Knowledge and Perceptions of, and Attitudes to, Bats by People Living around Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Malindi-Kenya

References

• Aguiar, L. M. S., Britom, D., & Machado, R. B. (2010). Do current vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) population control practices pose a threat to Dekeysers nectar bats (Lonchophylla dekeyseri) longterm persistence in the Cerrado?. Acta Chiropterologica, 12, 275–282. doi: 10.3161/150811010X537855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organic Behavoir of Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Fisbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Almeida, A., Vasconcelos, C., & Strecht-Ribeiro, O. (2014). Attitudes towards animals: A study of Portuguese children. Anthrozoös, 27, 173–190. doi: 10.2752/175303714X13903827487403
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves, R. R. N., Silva, V. N. S., Trovao, D. M. B. M., Oliveira, J. V., Mourao, J. S., & Dias, T. L. P. (2014b). Students’ attitudes towards and knowledge about snakes in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 10, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrindell, W. A. (2000). Phobic dimensions IV: The structure of animal fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 509–530. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00097-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, S. A., Olival, K. J., Bumrungsri S., Richards, G. C., & Racey, P. A. (2016). The conflict between pteropodid bats and fruit growers: Species, legislation and mitigation. In C. C. Voigt & T. Kingston (Eds.), Bats in the anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world (pp. 377–426). New York, NY: Springer International AG.
   Google Scholar
• Ballouard, J. M., Provost, G., Barre, D., & Bonnet, X. (2002). Influence of a field trip on the attitude of schoolchildren towards unpopular organisms: An experience with snakes. Journal of Herpetology, 46, 423–428. doi: 10.1670/11-118
   Google Scholar
• Bennun, L. A., & Njoroge, P. (1999). Important bird areas in Kenya. Nairobi: Nature Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Bjerke, T., & Østdahl, T. (2004). Animal-related attitudes and activities in an urban population. Anthrozoös, 17, 109–129. doi: 10.2752/089279304786991783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerke, T., Ostdahl, T., & Kleiven, J. (2003). Attitudes and activities related to urban wildlife: Pet owners and nonowners. Anthrozoös, 16, 252–262. doi: 10.2752/089279303786992125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogner, F. X. (1998). The influence of short term door ecology education on long term variables of environmental perspective. Journal of Environmental Education, 12, 17–29. doi: 10.1080/00958969809599124
   Google Scholar
• Brito, J. C., Rebelo, A., & Crespo, E. G. (2001). Viper killings for superstitious reasons in Portugal. Bolletin Asociacion Herpetologica Española, 12, 101–104.
   Google Scholar
• Ceríaco, L. M. P. (2012). Human attitudes towards herpetofauna: The influence of folklore and negative values on the conservation of amphibians and reptiles in Portugal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 8, 8–15. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-8-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceríaco, L. M. P., Marques, M. P., Madeira, N. C., Vila-Viçosa, C. M., & Mendes, P. (2011). Folklore and traditional ecological knowledge of geckos in Southern Portugal: Implications for conservation and science. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 7, 1–26. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-7-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla, L. (1999). Life paths into effective environmental action. Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 15–26. doi: 10.1080/00958969909598628
   Google Scholar
• Chawla, L., & Cushing, D. F. (2007). Education for strategic environmental behavior. Environmental Education Research, 13, 437–452. doi: 10.1080/13504620701581539
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, S., & Myers, O. E. (2015). Conservation psychology: Understanding and promoting human care for nature. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Cousins, J. A., & Compton, S. G. (2005). The Tongan flying fox Pteropus tonganus: Status, public attitudes and conservation in the Cook Islands. Oryx, 39, 196–203. doi: 10.1017/S003060530500044X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, V., Aunger, R., & Rabie, T. (2004). Evidence that disgust evolved to protect from risk of disease. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 271, 131–133.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis, V., de Barra, M., & Aunger, R. (2011). Disgust as an adaptive system for disease avoidance behaviour. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Biological, 366, 389–401. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, G. C. L. (1994a). Self-reported fears to common indigenous animals in an adult UK population: The role of disgust sensitivity. British Journal of Psychology, 85, 541–554. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02540.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, G. C. L. (1994b). The “disgusting” spider: The role of disease and illness in the perpetuation of fear of spiders. Society & Animals, 2, 17–24. doi: 10.1163/156853094X00045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, G. C. L., McDonald, A. S., Hirisave, U., Prabhu, G. G., Iwawaki, S., Jim, C. I., … Reimann, L. (1998). A cross-national study of animal fears. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 735–750. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00059-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickman, A. J. (2010). Complexities of conflict: The importance of considering social factors for effectively resolving human–wildlife conflict. Animal Conservation, 20, 458–466. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00368.x
