Evaluating the Efficacy of Equine Therapy Among At-risk Youth: A Meta-analysis

References

• *References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Anestis, M. D., Anestis, J. C., Zawilinski, L. L., Hopkins, T. A. and Lilienfeld, S. O. 2014. Equine-related treatments for mental disorders lack empirical support: A systematic review of empirical investigations. Journal of Clinical Psychology 70(12): 1,115–1,132. doi:dx.doi.org.uml.idm.oclc.org/10.1002/jclp.22113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachi, K. 2012. Equine-facilitated psychotherapy: The gap between practice and knowledge. Society & Animals 20(4): 364–380. doi:10.1163/15685306-12341242.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bachi, K., Terkel, J. and Teichman, M. 2011. Equine-facilitated psychotherapy for at-risk adolescents: The influence on self-image, self-control and trust. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 17(2): 298–312. doi:10.1177/1359104511404177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. and Rothstein, H. R. 2009. Introduction to Meta-analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T. and Rothstein, H. R. 2010. A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods 1(2): 97–111. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, C. 2013. Equine-facilitated psychotherapy as a complementary treatment intervention. Journal of Counselling and Professional Psychology 2: 23–42. www.thepractitionerscholar.com/article/download/11108/7824.
   Google Scholar
• Card, N. A. 2011. Applied Meta-analysis for Social Science Research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chesley, G. L., Gillett, D. A. and Wagner, W. G. 2008. Verbal and nonverbal metaphor with children in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development 86(1): 399–411. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6678.2008.tb00528.x.
   Google Scholar
• Cumming, G. 2014. The new statistics: Why and how. Psychological Science 25(1): 7–29. doi: 10.1177/0956797613504966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digiuseppe, R., Linscott, J. and Jilton, R. 1996. Developing the therapeutic alliance in child-adolescent psychotherapy. Applied & Preventive Psychology 5(2): 85–100. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(96)80002-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, C. A., MacDonald, P. M., Taylor, M. and Bowers, M. J. 2007. Equine-facilitated learning for youths with severe emotional disorders: A quantitative and qualitative study. Child & Youth Care Forum 36(1): 59–72. doi:10.1007/s10566-006-9031-x.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, A. H. 2006. Incorporating animal-assisted therapy into psychotherapy: Guidelines and suggestions for therapists. In Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice. 2nd edn, 167–206, ed. A. Fine. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• *Frederick, K. E. 2013. Understanding the impact of equine-assisted learning on levels of hope in at-risk adolescents. Doctoral dissertation, Baylor University, USA. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 3524352).
   Google Scholar
• Gabriels, R. L., Agnew, J. A., Holt, K. D., Shoffner, A., Zhaoxing, P., Ruzzano, S., Clayton, G. H. and Mesibov, G. 2012. Pilot study measuring the effects of therapeutic horseback riding on school-age children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 6(2): 578–588. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2011.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia, J. A. and Weisz, J. R. 2002. When youth mental health care stops: Therapeutic relationship problems and other reasons for ending youth outpatient treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70(2): 439–443. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves, L. M. 2011. The effectiveness of equine assisted psychotherapy with severely emotionally disturbed and autistic children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Doctoral dissertation, Wheaton College, USA. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 3427818).
   Google Scholar
• Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sánchez-Meca, J., Marín-Martínez, F. and Botella, J. 2006. Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I2 index?. Psychological Methods 11(2): 193–206. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.11.2.193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karol, J. 2007. Applying a traditional individual psychotherapy model to equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP): Theory and method. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry 12(1): 77–90. doi: 10.1177/1359104507071057.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E. 1991. Effectiveness of psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 59(6): 785–798. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E. and Weisz, J. R. 1998. Identifying and developing empirically supported child and adolescent treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66(1): 19–36. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kemp, K., Signal, T., Botros, H., Taylor, N. and Prentice, K. 2014. Equine facilitated therapy with children and adolescents who have been sexually abused: A program evaluation study. Journal of Child and Family Studies 23(3): 558–566. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9718-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kern, J. K., Fletcher, C. L., Garver, C. R., Mehta, J. A., Grannemann, B. D., Knox, K. R., Richardson, T. A. and Trivedi, M. H. 2011. Prospective trial of equine-assisted activities in autism spectrum disorder. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 17(3): 14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klontz, B. T., Bivens, A., Leinart, D. and Klontz, T. 2007. The effectiveness of equine-assisted experiential therapy: Results of an open clinical trial. Society & Animals 15(3): 257–267. doi:10.1163/156853007X217195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, K. A. and Serpell, J. A. 2006. Animal assisted interventions in mental health: Definitions and theoretical foundations. In Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy: Theoretical Foundations and Guidelines for Practice. 2nd edn, 21–38, ed. A. Fine. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lentini, J. A. and Knox, M. 2009. A qualitative and quantitative review of equine facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) with children and adolescents. The Open Complementary Medicine Journal 1: 51–57. doi: 10.2174/1876391X00901010051.
