 8:e62044. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez E, Zarnowski R, Sanchez H, Covelli AS, Westler WM, Azadi P, Nett J, Mitchell AP, Andes DR. 2018. Conservation and divergence in the Candida species biofilm matrix mannan-glucan complex structure, function, and genetic control. mBio. 9:e00451–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00451-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donelli G, Francolini I, Romoli D, Guaglianone E, Piozzi A, Ragunath C, Kaplan JB. 2007. Synergistic activity of dispersin B and cefamandole nafate in inhibition of Staphylococcal biofilm growth on polyurethanes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 51:2733–2740. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01249-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donlan RM. 2002. Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis. 8:881–890. doi:https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0809.020063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang HH, Xu LC, Chan KY. 2002. Effects of toxic metals and chemicals on biofilm and biocorrosion. Water Res. 36:4709–4716. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00207-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fey PD, Olson ME. 2010. Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Future Microbiol. 5:917–933. doi:https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.10.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish KE, Collins R, Green NH, Sharpe RL, Douterelo I, Osborn AM, Boxall JB. 2015. Characterisation of the physical composition and microbial community structure of biofilms within a model full-scale drinking water distribution system. PLoS One. 10:e0115824. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115824
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fleming D, Chahin L, Rumbaugh K. 2017. Glycoside hydrolases degrade polymicrobial bacterial biofilms in wounds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 61:e01998–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01998-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming D, Rumbaugh KP. 2017. Approaches to dispersing medical biofilms. Microorganisms. 5:15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms5020015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC. 2016. EPS—then and now. Microorganisms. 4:41. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms4040041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC. 2020. Biofouling and me: my stockholm syndrome with biofilms. Water Res. 173:115576. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Neu TR, Wozniak DJ. 2007. The EPS matrix: the “house of biofilm cells". J Bacteriol. 189:7945–7947. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00858-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Wingender J. 2010. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 8:623–633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Wingender J, Szewzyk U, Steinberg P, Rice SA, Kjelleberg S. 2016. Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life. Nat Rev Microbiol. 14:563–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Wuertz S. 2019. Bacteria and archaea on Earth and their abundance in biofilms. Nat Rev Microbiol. 17:247–260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-019-0158-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin MJ, Nivens DE, Weadge JT, Howell PL. 2011. Biosynthesis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa extracellular polysaccharides, alginate, Pel, and Psl. Front Microbiol. 2:167. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman L, Kolter R. 2004. Genes involved in matrix formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilms. Mol Microbiol. 51:675–690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03877.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulaz S, Vitale S, Quinn L, Casey E. 2019. Nanoparticle-Biofilm interactions: the role of the EPS matrix. Trends Microbiol. 27:915–926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2019.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fux CA, Costerton JW, Stewart PS, Stoodley P. 2005. Survival strategies of infectious biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 13:34–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galié S, García-Gutiérrez C, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. 2018. Biofilms in the food industry: health aspects and control methods. Front Microbiol. 9:898. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.00898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadaksaz A, Fooladi AA, Hosseini HM, Amin M. 2015. The prevalence of some Pseudomonas virulence genes related to biofilm formation and alginate production among clinical isolates. J Appl Biomed. 13:61–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jab.2014.05.002
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert P, McBain AJ. 2003. Potential impact of increased use of biocides in consumer products on prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev. 16:189–208. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.16.2.189-208.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gründling A, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. 2006. Staphylococcus aureus mutants with increased lysostaphin resistance. J Bacteriol. 188:6286–6297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00457-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gummadi SN, Panda T. 2003. Purification and biochemical properties of microbial pectinases—a review. Process Biochem. 38:987–996. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(02)00203-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung N, Ray S, Bose S, Rai V. 2013. A broader view: microbial enzymes and their relevance in industries, medicine, and beyond. Biomed Res Int. 2013:329121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/329121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez D, Ruas-Madiedo P, Martínez B, Rodríguez A, García P. 2014. Effective removal of staphylococcal biofilms by the endolysin LysH5. PLoS One. 9:e107307. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzmán-Soto I, McTiernan C, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Ross A, Gupta K, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Griffith M, Alarcon EI. 2021. Mimicking biofilm formation and development: recent progress in in vitro and in vivo biofilm models. iScience. 24:102443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2021.102443
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hall CW, Mah TF. 2017. Molecular mechanisms of biofilm-based antibiotic resistance and tolerance in pathogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 41:276–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fux010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heredia-Ponce Z, de Vicente A, Cazorla FM, Gutiérrez-Barranquero JA. 2021. Beyond the wall: exopolysaccharides in the biofilm lifestyle of pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated Pseudomonas. Microorganisms. 9:445. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoagland RE, Boyette CD, Weaver MA, Abbas HK. 2007. Bioherbicides: research and risks. Toxin Rev. 26:313–342. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15569540701603991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobley L, Harkins C, MacPhee CE, Stanley-Wall NR. 2015. Giving structure to the biofilm matrix: an overview of individual strategies and emerging common themes. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 39:649–669. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuv015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan S, Zapotoczna M, Stevens NT, Humphreys H, O'Gara JP, O'Neill E. 2017. Potential use of targeted enzymatic agents in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-related infections. J Hosp Infect. 96:177–182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanova K, Fernandes MM, Francesko A, Mendoza E, Guezguez J, Burnet M, Tzanov T. 2015. Quorum-quenching and matrix-degrading enzymes in multilayer coatings synergistically prevent bacterial biofilm formation on urinary catheters. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 7:27066–27077. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b09489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izano EA, Wang H, Ragunath C, Ramasubbu N, Kaplan JB. 2007. Detachment and killing of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms by dispersin B and SDS. J Dent Res. 86:618–622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/154405910708600707