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, P., & Kennedy, D. (2005). Millennium assessment of human behaviour. Science, 309, 562–563. doi: 10.1126/science.1113028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, J., Knapp, D., & Benton, G. M. (2007). An elementary school environmental education field trip: Long-term effects on ecological and environmental knowledge and attitude development. Journal of Environmental Education, 38, 33–42. doi: 10.3200/JOEE.38.3.33-42
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Fita, D. S., Neto, E. M. C., & Schiavetti, A. (2010). “Offensive” snakes: Cultural beliefs and practices related to snakebites in a Brazilian rural settlement. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 6, 1–13. doi: 10.1186/1746-4269-6-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, T. H., & Sosa, V. J. (1994). Effects of nectarivorous and frugivorous mammals on reproductive success of plants. Journal of Mammalogy, 75, 845–851. doi: 10.2307/1382466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florens, F. V. B. (2016). Mauritius culls endangered fruit bats. Nature, 530, 33. doi: 10.1038/530033a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, C. F. (1999). Animal abuse in childhood and later support for interpersonal violence in families. Society & Animals, 7, 161–172. doi: 10.1163/156853099X00059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadd, M. E. (2005). Conservation outside of parks: Attitudes of local people in Laikipia, Kenya. Environmental Conservation, 32, 50–63. doi: 10.1017/S0376892905001918
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galindo-Gonzalez, J., & Guevara, S., & Sosa, V. J. (2000). Bat and bird-generated seed rains at isolated trees in pastures in tropical rain forest. Conservation Biology, 14, 1,693–1,703. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99072.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Hadjisterkotis, E. (2006). The destruction and conservation of the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus in Cyprus: A historic review. Eurasian Journal of Wildlife Research, 52, 282–287. doi: 10.1007/s10344-006-0041-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happold, M., & Happold, D. C. D. (Eds.) (2013). Mammals of Africa Vol. IV (Hedgehogs, Shrews and Bats). London: Bloomsburg.
   Google Scholar
• Hazzah, L., Dolrenry, S., Naughton-Treves, L., Edwards, C. T., Mwebi, O., Kearney, F., & Frank, L. (2014). Efficacy of two lion conservation programs in Maasailand, Kenya. Conservation Biology, 28, 851–860. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isbister, G. K. (2002). Data collection in clinical toxicology: Debunking myths and developing diagnostic algorithms. Journal of Clinical Toxicology, 40, 231–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez, J. N., & Lindemann-Matthies, P. (2015). Public knowledge and perception of toads and frogs in three areas of subtropical Southeast China. Society & Animals, 23, 166–192. doi: 10.1163/15685306-12341368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalka, M. B., Smith, A. R., & Kalko, E. K. V. (2008). Bats limit arthropods and herbivory in a tropical forest. Science, 320, 71–71. doi: 10.1126/science.1153352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T., Nyahongo, J. W., & Williams, D. R. (2006). Animal preferences and acceptability of wildlife management actions around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Biodiversity and Conservation, 15, 4,633–4,649. doi: 10.1007/s10531-005-6196-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn, B. P., Bjerke, T., & Vittersø, J. (1999). Attitudes towards large carnivores among sheep farmers, wildlife managers, and research biologists in Norway. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 4, 57–73. doi: 10.1080/10871209909359157
   Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R. (1980). Phase II: Activities of the American public relating to animals. New York, NY: United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, 70–85.
   Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R. (1993). Values and perceptions of invertebrates. Conservation Biology, 7, 845–855. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1993.740845.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R. (1996). The value of life: Biodiversity and human society. Washington DC: Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R., & Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10, 977–990. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10040977.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelm, D. H., Wiesner, K., & Helversen, O. (2008). Effects of artificial roosts for frugivorous bats on seed dispersal in a neotropical forest pasture mosaic. Conservation Biology, 22, 733–741. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.00925.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kideghesho, J., Røskaft, E., & Kaltenborn, B. (2007). Factors influencing conservation attitudes of local people in western Serengeti, Tanzania. Biological Diversity and Conservation, 16, 2,213–2,230.