   Google Scholar
• Leve, R. M. 1995. Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Process and Integration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Götzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., … Moher, D. 2009. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ 339: b2700. doi:10.1136/bmj.b2700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W. and Wilson, D. B. 2001. Practical Meta-analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Marino, L. 2012. Construct validity of animal-assisted therapy and activities: How important is the animal in AAT? Anthrozoös 25(supp1.): s139–s151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mental Health Commission of Canada. 2013. Making the case for investing in mental health in Canada. http://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/. Accessed November 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Nimer, J. and Lundahl, B. 2007. Animal-assisted therapy: A meta-analysis. Anthrozoös 20(3): 225–238. doi:10.2752/089279307X224773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odendaal, J. S. J. 2000. Animal-assisted therapy—Magic or medicine? Journal of Psychosomatic Research 49(4): 275–280. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(00)00183-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, C. E. 2012. The social and emotional benefits of therapeutic riding on children with autism spectrum disorder. Doctoral dissertation, Sofia University, USA. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 3541727).
   Google Scholar
• Pan-Canadian Education Research Agenda. 2001. Children and Youth at Risk. Toronto: Canadian Education Statistics Council. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/81-589-x/81-589-x2001001-eng.pdf. Accessed September 2014.
   Google Scholar
• PATH International. 2014. http://www.pathintl.org/. Accessed November 2014.
   Google Scholar
• *Pendry, P., Carr, A. M., Smith, A. N. and Roeter, S. M. 2014. Improving adolescent social competence and behavior: A randomized trial of an 11-week equine facilitated learning prevention program. The Journal of Primary Prevention 35(4): 281–293. doi:10.1007/s10935-014-0350-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. 1962. Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, H. R., Sutton, A. J. and Borenstein, M. eds. 2006. Publication Bias in Meta-analysis: Prevention, Assessment and Adjustments. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. N., Remick-Barlow, G. and Robbins, L. 2007. Equine-assisted psychotherapy: A mental health promotion/intervention modality for children who have experienced intra-family violence. Health and Social Care in the Community 15(3): 265–271. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00684.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selby, A. and Smith-Osborne, A. 2013. A systematic review of effectiveness of complementary and adjunct therapies and interventions involving equines. Health Psychology 32(4): 418–432. doi:10.1037/a0029188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Shultz, B. N. 2005. The effects of equine-assisted psychotherapy on the psychosocial functioning of at-risk adolescents ages 12–18. Master’s thesis, Denver Seminary, USA.
   Google Scholar
• *Trotter, K. S. 2007. The efficacy of equine assisted group counseling with at-risk children and adolescents Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, USA. Retrieved from Dissertations and Theses database (UMI No. 3254229).
   Google Scholar
• Trotter, K. S., Chandler, C. K., Goodwin-Bond, D. and Casey, J. 2008. A comparative study of the efficacy of group equine assisted counseling with at-risk children and adolescents. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health 3(3): 254–284. doi:10.1080/15401380802356880.
   Google Scholar
• Weisz, J. R., Huey, S. J. and Weersing, V. R. 1998. Psychotherapy outcome research with children and adolescents. In Advances in Child Clinical Psychology, 49–91, ed. T. Ollendick and R. Prinz. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weisz, J. R., Weiss, B., Alicke, M. D., and Klotz, M. L. 1987. Effectiveness of psychotherapy with children and adolescents: Meta-analytic findings for clinicians. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 55: 542–549. doi:10.1037/0022.-006X.55.4.542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Whitely, R. 2010. Therapeutic benefits of equine assisted psychotherapy for at-risk adolescents Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University, USA. Retrieved from Dissertation and Theses database (UMI No. 3405795).
   Google Scholar
• Yorke, J. 2010. The significance of human–animal relationships as modulators of trauma effects in children: A developmental neurobiological perspective. Early Child Development and Care 180(5): 559–570. doi:10.1080/03004430802181189.
   Google Scholar
• Zeleznik, S. 2014. The future role of equine assisted psychotherapy: Potential indications, benefits, and limitations. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:fcaAPz_L2kQJ:https://seclairer2.squarespace.com/s/zeleznik-equine-assisted-psychotherapy.docx+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ca. Accessed November 2014.
   Google Scholar