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagaba AH, Kutty SRM, Noor A, Birniwa AH, Affam AC, Lawal IM, Kankia MU, Kilaco AU. 2021. A systematic literature review of biocarriers: central elements for biofilm formation, organic and nutrients removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactor. J Water Process Eng. 42:102178. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102178
   Google Scholar
• Jahid IK, Ha SD. 2014. The paradox of mixed species biofilms in the context of food safety. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 13:990–1011. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain A, Gupta Y, Agrawal R, Khare P, Jain SK. 2007. Biofilms-a microbial life perspective: a critical review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 24:393–443. doi:https://doi.org/10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.v24.i5.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal M, Ahmad W, Andleeb S, Jalil F, Imran M, Nawaz MA, Hussain T, Ali M, Rafiq M, Kamil MA. 2018. Bacterial biofilm and associated infections. J Chin Med Assoc. 81:7–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2017.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkinson HF, Lamont RJ. 1997. Streptococcal adhesion and colonization. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 8:175–200. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10454411970080020601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johansen C, Falholt P, Gram L. 1997. Enzymatic removal and disinfection of bacterial biofilms. Appl Environ Microbiol. 63:3724–3728. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.63.9.3724-3728.1997
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones EA, McGillivary G, Bakaletz LO. 2013. Extracellular DNA within a nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae-induced biofilm binds human beta defensin-3 and reduces its antimicrobial activity. J Innate Immun. 5:24–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1159/000339961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juntarachot N, Sirilun S, Kantachote D, Sittiprapaporn P, Tongpong P, Peerajan S, Chaiyasut C. 2020. Anti-Streptococcus mutans and anti-biofilm activities of dextranase and its encapsulation in alginate beads for application in toothpaste. PeerJ. 8:e10165. doi:https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10165
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalpana BJ, Aarthy S, Pandian SK. 2012. Antibiofilm activity of α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis S8-18 against biofilm forming human bacterial pathogens. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 167:1778–1794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-011-9526-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalsoom M, Rehman FU, Shafique TA, Junaid SA, Khalid N, Adnan M, Zafar IR, Tariq MA, Raza MA, Zahra A, et al. 2020. Biological importance of microbes in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industry: a review. Innovare J Life Sci. 8:1–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.22159/ijls.2020.v8i6.39845
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan JÁ. 2010. Biofilm dispersal: mechanisms, clinical implications, and potential therapeutic uses. J Dent Res. 89:205–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB. 2009. Therapeutic potential of biofilm-dispersing enzymes. Int J Artif Organs. 32:545–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/039139880903200903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB. 2014. Biofilm matrix-degrading enzymes. Methods Mol Biol. 1147:203–213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0467-9_14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaplan JB, LoVetri K, Cardona ST, Madhyastha S, Sadovskaya I, Jabbouri S, Izano EA. 2012. Recombinant human DNase I decreases biofilm and increases antimicrobial susceptibility in Staphylococci. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 65:73–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ja.2011.113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB, Ragunath C, Velliyagounder K, Fine DH, Ramasubbu N. 2004. Enzymatic detachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 48:2633–2636. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.48.7.2633-2636.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor D, Sharma P, Sharma MM, Kumari A, Kumar R. 2020. Microbes in pharmaceutical industry. In: Sharma SG, Sharma NR, Sharma M, editors. Microbial diversity, interventions and scope. Singapore (SG): Springer; p. 259–299.
   Google Scholar
• Karmakar M, Ray RR. 2011. Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases. Res J Microbiol. 6:41–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2011.41.53
   Google Scholar
• Karygianni L, Ren Z, Koo H, Thurnheer T. 2020. Biofilm matrixome: extracellular components in structured microbial communities. Trends Microbiol. 28:668–681. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur A, Rishi V, Soni SK, Rishi P. 2020. A novel multi-enzyme preparation produced from Aspergillus niger using biodegradable waste: a possible option to combat heterogeneous biofilms. AMB Expr. 10:1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-00970-3
   Google Scholar
• Kaur A, Soni SK, Vij S, Rishi P. 2021. Cocktail of carbohydrases from Aspergillus niger: an economical and eco-friendly option for biofilm clearance from biopolymer surfaces. AMB Expr. 11:1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-021-01183-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khatoon Z, Mctiernan CD, Suuronen EJ, Mah TF, Alarcon EI. 2018. Bacterial biofilm formation on implantable devices and approaches to its treatment and prevention. Heliyon. 4:e01067. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim U, Kim JH, Oh SW. 2021. Review of multi-species biofilm formation from foodborne pathogens: multi-species biofilms and removal methodology. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 5:1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1892585
   Google Scholar
• Kiran S, Sharma P, Harjai K, Capalash N. 2011. Enzymatic quorum quenching increases antibiotic susceptibility of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Iran J Microbiol. 3:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein MI, Duarte S, Xiao J, Mitra S, Foster TH, Koo H. 2009. Structural and molecular basis of the role of starch and sucrose in Streptococcus mutans biofilm development. Appl Environ Microbiol. 75:837–841. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01299-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolenbrander PE, London J. 1993. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 175:3247–3252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.175.11.3247-3252.1993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong KF, Vuong C, Otto M. 2006. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Int J Med Microbiol. 296:133–139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.01.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostakioti M, Hadjifrangiskou M, Hultgren SJ. 2013. Bacterial biofilms: development, dispersal, and therapeutic strategies in the dawn of the post antibiotic era. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 3:a010306–a010306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a010306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristian SA, Birkenstock TA, Sauder U, Mack D, Götz F, Landmann R. 2008. Biofilm formation induces C3a release and protects Staphylococcus epidermidis from IgG and complement deposition and from neutrophil-dependent killing. J Infect Dis. 197:1028–1035. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/528992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar AS, Mody K. 2009. Microbial exopolysaccharides: variety and potential applications. In: Rehm B, editor. Microbial production of biopolymers and polymer precursors: applications and perspectives. Norfolk (UK): Caister Academic Press; p. 229–253.