   Google Scholar
• Kingston, T. (2016). Cute, creepy, or crispy-how values, attitudes, and norms shape human behavior towards bats. In C. C. Voigt, T. Kingston (Eds.), Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world (pp. 571–595). New York, NY: Springer International AG.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiven, J., Bjerke, T., & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2004). Factors influencing the social acceptability of large carnivore behaviours. Biodiversity of Conservation, 13, 1,647–1,658. doi: 10.1023/B:BIOC.0000029328.81255.38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korine, C., Izhaki, I., & Arad, Z. (1999). Is the Egyptian fruit bat Rousettus aegyptiacus a pest in Israel? An analysis of the bat’s diet and implications for its conservation. Biological Conservation, 88, 301–306. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00126-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubiatko, M. (2012). Kindergarten children’s perception of animals focusing on the look and fear of animals. Education Science, Theory and Practice, 12, 3,181–3,186.
   Google Scholar
• Kunz, T. H., Braun, E., Torrez, D. E., Bauer, D., Lobova, T., & Fleming, T. H. (2011). Ecosystem services provided by bats. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1223, 1–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria what did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. doi: 10.1177/1094428105284919
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsn, E., Beck, M., Hartnell, E., & Creenaune, M. (2002). Neighbours of the Ku-ring-gai flying-fox reserve: Community attitudes survey 2001. Bat Research News, 43, 16.
   Google Scholar
• Li, C., Jian, Z., Li, C., Tang, S., Li, F., & Luo, Z. (2015). Livestock depredations and attitudes of local pastoralists towards carnivores in the Qinghai Lake Region, China. Wildlife Biology, 21, 204–212. doi: 10.2981/wlb.00083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindemann-Matthies, P. (2005). “Loveable” mammals and “lifeless” plants: How children’s interest in common local organisms can be enhanced through observation of nature. International Journal of Science Education, 27, 655–677. doi: 10.1080/09500690500038116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-del-Toro, P., Andresen, E., Barraza, L., & Estrada, A. (2009). Attitudes and knowledge of shade-coffee farmers towards vertebrates and their ecological functions. Tropical Conservation Science, 2, 299–318. doi: 10.1177/194008290900200303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, B., Sundaresan, S. R., Fischhoff, I. R., & Rubenstein, D. I. (2009). Partnering with local communities to identify conservation priorities for endangered Grevy’s zebra. Biological Conservation, 142, 1,548–1,555. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmood-ul-Hassan, M., Faiz-ur-Rehman & Salim, M. (2011). Public perceptions about the fruit bats in two horticurturally important districts of Pakistan. Journal of Animal Plant Science, 21, 135–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin, D., & Mendelssohn, H. (1986). Reconsidering fumigation of bat caves. Israel Land Nature, 12, 26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Mayen, F. (2003). Haematophagous bats in Brazil, their role in rabies transmission, impact on public health, livestock industry and alternatives to an indiscriminate reduction of bat population. Journal of Veterinary Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, 50, 469–472. doi: 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00713.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mickleburg, S. P., Hutson, M. A., & Racey, P. A. (2002). A review of the global conservation status of bats. Oryx, 36, 18–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naughton-Treves, L., Grossberg, R., & Treves, A. (2003). Paying for tolerance: Rural citizens’ attitudes towards wolf depredation and compensation. Conservation Biology, 17, 1,500–1,511. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2003.00060.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunnaly, J. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Oaten, M, Stevenson, M. R., & Case, T. I. (2009). Disgust as a disease avoidance mechanism. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 303–321. doi: 10.1037/a0014823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagani, C., Robustelli, F., & Ascione, F. R. (2007). Italian youths’ attitudes towards, and concern for, animals. Anthrozoös, 20, 275–293. doi: 10.2752/089279307X224818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, B. D., & Webala, P. (2012). Key to the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of East Africa. Chicago, IL: Field Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• de Pinho, J. R., Grilo, C., Boone, R. B., Galvin, K. A., & Snodgrass, J. G. (2014). The influence of aesthetic appreciation of wildlife species on attitudes towards their conservation in Kenyan gropastoralist communities. PLoS ONE, 9, e88842. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., & Fančovičová, J. (2012). Tolerance of amphibians in Slovakian people: A comparison of pond owners and non-owners. Anthrozoös, 25, 277–288. doi: 10.2752/175303712X13403555186136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., & Fančovičová, J. (2016). Mothers are less disgust sensitive than childless females. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 65–69. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., Fančovičová, J., & Kubiatko, M. (2009). Vampires are still alive: Slovakian students’ attitudes towards bats. Anthrozoös, 22, 19–30. doi: 10.2752/175303708X390446
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., & Kubiatko, M. (2014). Perceived vulnerability to disease predicts environmental attitudes. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 10, 3–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., Tolarovičová, A., Camerik, A., & Peterková, V. (2010). High school students’ attitudes towards spiders: A crosscultural comparison. International Journal of Science Education, 32, 1,665–1,688. doi: 10.1080/09500690903253908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prokop, P., & Tunnicliffe, S. D. (2008). “Disgusting” animals: Primary school children’s attitudes and myths of bats and spiders. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 4, 87–97. doi: 10.12973/ejmste/75309
   Google Scholar
• Randler, C., Höllwarth, A., & Schaal, S. (2007). Urban park visitors and their knowledge of animal species. Anthrozoös, 20, 65–74. doi: 10.2752/089279307780216696
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, J. L. (2013). Restoring birds, bats, and dispersal mutualisms in a tropical agricultural landscape. Santa Cruz, CA: University of California.
