Transformation of the soviet space program after the cold war

Notes and references

• The vague name was intentionally invented for “reasons of secrecy.” Similarly, the nuclear weapons industry was under the “Ministry of Medium Machine‐Building.”
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• Lt. Gen. Yuri Gusev, testimony at the hearings on the Russian space policy, Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, 10 November 1992.
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• 1991 . Nezavisimaya Gazeta , 25 September : 6
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• 1991 . Komsomol'skaya Pravda , 8 October : 2
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• At the end of 1992 the Ministry of Industries was disbanded and replaced by the Committee on Defense Branches of Industry.
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• Including one launch failure.
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• Yuri Koptev, interview with the POSTFACTUM agency, April 1993.
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• Lt. Gen. Yuri Gusev, testimony at the hearings on the Russian space policy.
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• 1993 . Space News , 11–17 January : 11 Yuri Koptev, interview with Moscow Radio, 4 January 1993. See also
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• 1992 . “Space Program of the Russian Federation up to the Year 2000,” . Russian Space Agency . (draft)
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• The explanations of particular Soviet/Russian space systems are based on the author's book Military Aspects of the Soviet Cosmonautics, published in 1992 (in Russian) and on updates for it's second edition, to be published in 1993. For this reason numerous quotations from the original sources are omitted from this section.
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• Johnson , Nicholas L. 1987 . The Soviet Military Strategy in Space However, Russian capabilities for geostationary launches are not as overwhelming as one might imagine when comparing cumulative launch rates. Russia now as the only launch vehicle (the Proton) capable of launching to GEO. After 199, Russia could develop with Ukraine a Zenit‐3 GEO‐capable launcher. Currently, the annual launch rate of Protons is only seven or eight, and Zenit launches total no more than four.
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• 1993 . Aviation Week & Space Technology , 24 May
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• 1993 . Space News , 24–30 May : 4
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• This is a low‐investment business, and the issue of sharing resources is a difficult one. Military duties and commercial operations must be balanced carefully.
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• Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, hearings on Space Policy, 10 November 1992.
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