   Google Scholar
• Lamppa JW, Griswold KE. 2013. Alginate lyase exhibits catalysis-independent biofilm dispersion and antibiotic synergy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57:137–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01789-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laue H, Schenk A, Li H, Lambertsen L, Neu TR, Molin S, Ullrich MS. 2006. Contribution of alginate and levan production to biofilm formation by Pseudomonas syringae. Microbiology (Reading). 152:2909–2918. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28875-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JH, Kim YG, Lee J. 2018. Thermostable xylanase inhibits and disassembles Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Biofouling. 34:346–356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2018.1440551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembre P, Lorentz C, Di Martino P. 2012. Exopolysaccharides of the biofilm matrix: a complex biophysical world. In: Karunaratne DN, editor. The complex world of polysaccharides. [place unknown]: IntechOpen; p. 371–392.
   Google Scholar
• Lequette Y, Boels G, Clarisse M, Faille C. 2010. Using enzymes to remove biofilms of bacterial isolates sampled in the food-industry. Biofouling. 26:421–431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08927011003699535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroy C, Delbarre C, Ghillebaert F, Compere C, Combes D. 2008. Effects of commercial enzymes on the adhesion of a marine biofilm-forming bacterium. Biofouling. 24:11–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08927010701784912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lethem M, James SL, Marriott C, Burke JF. 1990. The origin of DNA associated with mucus glycoproteins in cystic fibrosis sputum. Eur Respir J. 3:19–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis K. 2012. Persister cells: molecular mechanisms related to antibiotic tolerance. In: Coates A, editor. Antibiotic resistance. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. Berlin (DE): Springer; p. 121–133.
   Google Scholar
• Li YN, Meng K, Wang YR, Yao B. 2006. A beta-mannanase from Bacillus subtilis B36: purification, properties, sequencing, gene cloning and expression in Escherichia coli. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 61:840–846. doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2006-11-1212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim ES, Koo OK, Kim MJ, Kim JS. 2019. Bio-enzymes for inhibition and elimination of Escherichia coli O157: H7 biofilm and their synergistic effect with sodium hypochlorite. Sci Rep. 9:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46363-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limoli DH, Jones CJ, Wozniak DJ. 2015. Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation and function. Microbiol Spectr. 3:3–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.MB-0011-2014
   Google Scholar
• Li M, Shu C, Ke W, Li X, Yu Y, Guan X, Huang T. 2021. Plant polysaccharides modulate biofilm formation and insecticidal activities of Bacillus thuringiensis strains. Front Microbiol. 12:676146. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.676146
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liston SD, Ovchinnikova OG, Whitfield C. 2016. Unique lipid anchor attaches Vi antigen capsule to the surface of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113:6719–6724. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1524665113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu S, Gunawan C, Barraud N, Rice SA, Harry EJ, Amal R. 2016. Understanding, monitoring, and controlling biofilm growth in drinking water distribution systems. Environ Sci Technol. 50:8954–8976. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang SF, Li Y, Xu H, Qin L, Tay JH. 2004. The influence of cell and substratum surface hydrophobicities on microbial attachment. J Biotechnol. 110:251–256. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Zhao Y, Su W, Chai J, Xu L, Cao J, Liu Y. 2020. Encapsulated DNase improving the killing efficiency of antibiotics in Staphylococcal biofilms. J Mater Chem B. 8:4395–4401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/d0tb00441c
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loiselle M, Anderson KW. 2003. The use of cellulase in inhibiting biofilm formation from organisms commonly found on medical implants. Biofouling. 19:77–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0892701021000030142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López D, Vlamakis H, Kolter R. 2010. Biofilms. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2:a000398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu TK, Collins JJ. 2007. Dispersing biofilms with engineered enzymatic bacteriophage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104:11197–11202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0704624104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado SG, da Silva FL, Bazzolli DMS, Heyndrickx M, Costa PMdA, Vanetti MCD. 2015. Pseudomonas spp. and Serratia liquefaciens as predominant spoilers in cold raw milk. J Food Sci. 80:M1842–M1849. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.12957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack D, Becker P, Chatterjee I, Dobinsky S, Knobloch JKM, Peters G, Rohde H, Herrmann M. 2004. Mechanisms of biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus: functional molecules, regulatory circuits, and adaptive responses. Int J Med Microbiol. 294:203–212. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2004.06.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack D, Fischer W, Krokotsch A, Leopold K, Hartmann R, Egge H, Laufs R. 1996. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1, 6-linked glucosaminoglycan: purification and structural analysis. J Bacteriol. 178:175–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.1.175-183.1996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack D, Nedelmann M, Krokotsch A, Schwarzkopf A, Heesemann J, Laufs R. 1994. Characterization of transposon mutants of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis impaired in the accumulative phase of biofilm production: genetic identification of a hexosamine-containing polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Infect Immun. 62:3244–3253. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.62.8.3244-3253.1994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mack D, Siemssen N, Laufs R. 1992. Parallel induction by glucose of adherence and a polysaccharide antigen specific for plastic-adherent Staphylococcus epidermidis: evidence for functional relation to intercellular adhesion. Infect Immun. 