   Google Scholar
• Robins, L. N., & Regier, D. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America. New York, NY: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rodhouse, G. T., Thomas, J., Ormsbee, S., Patricia, C., Irvine, K., & Kathryn, M. (2015). Establishing conservation baselines with dynamic distribution models for bat populations facing imminent decline. Diversity and Distributions, 21, 1,401–1,413. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12372
   Google Scholar
• Røskaft, E., Bjerke, T., Kaltenborn, B. P., Linnell, J. D. C., & Andersen, R. (2003). Patterns of self-reported fear towards large carnivores among the Norwegian public. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 184–198. doi: 10.1016/S1090-5138(03)00011-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røskaft, E., Händel, B., Bjerke, T., & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2007). Human attitudes towards large carnivores in Norway. Wildlife Biology, 13, 172–185. doi: 10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[172:HATLCI]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz, P. W. (2011). Conservation means behavior. Conservation Biology, 25, 1,080–1,083. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01766.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, N. R., & Stewart, S. C. (2007). Understanding knowledge and perceptions of bats among residents of Fort Collins, Colorado. US Geological Survey Open-File Report, 1245, 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Spear, I. (1978). The Kaya complex; A history of the Mijikenda peoples of the Kenya coast to 1900. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Statsoft (2007). Statistica Ver 8, StatSoft. Retrieved from http://www.statsoft.com. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Towards a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 3, 407–424. doi: 10.1111/0022-4537.00175
   Google Scholar
• St John, F. A. V., Keane, A. M., & Milner-Gulland, E. J. (2013). Effective conservation depends upon understanding human behaviour. In D. W. MacDonald & K. J. Willis (Eds.), Key topics in conservation biology (Vol, 2., pp. 344–361). Colchester: Wiley–Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, T. L., & Mintzes, J. J. (2002). Cognitive structure and the affective domain: On knowing and feeling in biology. International Journal of Science Education, 24, 645–660. doi: 10.1080/09500690110110115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomažič, I. (2008). The influence of direct experience on students’ attitudes to, and knowledge about amphibians. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 51, 39–49.
   Google Scholar
• Treves, A., & Naughton-Treves, L. (1999). Risk and opportunity for humans coexisting with large carnivores. Journal of Human Evolution, 36, 275–282. doi: 10.1006/jhev.1998.0268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuttle, M. D. (1986). Gentle fliers of the African night. National Geographic, 169, 40–558.
   Google Scholar
• Veríssimo, D. (2013). Influencing human behavior: An under-utilized tool for biodiversity management. Conservation Evidence, 10, 29–31.
   Google Scholar
• Voigt, C. C., & Kingston, T. (Eds.). (2016). Bats in the anthropocene: Conservation of bats in a changing world. New York, NY: Springer International AG.
   Google Scholar
• Webala, P. W., Musila, S., & Makau, R. (2014). Roost occupancy, roost site selection and diet of straw-coloured fruit bats (Pteropodidae: Eidolon helvum) in western Kenya: The need for continued public education. Acta Chiropterologica, 16, 85–94. doi: 10.3161/150811014X683291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, N. M., & Lekies, K. S. (2006). Nature and the life course: Pathways from childhood nature experiences to adult environmentalism. Children Youth Environment, 16, 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Yardimci, E., & Leblebicioglu, G. (2012). The effect of a nature camp on the children’s conceptions of nature. International Electrical Journal of Environmental Education, 2, 93–106.
   Google Scholar