2,611
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Appropriateness and effectiveness of image repair strategies

&
Pages 153-163 | Published online: 21 May 2009

References

  • Beach , W. A. 1990/1991 . Avoiding ownership for alleged wrongdoings . Research on Language and Social Interaction , 24 : 1 – 36 .
  • Benoit , W. L. 1995 . Accounts, excuses, apologies: A theory of image restoration strategies. , Albany : State University of New York Press .
  • Blumstein , P. W. 1974 . The honoring of accounts . American Sociological Review , 39 : 551 – 66 .
  • Brown , P. and Levinson , S. 1978 . “ Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. ” . In Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction , Edited by: Goody , E. 56 – 310 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Burke , K. 1970 . Rhetoric of religion. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Burgoon , M. , Hall , J. and Pfau , M. 1991 . A test of the “Messages‐as‐fixed‐effect fallacy”; argument: Empirical and theoretical implications of design choices. . Communication Quarterly , 39 : 18 – 34 .
  • Buttny , R. 1993 . Social accountability in communication. , London : Sage .
  • Canary , D. J. and Spitzberg , B. H. 1987 . Appropriateness and effectiveness perceptions of conflict strategies. . Human Communication Research , 14 : 93 – 118 .
  • Cody , M. J. and Mclaughlin , M. L. 1990 . “ Interpersonal accounting. ” . In Handbook of language and social psychology , Edited by: Giles , H. and Robinson , W. P. 227 – 55 . Chichester : John Wiley .
  • Cupach , W. R. and Metts , S. 1990 . “ Remedial processes in embarrassing predicaments. ” . In Communication yearbook 13 , Edited by: Anderson , J. A. 323 – 52 . Newbury Park : Sage .
  • Cupach , W. R. and Metts , S. 1992 . The effects of type of predicament and embarrassability on remedial responses to embarrassing situations. . Communication Quarterly , 40 : 146 – 61 .
  • Darby , B. W. and Schlenker , B. R. 1982 . Children's reactions to apologies. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 742 – 53 .
  • Garrett , D. E. , Bradford , J. L. , Meyers , R. A. and Becker , J. 1989 . Issues management and organizational accounts: An analysis of corporate responses to accusations of unethical business practices. . Journal of Business Ethics , 8 : 507 – 20 .
  • Goffman , E. 1967 . “ On face work. ” . In Interaction ritual: Essays in face‐to‐face behavior , 5 – 45 . Chicago : Aldine .
  • Gonzales , M. H. 1992 . A thousand pardons: The effectiveness of verbal remedial tactics during account episodes. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 11 : 133 – 51 .
  • Gonzales , M. H. , Manning , D. J. and Haugen , J. A. 1992 . Explaining our sins: Influencing offender accounts and anticipated victim responses. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 62 : 958 – 71 .
  • Gonzales , M. H. , Pederson , J. H. , Manning , D. J. and Wetter , D. W. 1990 . Pardon my gaffe: Effects of sex, status, and consequence severity on accounts . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 : 610 – 21 .
  • Hale , C. L. 1987 . A comparison of accounts: When is a failure not a failure? . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 6 : 117 – 32 .
  • Holtgraves , T. 1989 . The form and function of remedial moves: Reported use, psychological reality, and perceived effectiveness. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 8 : 1 – 16 .
  • Jackson , S. and Jacobs , S. 1983 . Generalizing about messages: Suggestions for design and analysis of experiments. . Human Communication Research , 9 : 169 – 81 .
  • Jackson , S. , O'Keefe , D. J. and Jacobs , S. 1988 . The search for reliable generalizations about messages: A comparison of research strategies. . Human Communication Research , 15 : 127 – 42 .
  • McCleary , K. E. 1983 . Audience effects of apologia. . Communication Quarterly , 31 : 12 – 20 .
  • McLaughlin , M. L. , Cody , M. J. and French , K. 1990 . “ Account‐giving and the attribution of responsibility: Impressions of traffic offenders. ” . In The psychology of tactical communication , Edited by: Cody , M. J. and McLaughlin , M. L. 244 – 67 . Clevedon : Multilingual Matters .
  • McLaughlin , M. L. , Cody , M. J. and O'Hair , H. D. 1983 . The management of failure events: Some contextual determinants of accounting behavior. . Human Communication Research , 9 : 208 – 24 .
  • McLaughlin , M. L. , Cody , M. J. and Rosenstein , N. E. 1983 . Account sequences in conversation between strangers. . Communication Monographs , 50 : 102 – 25 .
  • Metts , S. and Cupach , W. R. 1989 . Situational influence on the use of remedial strategies in embarrassing predicaments. . Communication Monographs , 56 : 151 – 62 .
  • Modigliani , A. 1971 . Embarrassment, facework, and eye contact: Testing a theory of embarrassment. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 17 : 15 – 24 .
  • Morris , G. H. 1985 . “ The remedial episode as a negotiation of rules. ” . In Sequence and pattern in communicative behavior , Edited by: Street , R. L. and Capella , J. N. 70 – 84 . Edward Arnold .
  • Ohbuchi , K. , Kameda , M. and Agarie , N. 1989 . Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 219 – 27 .
  • Riordan , C. A. , Marlin , N. A. and Kellogg , R. T. 1983 . The effectiveness of accounts following transgression. . Social Psychology Quarterly , 46 : 213 – 19 .
  • Riordan , C. A. , Marlin , N. A. and Gidwani , C. 1988 . Accounts offered for unethical research practices: Effects on the evaluations of acts and actors. . Journal of Social Psychology , 128 : 495 – 505 .
  • Schlenker , F. R. and Darby , B. W. 1981 . The use of apologies in social predicaments. . Social Psychology Quarterly , 44 : 271 – 78 .
  • Schonbach , P. 1990 . Account episodes: The management or escalation of conflict. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Schwartz , G. S. , Kane , T. R. , Joseph , J. M. and Tedeschi , J. T. 1978 . The effects of post‐transgression remorse on perceived aggression, attributions of in tent, and level of punishment . British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 17 : 293 – 97 .
  • Scott , M. H. and Lyman , S. M. 1968 . Accounts. . American Sociological Review , 33 : 46 – 62 .
  • Shields , N. M. 1979 . Accounts and other interpersonal strategies in a credibility detracting context. . Pacific Sociological Review , 22 : 255 – 72 .
  • Sykes , G. M. and Matza , D. 1957 . Techniques of neutralization: A theory of delinquency. . American Sociological Review , 22 : 664 – 70 .
  • Ware , B. L. and Linkugel , W. A. 1973 . They spoke in defense of themselves: On the generic criticism of apologia . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 59 : 273 – 83 .
  • Weiner , B. , Amirkhan , J. , Folkes , F. S. and Verette , J. A. 1987 . An attributional analysis of excuse‐giving: Studies of a naive theory of emotion. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 52 : 316 – 24 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.