60:2048–2057. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.60.5.2048-2057.1992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mah TF. 2012. Biofilm-specific antibiotic resistance. Future Microbiol. 7:1061–1072. doi:https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malgas S, van Dyk JS, Pletschke BI. 2015. A review of the enzymatic hydrolysis of mannans and synergistic interactions between β-mannanase, β-mannosidase and α-galactosidase. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 31:1167–1175. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-015-1878-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann EE, Rice KC, Boles BR, Endres JL, Ranjit D, Chandramohan L, Tsang LH, Smeltzer MS, Horswill AR, Bayles KW. 2009. Modulation of eDNA release and degradation affects Staphylococcus aureus biofilm maturation. PLoS One. 4:e5822. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann EE, Wozniak DJ. 2012. Pseudomonas biofilm matrix composition and niche biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 36:893–916. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00322.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto H, Jitareerat P, Baba Y, Tsuyumu S. 2003. Comparative study of regulatory mechanisms for pectinase production by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 16:226–237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2003.16.3.226
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsumoto-Nakano M. 2018. Role of Streptococcus mutans surface proteins for biofilm formation. Jpn Dent Sci Rev. 54:22–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsr.2017.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maunders E, Welch M. 2017. Matrix exopolysaccharides; the sticky side of biofilm formation. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 364:fnx120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazaheri T, Ripolles-Avila C, Hascoët AS, Rodríguez-Jerez JJ. 2020. Effect of an enzymatic treatment on the removal of mature Listeria monocytogenes biofilms: a quantitative and qualitative study. Food Control. 114:107266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107266
   Google Scholar
• McKenney D, Pouliot KL, Wang Y, Murthy V, Ulrich M, Doring G, Lee JC, Goldmann DA, Pier GB. 1999. Broadly protective vaccine for Staphylococcus aureus based on an in vivo-expressed antigen. Science. 284:1523–1527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5419.1523
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meesilp N, Mesil N. 2019. Effect of microbial sanitizers for reducing biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on stainless steel by cultivation with UHT milk. Food Sci Biotechnol. 28:289–296. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0448-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meireles A, Borges A, Giaouris E, Simões M. 2016. The current knowledge on the application of anti-biofilm enzymes in the food industry. Food Res Int. 86:140–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meliani A, Bensoltane A. 2015. Review of Pseudomonas attachment and biofilm formation in food industry. Poult Fish Wildl Sci. 03:2–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-446X.1000112
   Google Scholar
• Merino N, Toledo-Arana A, Vergara-Irigaray M, Valle J, Solano C, Calvo E, Lopez JA, Foster TJ, Penadés JR, Lasa I. 2009. Protein A-mediated multicellular behavior in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 191:832–843. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01222-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra R, Panda AK, De Mandal S, Shakeel M, Bisht SS, Khan J. 2020. Natural anti-biofilm agents: strategies to control biofilm-forming pathogens. Front Microbiol. 11:566325. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.566325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnif S, Jardak M, Yaich A, Aifa S. 2020. Enzyme-based strategy to eradicate monospecies Macrococcus caseolyticus biofilm contamination in dairy industries. Int Dairy J. 100:104560. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2019.104560
   Google Scholar
• Mohapatra BR. 2017. Kinetic and thermodynamic properties of alginate lyase and cellulase co-produced by Exiguobacterium species Alg-S5. Int J Biol Macromol. 98:103–110. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.01.091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molin S, Tolker-Nielsen T. 2003. Gene transfer occurs with enhanced efficiency in biofilms and induces enhanced stabilisation of the biofilm structure. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 14:255–261. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(03)00036-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molobela IP, Cloete TE, Beukes M. 2010. Protease and amylase enzymes for biofilm removal and degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 4:1515–1524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Møretrø T, Langsrud S. 2017. Residential bacteria on surfaces in the food industry and their implications for food safety and quality. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 16:1022–1041. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad MH, Idris AL, Fan X, Guo Y, Yu Y, Jin X, Qiu J, Guan X, Huang T. 2020. Beyond risk: bacterial biofilms and their regulating approaches. Front Microbiol. 11:928. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2020.00928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulcahy H, Charron-Mazenod L, Lewenza S. 2008. Extracellular DNA chelates cations and induces antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. PLoS Pathog. 4:e1000213. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy PS, Naidu MM. 2011. Improvement of robusta coffee fermentation with microbial enzymes. Eur J Appl Sci. 3:130–139.
   Google Scholar
• Muslim DSN, Hasan AM, Mahdi DNZ. 2016. Antibiofilm and antiadhesive properties of pectinase purified from Pseudomonas stutzeri isolated from spoilt orange. Adv Environ Biol. 10:91–98.
   Google Scholar
• Nahar S, Mizan MFR, Ha AJW, Ha SD. 2018. Advances and future prospects of enzyme-based biofilm prevention approaches in the food industry. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf. 17:1484–1502. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naraian R, Gautam RL. 2018. Penicillium enzymes for the saccharification of lignocellulosic feedstocks. In: Gupta VK, Rodriguez-Couto S, editors. New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering: Pencillium system properties and applications. Amsterdam (NL): Elsevier; p. 121–136.
