Performance and effectiveness of non‐stick coatings in seawater

References

• Baier , R E . 1991 . Control of bioadhesion by the zebra mussel . J Shellfish Res , 10 : 253
   Google Scholar
• Bernhard , F J and Lane , C H . 1962 . Early settlement and metamorphosis of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite niveus . J Morphol , 110 : 19 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Bultman , J D , Griffith , J R and Field , D E . 1984 . “ Fluoropolymer coatings for the marine environment ” . In Marine Biodeterioration: An Interdisciplinary Study , Edited by: Costlow , J D and Tipper , R C . 237 – 243 . Annapolis, MD : US Naval Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Busscher , H J . 1985 . Surface free energies and the adhesion of oral bacteria , NL : Rijksuniversiteit te Groningen . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Callow , M E , Pitchers , R A and Milne , A . 1986 . “ The control of fouling by non‐biocidal systems ” . In Algal Biofouling , Edited by: Evans , L V and Hoagland , K D . 145 – 158 . Elsevier Science Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Callow , M E , Pitchers , R A and Santos , R . 1987 . “ Non‐biocidal antifouling coatings ” . In Eggins HOW Biodeterioration , Edited by: Houghton , D R and Smith , R N . Vol. 7 , 43 – 48 . Elsevier Applied Science .
   Google Scholar
• Caspers , H . 1950 . Die Bewuchsgemeinschaft an der Landungsbrücke der Nordseeinsel Spiekeroog und das Formproblem von Balanus . Zool Jahrb Abt Syst , 78 : 237 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Crisp , D J , Walker , G , Young , G A and Yule , A B . 1985 . Adhesion and substrate choice in mussels and barnacles . J Colloid Interface Sci , 104 : 40 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delafontaine , M T and Hemming , B W . 1989a . “ Effects of larval settlement, topography and wave action on the establishment of the intertidal barnacle Teraclita serrata Darwin ” . In Reproduction, Genetics and Distribution of Marine Organisms , Edited by: Ryland , J S and Tyler , P A . 363 – 371 . Fredensborg, , Denmark : Olsen & Olsen .
   Google Scholar
• Delafontaine , M T and Flemming , B W . Topics in Marine Biology . Proc 22nd Eur Mar Biol Symp . August 1987 . Physical factors in barnacle community structure: a conceptual model , Edited by: Ros , J D . pp. 405 – 410 . Barcelona, , Spain : Instituto de Ciencias del Mar .
   Google Scholar
• Doochin , H D . 1951 . The morphology oí Balanus’ improvisus Darwin and Balanus amphitrite niveus Darwin during initial attachment and metamorphosis . Bull Mar Sci , 1 : 15 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Finnin , R . 1984 . Les composes organosilicies et l'environnement aquatique . Sci Environ , : 705
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth , D S , Weber , D and Dalglish , K . 1992 . Surveyof butyltin, cyclohexyltin and phenyltin compounds in Canadian wines . JAOAC Int , 75 : 964 – 973 .
   Google Scholar
• Hentschel , E . 1923 . Der Bewuchs an Seeschiffen . Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol , 11 : 238 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• Furtado , S . The prospect of non‐toxic antifoulings . Proc Symp Antifouling, How to Proceed? . Sept 17 , Scheveningen. pp. 1 – 35 . TNO‐rapport nr V‐88–058
   Google Scholar
• Hodson , S L and Burke , C . 1994 . Microfouling of salmon‐cage netting: a preliminary investigation . Biofouling , 8 : 93 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jantzen , E and Wilken , R D . 1991 . Zinnorganische Verbindungen in Hafensedimenten ‐ Analytik und Beurteilung . Vom Wasser , 76 : 1 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Kroyer , K K . A marine structure having a surface coating for the prevention of accumulation of marine organisms (silicones) . British Patent 1307001 p.7 . 1973 .
   Google Scholar
• Lidner , E . 1992 . A low surface energy approach in the control of marine biofouling . Biofouling , 6 : 193 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Maguire , R J . 1987 . “ Environmental aspects of tributylin ” . In Applied Organometallic Chemistry , Vol. 1 , 457 – 498 . UK : Longman Group .
