Rapid detection of biofilm on corroded copper pipes

References

• Bremmer , P J , Geesey , G G and Drake , B . 1992 . Atomic force microscopy examination of the topography of a hydrated bacterial biofilm on a copper surface . Curr Microbiol , 24 : 223 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain , A H L , Angell , P and Campbell , H S . 1988 . Staining procedures for characterising biofilms in corrosion investigations . Br Corr J , 23 : 197 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Chang , H T and Rittman , B E . 1986 . Biofilm loss during sample preparation for scanning electron microscopy . Water Res , 20 : 1451 – 1456 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooksey , D A and Azad , H R . 1992 . Accumulation of copper and other metals by copper‐resistant plant‐pathogenic and saprophytic pseudomonads . Appl Environ Microbiol , 58 : 274 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornwell , F J , Wildsmith , G and Gilbert , P T . 1973 . Pitting corrosion in copper tubes in cold water service . Br Corros , 8 : 201 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Danilatos , G D . 1991 . Review and outline of environmental SEM at present . J Microsc , 162 : 391 – 402 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellwood , D C , Keevil , C W , Marsh , P D , Brown , C M and Wardell , J N . 1982 . Surface associated growth . Phil Trans Royal Soc of Lon Series B. , 297 : 517 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , W , Paradies , H H , Wagner , D and Hänéel , I . 1992 . Copper deterioration in a water distribution system of a county hospital in Germany caused by microbially induced corrosion ‐ 1. Description of the problem . Werkst und Korr , 43 : 56 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Hobbie , J E , Daley , R J and Jasper , S . 1977 . Use of nucleopore filters for counting bacteria by fluorescence microscopy . App Environ Microbiol , 33 : 1225 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keevil , C W . 1989 . “ Chemostat models of human and aquatic corrosive biofilms ” . In Recent Advances in Microbial Ecology , Edited by: Hattori , T . 151 – 156 . Tokyo : Japan Scientific Societies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keevil , C W , Walker , J T , McEvoy , J and Colboume , J S . 1989 . “ Detection of biofilms associated with pitting corrosion of copper pipework in Scottish hospitals ” . In Biocorrosion , Edited by: Gaylarde , C C and Morton , L H G . 99 – 117 . Kew : Biodeterioration Society .
   Google Scholar
• Keevil , C W and Walker , J T . 1992 . Episcopic DIC microscopy and image analysis of biofilms . Binary , 4 : 92 – 95 .
   Google Scholar
• Little , B , Wagner , P , Gerchakov , S M , Walch , M and Mitchell , R . 1986 . Involvement of suphate‐reducing bacteria in corrosion . Corrosion , 42 : 533 – 535 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , J and Keevil , C W . 1992 . Immunogold and fluorescein immunolabelling of Legionella penumophila within an aquatic biofilm visualised by using episcopic differential interference contrast microscopy . Appl Environ Microbiol , 58 : 172 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , J T , Dowsett , A B , Dennis , P J and Keevil , C W . 1991a . Continuous culture studies of biofilm associated with copper corrosion . Int Biodet , 27 : 121 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , J T , Dowsett , A B , Dennis , P J and Keevil , C W . 1991b . “ A laboratory model to evaluate the control of microbially associated corrosion of copper pipes ” . In Microbially Influenced Corrosion and Biodeterioration , Edited by: Dowling , N J , Mittleman , M W and Danko , J C . 4/61 – 4/68 . Tennessee University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , J T , Dennis , P J and Keevil , C W . Simulation and control of copper pipework corrosion using a laboratory chemostat model . Microbial Corrosion: Proc 2nd Eur Fed Corrosion Workshop . Edited by: Sequira , C A C and Tiller , T A . pp. 189 – 198 . The Institute of Metals .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , J T , Caldwell , D E , Hanson , K and Keevil , C W . Visualisation of biofilms on copper using scanning confocal laser microscopy (SCLM) . 93rd General Meeting . pp. 358 Am Soc Microbiol .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , D , Fischer , W and Paradies , H H . Test methods on microbial induced corrosion in different loops . 12th Scand Corr Congr Eurocorr . Vol. 1 , pp. 651 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , D , Fischer , W and Paradies , H H . 1992b . Copper deterioration in a water distribution system of a county hospital in Germany caused by microbial influenced corrosion ‐ 2 Simulation of the corrosion process in two test rigs installed in this Hospital . Werkst und Korr , 43 : 496 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner , D , Fischer , W and Tuschewitzki , G J . 1992c . Microbiologically induced pitting corrosion of copper pipes , Int Copper Assoc . Report No 453
   Google Scholar
• DIN 1786 . 1980 . “Installation Tubes of Copper” , Berlin : Beuth‐Verlag . 5/
   Google Scholar
• DIN 8078 . 1980 . “Installation Tubes of Plastic Materials” , Berlin : Beth‐Verlag . 5/
   Google Scholar
• Authors to whom correspondence should be sent.
   Google Scholar