   Google Scholar
• Nigam PS. 2013. Microbial enzymes with special characteristics for biotechnological applications. Biomolecules. 3:597–611. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/biom3030597
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nigam P, Singh D. 1995. Enzyme and microbial systems involved in starch processing. Enzyme Microb Technol. 17:770–778. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-0229(94)00003-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nivens DE, Ohman DE, Williams J, Franklin MJ. 2001. Role of alginate and its O acetylation in formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa microcolonies and biofilms. J Bacteriol. 183:1047–1057. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.183.3.1047-1057.2001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gara JP. 2007. ica and beyond: biofilm mechanisms and regulation in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 270:179–188. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00688.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okshevsky M, Meyer RL. 2015. The role of extracellular DNA in the establishment, maintenance and perpetuation of bacterial biofilms. Crit Rev Microbiol. 41:341–352. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/1040841X.2013.841639
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okshevsky M, Regina VR, Meyer RL. 2015. Extracellular DNA as a target for biofilm control. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 33:73–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira GS, Lopes DR, Andre C, Silva CC, Baglinière F, Vanetti MC. 2019. Multispecies biofilm formation by the contaminating microbiota in raw milk. Biofouling. 35:819–831. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2019.1666267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Neill E, Pozzi C, Houston P, Humphreys H, Robinson DA, Loughman A, Foster TJ, O'Gara JP. 2008. A novel Staphylococcus aureus biofilm phenotype mediated by the fibronectin-binding proteins, FnBPA and FnBPB. J Bacteriol. 190:3835–3850. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00167-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophir T, Gutnick DL. 1994. A role for exopolysaccharides in the protection of microorganisms from desiccation. Appl Environ Microbiol. 60:740–745. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.60.2.740-745.1994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgaz B, Kives J, Pedregosa AM, Monistrol IF, Laborda F, SanJosé C. 2006. Bacterial biofilm removal using fungal enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol. 40:51–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgaz B, Neufeld RJ, SanJose C. 2007. Single-step biofilm removal with delayed release encapsulated pronase mixed with soluble enzymes. Enzyme Microb Technol. 40:1045–1051. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman SF, Fett WF, Fishman ML. 1986. Exopolysaccharides of the phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. J Bacteriol. 166:66–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.166.1.66-71.1986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oulahal N, Martial-Gros A, Bonneau M, Blum LJ. 2007. Removal of meat biofilms from surfaces by ultrasounds combined with enzymes and/or a chelating agent. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol. 8:192–196. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2006.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Oulahal-Lagsir N, Martial-Gros A, Bonneau M, Blum LJ. 2003. Escherichia coli-milk” biofilm removal from stainless steel surfaces: synergism between ultrasonic waves and enzymes. Biofouling. 19:159–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0892701031000064676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer J, Flint S, Brooks J. 2007. Bacterial cell attachment, the beginning of a biofilm. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 34:577–588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-007-0234-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Tolker-Nielsen T. 2009. The biofilm matrix: a sticky framework. Caister Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pandey A, Nigam P, Soccol CR, Soccol VT, Singh D, Mohan R. 2000. Advances in microbial amylases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 31:135–152. doi:https://doi.org/10.1042/ba19990073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsek MR, Singh PK. 2003. Bacterial biofilms: an emerging link to disease pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 57:677–701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.57.030502.090720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payne DE, Boles BR. 2016. Emerging interactions between matrix components during biofilm development. Curr Genet. 62:137–141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-015-0527-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedrolli DB, Carmona EC. 2014. Purification and characterization of a unique pectin lyase from Aspergillus giganteus able to release unsaturated monogalacturonate during pectin degradation. Enzyme Res. 2014:353915. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/353915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Percival SL, Suleman L, Vuotto C, Donelli G. 2015. Healthcare-associated infections, medical devices and biofilms: risk, tolerance and control. J Med Microbiol. 64:323–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petruzzi B, Briggs RE, Swords WE, De Castro C, Molinaro A, Inzana TJ. 2017. Capsular polysaccharide interferes with biofilm formation by Pasteurella multocida serogroup A. mBio. 8:e01843–17. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01843-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prathyusha K, Suneetha V. 2011. Bacterial pectinases and their potent biotechnological application in fruit processing/juice production industry: a review. J Phytol. 3:16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Prest EI, Hammes F, Van Loosdrecht MC, Vrouwenvelder JS. 2016. Biological stability of drinking water: controlling factors, methods, and challenges. Front Microbiol. 7:45. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigent-Combaret C, Prensier G, Le Thi TT, Vidal O, Lejeune P, Dorel C. 2000. Developmental pathway for biofilm formation in curli-producing Escherichia coli strains: role of flagella, curli and colanic acid. Environ Microbiol. 2:450–464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00128.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puga CH, Rodríguez-López P, Cabo ML, SanJose C, Orgaz B. 2018. Enzymatic dispersal of dual-species biofilms carrying Listeria monocytogenes and other associated food industry bacteria. Food Control. 94:222–228. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putter I, Mac Connell JG, Preiser FA, Haidri AA, Ristich SS, Dybas RA. 1981. Avermectins: novel insecticides, acaricides and nematicides from a soil microorganism. Experientia. 37:963–964. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01971780
   Google Scholar
• Rajasekharan SK, Ramesh S. 2013. Cellulase inhibits Burkholderia cepacia biofilms on diverse prosthetic materials. Pol J Microbiol. 62:327–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana SS, Janveja C, Soni SK. 2013. Brewer's spent grain as a valuable substrate for low cost production of fungal cellulases by statistical modeling in solid state fermentation and generation of cellulosic ethanol. Int J Food Ferment Technol. 3:41–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.5958/j.2277-9396.3.1.004
   Google Scholar
• Rangarajan V, Rajasekharan M, Ravichandran R, Sriganesh K, Vaitheeswaran V. 2010. Pectinase production from orange peel extract and dried orange peel solid as substrates using Aspergillus niger. Int J Biotechnol Biochem. 6:445–453.