   Google Scholar
• Mark , J E . 1990 . Silicon‐containing polymers. In: Zeigler, J M, Fearon, F W G, (eds.) Silicon‐based Polymer Science . Adv Chem Ser , 224 : 47 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , W J and Novacki , L J . Ships hulls coated with antifouling silicone coatings . US Patent 3702778. p. 5 . 1972 .
   Google Scholar
• Nanishi , Y , Yonehara , Y and Kisihara , M . Influence of structural and thermodynamic properties of phase‐separated films on adsorption of proteins and marine fouling . 1st Int Mar Biotechnology Conf . Tokyo. pp. 50
   Google Scholar
• Neu , W . 1935 . Mitteilung einiger Beobachtungen zur Formbildung von Baianus balanoides L. und dessen Ansiedlung . ZoolAnz , 110 : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Neumann , A W and Good , R J . 1979 . Technique of measuring contact angles . Surface and Colloid Sciences , 11 : 31 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Neumann , A W , Absolom , D R , Francis , D W and Van Oss , C J . 1980 . Conversion tables of contact angles to surface tensions . Sep Purif Methods , 9 : 69 – 163 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa , K and Matsushita , K . 1993 . Ship hull and propeller coatings with non‐polluting and antifouling paint , Vol. 27 , 11 Japan : JMES .
   Google Scholar
• Owen , M J . 1990 . Siloxane surface activity. In: Zeigler J M, Fearon FWG (eds.) Silicon‐based Polymer Science . Adv Chem Ser , 224 : 705 – 739 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D and Costlow , J D . 1986 . “ Surface determination of macroinvertebrate larval settlement ” . In Proc 21st EMBS Gdansk Publs by the Polish Academy of Sciences 155 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D and Costlow , J D . Topics in Marine Biology . Proc 22nd Eur Mar Biol Symp . August 1987 . Bryozoan and barnacle settlement in relation to initial surface wettability: a comparison of laboratory and field studies , Edited by: Ros , J D . pp. 411 – 416 . Barcelona, , Spain : Instituto de Ciencias del Mar .
   Google Scholar
• Rittschof , D , Clare , A S , Gerhart , D J , Bonaventura , J , Smith , C and Hadfield , M G . 1992 . Rapid field assessment of antifouling and foul‐release coatings . Biofouling , 6 : 181 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefan , J . 1874 . Versuche über scheinbare Adhäsion . Sitzungsber Akad Wiss Wien (math.‐natur‐wissK1) , 69 : 713 – 735 .
   Google Scholar
• Swain , G W , Griffith , J R , Bultman , J D and Vincent , H L . 1992 . The use of barnacle adhesion measurements for the field evaluation of non‐toxic foul release surfaces . Biofouling , 6 : 105 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visscher , J P . 1927 . Nature and extent of fouling of ships‐botoms . Bull U S Bur Fish , 43 : 193 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , G . 1971 . A study of the cement apparatus of the cy prid larva of the barnacle Balanus balanoides . Mar Biol , 9 : 205 – 212 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallis , R C and Strudwick , K R . 1990 . Nontoxic marine fouling release coatings . Surface Coatings Australia , 3 : 13 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Willemsen , P R . Antifoulants from marine invertebrates ‐ sponges . Proc Workshop Biofouling: Problems and Solutions . Edited by: Kjelleberg , S and Steinberg , P . pp. 87 – 92 . Sydney, , Australia : University of New South Wales .
   Google Scholar
• Willemsen , P R . 1994b . The screening of sponge extracts for antifouling activity using a bioassay with laboratory‐reared cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite . Int. Biodeterior Biodegrad , 34 : 361 – 373 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , W , Roberts , R S , Chung , Y C , Ernst , W R and Havlicek , S C . 1989 . The extraction of organotin compounds from Polyvinylchloride pipe . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol , 18 : 839 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule , A B and Walker , G . 1984 . The adhesion of the barnacle, Balanus balanoides to slate surfaces . JAfar Biol Assoc , 64 : 147 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corresponding author; fax: +49 40 679 92 04; e‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar