References
- Abraham, A., Sommerhalder, K., & Abel, T. (2010). Landscape and well-being: A scoping study on the health-promoting impact of outdoor environments. International Journal of Public Health, 55(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-009-0069-z
- Arai, K., Watanabe, G., Fujimoto, M., Nagata, S., Takemura, Y., Taya, K., & Sasamoto, S. (1995). A sensitive radioimmunoassay for cortisol using 125I-labeled radioligand. Journal of Reproduction and Development, 41(5), j15–j20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.95-415j15
- Bherer, L., Erikson, K. I., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2013). A review of the effects of physical activity and exercise on cognitive and brain functions in older adults. Journal of Aging Research, 2013, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/657508
- Cherniack, E. P., & Cherniack, A. R. (2014). The benefit of pets and animal-assisted therapy to the health of older individuals. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research, 2014, 623203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/623203
- Corazza, D. I., Sebastião, É, Pedroso, R. V., Andreatto, C. A. A., de Melo Coelho, F. G., Gobbi, S., Teodorov, E., & Santos-Galduróz, R. F. (2014). Influence of chronic exercise on serum cortisol levels in older adults. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 11, 25–34. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-013-0126-8
- Daughters, K., Manstead, A. S. R., Hubble, K., Rees, A., Thapar, A., & von Goozen, S. H. M. (2015). Salivary oxytocin concentrations in males following intranasal administration of oxytocin: A double-blind, cross-over study. PLoS One, 10(12), e0145104, 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145104
- Davey, G. (2005). Is zoo-going a human instinct? Biophilia and zoo. International Zoo News, 52(8), 452–459.
- Davey, G., Henzi, P., & Higgins, L. (2005). The influence of environmental enrichment on Chinese visitor behavior. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 8(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327604jaws0802_5
- Falk, J. H., Storksdieck, M., & Dierking, L. D. (2007). Investigating public science interest and understanding: Evidence for the importance of free-choice learning. Public Understanding of Science, 16(4), 455–469. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662506064240
- Friedmann, E., Katcher, A. H., Thomas, S. A., Lynch, J. J., & Messent, P. R. (1983). Social interaction and blood pressure: Influence of animal companions. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 171(8), 461–465. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198308000-00002
- Groenewegen, P. P., van den Berg, A. E., de Vries, S., & Verheij, R. A. (2006). Vitamin G: Effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety. BMC Public Health, 6(1), 149–158. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-6-149
- Gröschl, M. (2009). The physiological role of hormones in saliva. BioEssays, 31(8), 843–852. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.200900013
- Ice, G. H., Katz-Stein, A., Himes, J., & Kane, R. L. (2004). Diurnal cycles of salivary cortisol in older adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29(3), 355–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00034-9
- Japan Pet Food Association. (2019). https://petfood.or.jp/data/chart2018/index.html
- Johnson, R. A., & Meadows, R. L. (2010). Dog-walking: Motivation for adherence to a walking program. Clinical Nursing Research, 19(4), 387–402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773810373122
- Katcher, A., Segal, H., & Beck, A. (1984a). Comparison of contemplation and hypnosis for the reduction of anxiety and discomfort during dental surgery. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00029157.1984.10402583
- Katcher, A. H., Segal, H., & Beck, A. M. (1984b). Contemplation of an aquarium for the reduction of anxiety. In R. K. Anderson, B. L. Hart, & L. A. Hart (Eds.), The pet connection: Its influence on our health and quality of life (pp. 171–178). Globe Publishing Co.
- Kellert, S. R. (1996). The value of life, biological diversity and human society. Island Press.
- Kellert, S. R., & Wilson, E. O. (1993). The biophilia hypothesis. Island Press.
- Kelly, M. E., Loughreya, D., Lawlora, B. A., Robertsona, I. H., Walshb, C., & Brennana, S. (2014). The impact of exercise on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Research Reviews, 16, 12–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.002
- Lee, H. J., Macbeth, A. H., Pagani, J., & Young, W. S. (2009). Oxytocin: the great facilitator of life. Progress in Neurobiology, 88(2), 127–151. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.04.001
- Mitsui, S., Yamamoto, M., Nagasawa, M., Mogi, K., Kikusui, T., Ohtani, N., & Ohta, M. (2011). Urinary oxytocin as a noninvasive biomarker of positive emotion in dogs. Hormones and Behavior, 60(3), 239–243. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.012
- Motooka, M., Kennedy, N. L., Koike, H., & Yokoyama, T. (2006). Effect of dog-walking on autonomic nervous activity in senior citizens. Medical Journal of Australia, 184(2), 60–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00116.x
- Nagasawa, M., Kikusui, T., Onaka, T., & Ohta, M. (2009). Dog’s gaze at its owner increases owner’s urinary oxytocin during social interaction. Hormones and Behavior, 55(3), 434–441. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.12.002
- Nagasawa, M., Mitsui, S., En, S., Ohtani, N., Ohta, M., Sakuma, Y., Onaka, T., Mogi, K., & Kikusui, T. (2015). Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the coevolution of human–dog bonds. Science, 348(6232), 333–336. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261022
- Neumann, I. D. (2008). Brain oxytocin: A key regulator of emotional and social behaviours in both females and males. Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 20(6), 858–865. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01726.x
- Payne, L. L., Orsega-Smith, E., Roy, M., & Godbey, G. C. (2005). Local park use and personal health among older adults: An exploratory study. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 23(2), 1–20.
- Romagosa, F., Eagles, P. F. J., & Lemieux, C. J. (2015). From the inside out to the outside in: Exploring the role of parks and protected areas as providers of human health and well-being. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 10, 70–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2015.06.009
- Sakagami, T., & Ohta, M. (2010). The effect of visiting zoos on human health and quality of life. Animal Science Journal, 81(1), 129–134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00714.x
- Serpell, J. (1991). Beneficial effects of pet ownership on some aspects of human health and behaviour. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 84(12), 717–720. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689108401208
- Siegel, M. J. (1990). Stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: The moderating role of pet ownership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(6), 1081–1086. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1081
- Silverman, M. N., & Deuster, P. A. (2014). Biological mechanisms underlying the role of physical fitness in health and resilience. Interface Focus: The Royal Society Publishing, 4(5), 20140040. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2014.0040
- Statistics Bureau of Japan. (2019). https://www.stat.go.jp/english/
- Tofield, S., Coll, R. K., Vyle, B., & Bolstad, R. (2003). Zoos as a source of free choice learning. Research in Science & Technological Education, 21(1), 67–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02635140308342
- United States Census Bureau. (2018). https://www.census.gov/topics/population/older-aging.html
- Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Harvard University Press.
- Wolf, I. D., & Wohlfart, T. (2014). Walking, hiking and running in parks: A multidisciplinary assessment of health and well-being benefits. Landscape and Urban Planning, 130, 89–103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.06.006
- World Health Organization. Health Education and Health Promotion Unit. (2003). Health and development through physical activity and sport.
- World Health Organization. Physical Activity and Older Adults. (2019). Recommended levels of physical activity for adults aged 65 and above. https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_olderadults/en/