   Google Scholar
• Rasamiravaka T, Labtani Q, Duez P, El Jaziri M. 2015. The formation of biofilms by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a review of the natural and synthetic compounds interfering with control mechanisms. Biomed Res Int. 2015:759348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/759348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather MA, Gupta K, Bardhan P, Borah M, Sarkar A, Eldiehy KS, Bhuyan S, Mandal M. 2021. Microbial biofilm: a matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. J Basic Microbiol. 61:380–395. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202000678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raveendran S, Parameswaran B, Ummalyma SB, Abraham A, Mathew AK, Madhavan A, Rebello S, Pandey A. 2018. Applications of microbial enzymes in food industry. Food Technol Biotechnol. 56:16–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.17113/ftb.56.01.18.5491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro CC, Tabchoury CP, Del Bel Cury AA, Tenuta LM, Rosalen PL, Cury JA. 2005. Effect of starch on the cariogenic potential of sucrose. Br J Nutr. 94:44–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20051452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice KC, Mann EE, Endres JL, Weiss EC, Cassat JE, Smeltzer MS, Bayles KW. 2007. The cidA murein hydrolase regulator contributes to DNA release and biofilm development in Staphylococcus aureus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 104:8113–8118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610226104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues AC, Almeida FA, André C, Vanetti MC, Pinto UM, Hassimotto NM, Vieira ÉN, Andrade NJ. 2020. Phenolic extract of Eugenia uniflora L. and furanone reduce biofilm formation by Serratia liquefaciens and increase its susceptibility to antimicrobials. Biofouling. 36:1031–1048. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2020.1844881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde H, Burandt EC, Siemssen N, Frommelt L, Burdelski C, Wurster S, Scherpe S, Davies AP, Harris LG, Horstkotte MA, et al. 2007. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin or protein factors in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from prosthetic hip and knee joint infections. Biomaterials. 28:1711–1720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde H, Frankenberger S, Zähringer U, Mack D. 2010. Structure, function and contribution of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) to Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation and pathogenesis of biomaterial-associated infections. Eur J Cell Biol. 89:103–111. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux D, Cywes-Bentley C, Zhang YF, Pons S, Konkol M, Kearns DB, Little DJ, Howell PL, Skurnik D, Pier GB. 2015. Identification of poly-N-acetylglucosamine as a major polysaccharide component of the Bacillus subtilis biofilm matrix. J Biol Chem. 290:19261–19272. doi:https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.648709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. 2018. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: a focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence. 9:522–554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rühs PA, Storz F, López Gómez YA, Haug M, Fischer P. 2018. 3D bacterial cellulose biofilms formed by foam templating. Npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 4:1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-018-0064-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumbaugh KP, Sauer K. 2020. Biofilm dispersion. Nat Rev Microbiol. 18:571–586. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0385-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp ME, Ulphani JS, Fey PD, Mack D. 1999. Characterization of Staphylococcus epidermidis polysaccharide intercellular adhesin/hemagglutinin in the pathogenesis of intravascular catheter-associated infection in a rat model. Infect Immun. 67:2656–2659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.67.5.2656-2659.1999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadekuzzaman M, Yang S, Mizan MFR, Ha SD. 2015. Current and recent advanced strategies for combating biofilms. Comprehensive Rev Food Sci Food Safety. 14:491–509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakai K, Mochizuki M, Yamada M, Shinzawa Y, Minezawa M, Kimoto S, Murata S, Kaneko Y, Ishihara S, Jindou S, et al. 2017. Biochemical characterization of thermostable β-1,4-mannanase belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 134 from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 101:3237–3245. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8107-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samal S, Das PK. 2018. Microbial biofilms: pathogenicity and treatment strategies. PT. 6:16–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.29161/PT.v6.i1.2018.16
   Google Scholar
• Sandri IG, Fontana RC, Barfknecht DM, da Silveira MM. 2011. Clarification of fruit juices by fungal pectinases. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 44:2217–2222. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardi JD, Pitangui ND, Rodríguez-Arellanes G, Taylor ML, Fusco-Almeida AM, Mendes-Giannini MJ. 2014. Highlights in pathogenic fungal biofilms. Rev Iberoam Micol. 31:22–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riam.2013.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkar S. 2020. Release mechanisms and molecular interactions of Pseudomonas aeruginosa extracellular DNA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 104:6549–6564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10687-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satpathy S, Sen SK, Pattanaik S, Raut S. 2016. Review on bacterial biofilm: an universal cause of contamination. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol. 7:56–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2016.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilcher K, Horswill AR. 2020. Staphylococcal biofilm development: structure, regulation, and treatment strategies. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 84:e00026-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00026-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmeisser C, Steele H, Streit WR. 2007. Metagenomics, biotechnology with non-culturable microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 75:955–962. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-0945-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serra DO, Richter AM, Hengge R. 2013. Cellulose as an architectural element in spatially structured Escherichia coli biofilms. J Bacteriol. 195:5540–5554. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00946-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seviour T, Derlon N, Dueholm MS, Flemming H-C, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Horn H, Kjelleberg S, van Loosdrecht MCM, Lotti T, Malpei MF, et al. 2019. Extracellular polymeric substances of biofilms: suffering from an identity crisis. Water Res. 151:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharada R, Venkateswarlu G, Venkateswar S, Rao MA. 2014. Applications of cellulases-review. Int J Pharma Chem Biol Sci. 4:424–437.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma D, Misba L, Khan AU. 2019. Antibiotics versus biofilm: an emerging battleground in microbial communities. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 8:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-019-0533-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma DC, Satyanarayana T. 2012. Biotechnological potential of agro residues for economical production of thermoalkali-stable pectinase by Bacillus pumilus dcsr1 by solid-state fermentation and its efficacy in the treatment of ramie fibres. Enzyme Res. 2012:281384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/281384
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin SG, Han G, Lim J, Lee C, Hwang S. 2010. A comprehensive microbial insight into two-stage anaerobic digestion of food waste-recycling wastewater. Water Res. 44:4838–4849. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoes M, Bennett RN, Rosa EA. 2009. Understanding antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals against multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Nat Prod Rep. 26:746–757. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/b821648g
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simões M, Simões LC, Vieira MJ. 2010. A review of current and emergent biofilm control strategies. LWT-Food Sci Technol. 43:573–583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Kumar M, Mittal A, Mehta PK. 2016. Microbial enzymes: industrial progress in 21st century. 3 Biotech. 6:1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0485-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Singh S, Singh SK, Chowdhury I, Singh R. 2017. Understanding the mechanism of bacterial biofilms resistance to antimicrobial agents. Open Microbiol J. 11:53–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1874285801711010053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivaramakrishnan S, Gangadharan D, Nampoothiri KM, Soccol CR, Pandey A. 2006. α-amylases from microbial sources-an overview on recent developments. Food Technol Biotechnol. 44:173–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skurnik D, Davis MR, Jr Benedetti D, Moravec KL, Cywes-Bentley C, Roux D, Traficante DC, Walsh RL, Maira-Litr BT, Cassidy SK, et al. 2012. Targeting pan-resistant bacteria with antibodies to a broadly conserved surface polysaccharide expressed during infection. J Infect Dis. 205:1709–1718. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Srey S, Jahid IK, Ha SD. 2013. Biofilm formation in food industries: a food safety concern. Food Control. 31:572–585. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srinivasan R, Santhakumari S, Poonguzhali P, Geetha M, Dyavaiah M, Xiangmin L. 2021. Bacterial biofilm inhibition: a focused review on recent therapeutic strategies for combating the biofilm mediated infections. Front Microbiol. 12:676458. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.676458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava S, Bhargava A. 2016. Biofilms and human health. Biotechnol Lett. 38:1–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10529-015-1960-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapper AP, Narasimhan G, Ohman DE, Barakat J, Hentzer M, Molin S, Kharazmi A, Høiby N, Mathee K. 2004. Alginate production affects Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development and architecture, but is not essential for biofilm formation. J Med Microbiol. 53:679–690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.45539-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberger RE, Holden P. 2005. Extracellular DNA in single- and multiple-species unsaturated biofilms . Appl Environ Microbiol. 71:5404–5410. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.71.9.5404-5410.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson G, Andrianopoulos K, Hobbs M, Reeves PR. 1996. Organization of the Escherichia coli K-12 gene cluster responsible for production of the extracellular polysaccharide colanic acid. J Bacteriol. 178:4885–4893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.178.16.4885-4893.1996
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart PS. 1996. Theoretical aspects of antibiotic diffusion into microbial biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 40:2517–2522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.40.11.2517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiefel P, Mauerhofer S, Schneider J, Maniura-Weber K, Rosenberg U, Ren Q. 2016. Enzymes enhance biofilm removal efficiency of cleaners. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60:3647–3652. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00400-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoodley P, Hall-Stoodley L, Costerton B, DeMeo P, Shirtliff M, Gawalt E, Kathju S. 2013. Biofilms, biomaterials, and device-related infections. In: Modjarrad K, Ebnesajjad S, editors. Handbook of polymer applications in medicine and medical devices. 1st ed. New York (US): William Andrew; p. 77–101.
   Google Scholar
• Subramaniyan S, Prema P. 2002. Biotechnology of microbial xylanases: enzymology, molecular biology, and application. Crit Rev Biotechnol. 22:33–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07388550290789450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun F, Qu F, Ling Y, Mao P, Xia P, Chen H, Zhou D. 2013. Biofilm-associated infections: antibiotic resistance and novel therapeutic strategies. Future Microbiol. 8:877–886. doi:https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.13.58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland IW. 2001. Biofilm exopolysaccharides: a strong and sticky framework. Microbiology (Reading). 147:3–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-147-1-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svenningsen NB, Martínez-García E, Nicolaisen MH, de Lorenzo V, Nybroe O. 2018. The biofilm matrix polysaccharides cellulose and alginate both protect Pseudomonas putida mt-2 against reactive oxygen species generated under matric stress and copper exposure. Microbiology (Reading). 164:883–888. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szu SC, Lin KF, Hunt S, Chu C, Thinh ND. 2014. Phase I clinical trial of O-acetylated pectin conjugate, a plant polysaccharide based typhoid vaccine. Vaccine. 32:2618–2622. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang X, Flint SH, Bennett RJ, Brooks JD. 2010. The efficacy of different cleaners and sanitisers in cleaning biofilms on UF membranes used in the dairy industry. J Membr Sci. 352:71–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.01.063
   Google Scholar
• Tetz GV, Artemenko NK, Tetz VV. 2009. Effect of DNase and antibiotics on biofilm characteristics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53:1204–1209. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00471-08
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thallinger B, Prasetyo EN, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM. 2013. Antimicrobial enzymes: an emerging strategy to fight microbes and microbial biofilms. Biotechnol J. 8:97–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/biot.201200313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorn CR, Prestidge CA, Boyd BJ, Thomas N. 2018. Pseudomonas infection responsive liquid crystals for glycoside hydrolase and antibiotic combination. ACS Appl Bio Mater. 1:281–288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.8b00062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tielen P, Strathmann M, Jaeger KE, Flemming HC, Wingender J. 2005. Alginate acetylation influences initial surface colonization by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiol Res. 160:165–176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2004.11.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torres CE, Lenon G, Craperi D, Wilting R, Blanco Á. 2011. Enzymatic treatment for preventing biofilm formation in the paper industry. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 92:95–103. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3305-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toushik SH, Lee KT, Lee JS, Kim KS. 2017. Functional applications of lignocellulolytic enzymes in the fruit and vegetable processing industries. J Food Sci. 82:585–593. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.13636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toushik S, Mizan MFR, Hossain MI, Ha SD. 2020. Fighting with old foes: the pledge of microbe-derived biological agents to defeat mono-and mixed-bacterial biofilms concerning food industries. Trends Food Sci Technol. 99:413–425. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.03.019
   Google Scholar
• Trotonda MP, Manna AC, Cheung AL, Lasa I, Penadés JR. 2005. SarA positively controls bap-dependent biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol. 187:5790–5798. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.16.5790-5798.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufvesson P, Fu W, Jensen JS, Woodley JM. 2010. Process considerations for the scale-up and implementation of biocatalysis. Food Bioprod Process. 88:3–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2010.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaikundamoorthy R, Rajendran R, Selvaraju A, Moorthy K, Perumal S. 2018. Development of thermostable amylase enzyme from Bacillus cereus for potential antibiofilm activity. Bioorg Chem. 77:494–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valera MJ, Torija MJ, Mas A, Mateo E. 2015. Cellulose production and cellulose synthase gene detection in acetic acid bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 99:1349–1361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6198-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vestby LK, Grønseth T, Simm R, Nesse LL. 2020. Bacterial biofilm and its role in the pathogenesis of disease. Antibiotics. 9:59. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020059
   Google Scholar
• Vishwakarma V. 2020. Impact of environmental biofilms: industrial components and its remediation. J Basic Microbiol. 60:198–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.201900569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorkapic D, Pressler K, Schild S. 2016. Multifaceted roles of extracellular DNA in bacterial physiology. Curr Genet. 62:71–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00294-015-0514-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuong C, Voyich JM, Fischer ER, Braughton KR, Whitney AR, DeLeo FR, Otto M. 2004. Polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) protects Staphylococcus epidermidis against major components of the human innate immune system. Cell Microbiol. 6:269–275. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1462-5822.2004.00367.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walia A, Guleria S, Mehta P, Chauhan A, Parkash J. 2017. Microbial xylanases and their industrial application in pulp and paper biobleaching: a review. 3 Biotech. 7:1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0584-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walker JT, Surman S, Jass J, editors. 2000. Industrial biofouling: detection, prevention, and control. New York (NY): Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Walker SL, Fourgialakis M, Cerezo B, Livens S. 2007. Removal of microbial biofilms from dispense equipment: the effect of enzymatic pre-digestion and detergent treatment. J Inst Brew. 113:61–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2007.tb00257.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Moradali MF, Goudarztalejerdi A, Sims IM, Rehm BH. 2016. Biological function of a polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the periplasm. Sci Rep. 6:31249–31211. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang X, Preston IJ, Romeo T. 2004. The pgaABCD locus of Escherichia coli promotes the synthesis of a polysaccharide adhesin required for biofilm formation. J Bacteriol. 186:2724–2734. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.186.9.2724-2734.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield GB, Marmont LS, Howell PL. 2015. Enzymatic modifications of exopolysaccharides enhance bacterial persistence. Front Microbiol. 6:471. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiatr CL, Fedyniak OX. 1991. Development of an obligate anaerobe specific biocide. J Ind Microbiol. 7:7–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01575596
   Google Scholar
• Wilton M, Charron-Mazenod L, Moore R, Lewenza S. 2016. Extracellular DNA acidifies biofilms and induces aminoglycoside resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 60:544–553. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01650-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wingender J, Jaeger KE, Flemming HC. 1999. Interaction between extracellular polysaccharides and enzymes. In: Wingender J, Neu TR, Flemming HC, editors. Microbial extracellular polymeric substances. Berlin (DE): Springer; p. 231–251.
   Google Scholar
• Wirtanen G, Salo S. 2016. Biofilm risks. In Lelieveld H, Gabric D, Holah H, editors. 2nd ed. Handbook of hygiene control in the food industry. Cambridge (UK): Woodhead Publishing; p. 55–79.
   Google Scholar
• Wolcott R, Costerton JW, Raoult D, Cutler SJ. 2013. The polymicrobial nature of biofilm infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 19:107–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.04001.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Moser C, Wang HZ, Hoiby N, Song ZJ. 2015. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilm infections. Int J Oral Sci. 7:1–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ijos.2014.65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier JB, Picioreanu C, Rani SA, Van Loosdrecht M, Stewart PS. 2005. Biofilm-control strategies based on enzymic disruption of the extracellular polymeric substance matrix-a modelling study . Microbiology (Reading). 151:3817–3832. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28165-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong Y, Liu Y. 2010. Biological control of microbial attachment: a promising alternative for mitigating membrane biofouling. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 86:825–837. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-010-2463-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Jia R, Li Y, Gu T. 2017. Advances in the treatment of problematic industrial biofilms. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 33:1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-016-2203-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan L, Sadiq FA, Wang N, Yang Z, He G. 2020. Recent advances in understanding the control of disinfectant-resistant biofilms by hurdle technology in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 25:1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Zanaroli G, Negroni A, Calisti C, Ruzzi M, Fava F. 2011. Selection of commercial hydrolytic enzymes with potential antifouling activity in marine environments. Enzyme Microb Technol. 49:574–579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarnowski R, Westler WM, Lacmbouh GA, Marita JM, Bothe JR, Bernhardt J, Lounes-Hadj Sahraoui A, Fontaine J, Sanchez H, Hatfield RD, et al. 2014. Novel entries in a fungal biofilm matrix encyclopedia. mBio. 5:e01333–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01333-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang X, Bishop P. 2003. Biodegradability of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances. Chemosphere. 50:63–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00319-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Han Y, Xiao H. 2017. Microbial α-amylase: a biomolecular overview. Process Biochem. 53:88–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XZ, Zhang YHP. 2013. Cellulases: characteristics, sources, production, and applications. In: Yang ST, El-Ensashy H, Thongchul N, editors. Bioprocessing technologies in biorefinery for sustainable production of fuels, chemicals, and polymers. Hoboken: Wiley; p. 131–146.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Zhao F, Wang J, Zhong N. 2017. Biofilm formation and control strategies of foodborne pathogens: food safety perspectives. RSC Adv. 7:36670–36683. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA02497E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu C, Hong FH, Yu X. 2021. Anti biofilm effect of low concentration chlorine containing disinfectant assisted by multi enzyme detergent in dental unit waterlines. New Microbiol. 44:117–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu B, Yin H. 2015. Alginate lyase: review of major sources and classification, properties, structure-function analysis and applications. Bioengineered. 6:125–131. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2015.1030543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zogaj X, Nimtz M, Rohde M, Bokranz W, Römling U. 2001. The multicellular morphotypes of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli produce cellulose as the second component of the extracellular matrix. Mol Microbiol. 39:1452–1463. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02337.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar