A Tale of Two Fires: Retreat and Rebound a Decade After Wildfires in California and South Carolina

References

• Alexandre, P. M., M. H. Mockrin, S. I. Stewart, R. B. Hammer, and V. C. Radeloff. 2015. Rebuilding and new housing development after wildfire. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24 (1):138. doi:10.1071/WF13197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, S. B., and A. Greer. 2016. The devil is in the details: Linking home buyout policy, practice, and experience after hurricane sandy. Politics and Governance 4 (4):97–106. doi:10.17645/pag.v4i4.738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Board of Forestry and Fire Protection. 2020. Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations 14 CCR § 1270.02 Scope. https://oal.ca.gov/publications/ccr/
   Google Scholar
• Bonaiuto, M., S. Alves, S. D. Dominicis, and I. Petruccelli. 2016. Place attachment and natural hazard risk: Research review and agenda. Journal of Environmental Psychology 48:33–53. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.07.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubeck, P., W. J. W. Botzen, and J. C. J. H. Aerts. 2012. A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior. Risk Analysis 32 (9):1481–95. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, M. S., and T. Paveglio. 2019. Local community agency and vulnerability influences on a montana wildfire. Journal of Forestry 117 (2):104–13. doi:10.1093/jofore/fvy074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, J., and P. Hansen. 2021. Displacement after the camp fire: Where are the most vulnerable? Society & Natural Resources 34 (12):1566–18. doi:10.1080/08941920.2021.1977879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Community Wildfire Planning Center. 2021. Land use planning approaches in the wildland-urban interface. An analysis of four western states: California, Colorado, Montana, and Washington. https://www.Communitywildfire.Org/Wp-Content/Uploads/2021/08/CWPC_Land-Use-WUI-Report_Final_2021_August_web-Version.Pdf (accessed November 17, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Corbin, J., and A. Strauss. 2015. Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., C. T. Emrich, M. Gall, and R. Reeves. 2018. Flash flood risk and the paradox of urban development. Natural Hazards Review 19 (1):05017005. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000268.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutter, S. L., R. L. Schumann, and C. T. Emrich. 2014. Exposure, social vulnerability and recovery disparities in New Jersey after hurricane sandy. Journal of Extreme Events 01 (01):1450002. doi:10.1142/S234573761450002X.
   Google Scholar
• Los Angeles County Department of Regional Planning. 2011. Stonyvale Community Standards District. http://Planning.Lacounty.Gov/View/Stonyvale_community_standards_district/. (accessed July 20, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Dodd. 2018. SB 901. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB901&showamends=false.
   Google Scholar
• Edgeley, C. M, and T. B. Paveglio. 2017. Community recovery and assistance following large wildfires: The case of the Carlton Complex Fire. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 25:137–46. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.09.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgeley, C. M., T. B. Paveglio, and D. R. Williams. 2020. Support for regulatory and voluntary approaches to wildfire adaptation among unincorporated wildland-urban interface communities. Land Use Policy 91:104394. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenman, D., S. McCaffrey, I. Donatello, and G. Marshal. 2015. An ecosystems and vulnerable populations perspective on solastalgia and psychological distress after a wildfire. Ecohealth 12 (4):602–10. doi:10.1007/s10393-015-1052-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, C., and G. Simon. 2017. The Affluence–Vulnerability Interface: Intersecting scales of risk, privilege and disaster. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49 (2):293–313. doi:10.1177/0308518X16669511.
   Google Scholar
• Finch, C., C. T. Emrich, and S. L. Cutter. 2010. Disaster disparities and differential recovery in New Orleans. Population and Environment 31 (4):179–202. doi:10.1007/s11111-009-0099-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer, A., and J. E. Trainor. 2021. A system disconnected: Perspectives on post-disaster housing recovery policy and programs. Natural Hazards 106 (1):303–26. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04463-1.
   Google Scholar
• Greer, A., and S. Brokopp Binder. 2017. A historical assessment of home buyout policy: Are we learning or just failing? Housing Policy Debate 27 (3):372–92. doi:10.1080/10511482.2016.1245209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamideh, S., W. G. Peacock, and S. V. Zandt. 2018. Housing recovery after disasters: Primary versus seasonal/vacation housing markets in coastal communities. Natural Hazards Review 19 (2):04018003.
   Google Scholar
• Hendricks, M. D., and M. A. Meyer. 2021. Modeling long-term housing recovery after technological disaster using a virtual audit with repeated photography. Journal of Planning Education and Research March:0739456X2110029. doi:10.1177/0739456X211002910.
   Google Scholar
• Hersher, R., and M. Rizzo. 2020. Sell or stay? Australia’s fire zone experiment. https://www.npr.org/2020/02/25/807084043/sell-or-stay-australia-s-fire-zone-experiment (accessed April 4, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• Ingram, J. C., G. Franco, C. Rumbaitis-del Rio, and B. Khazai. 2006. Post-disaster recovery dilemmas: challenges in balancing short-term and long-term needs for vulnerability reduction. Environmental Science & Policy 9 (7–8):607–13. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2006.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocher, S., and V. Butsic. 2017. Governance of land use planning to reduce fire risk to homes Mediterranean France and California. Land 6 (2):24. doi:10.3390/land6020024.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, H. A., V. Butsic, M. H. Mockrin, C. Ramirez-Reyes, P. M. Alexandre, and V. C. Radeloff. 2021. Post-wildfire rebuilding and new development in California indicates minimal adaptation to fire risk. Land Use Policy 107:105502. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105502.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, S., J. Winkler, and R. L. Schumann. 2019. Residential taxable value recovery in coastal Mississippi after Hurricane Katrina. Local Government Studies 45 (3):372–93. doi:10.1080/03003930.2018.1563541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAC Fire Department. 2009. Station fire damage inspection report. CA-ANF-003622. August 26, 2009. Los Angeles, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, E. D., P. W. Limber, E. B. Goldstein, R. Dodd, and S. B. Armstrong. 2018. Building back bigger in hurricane strike zones. Nature Sustainability 1 (12):759–62. doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0185-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach, K. J., and A. R. Siders. 2021. Reframing strategic, managed retreat for transformative climate adaptation. Science 372 (6548):1294–9. doi:10.1126/science.abh1894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach, K. J., C. M. Kraan, M. Hino, A. Siders, E. M. Johnston, and C. B. Field. 2019. Managed retreat through voluntary buyouts of flood-prone properties. Science Advances 5 (10):eaax8995. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax8995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, T. K., B. L. McFarlane, and J. Varghese. 2009. An examination of the influence of hazard experience on wildfire risk perceptions and adoption of mitigation measures. Society & Natural Resources 22 (4):308–23. doi:10.1080/08941920801910765.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae, C., J. McClure, L. Henrich, C. Leah, and A. Charleson. 2018. Reactions to earthquake hazard: Strengthening commercial buildings and voluntary earthquake safety checks on houses in Wellington, New Zealand. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 28:465–74. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.12.007.
   Google Scholar
• Mockrin, M. H., H. K. Fishler, and S. I. Stewart. 2020. After the fire: Perceptions of land use planning to reduce wildfire risk in eight communities across the United States. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 45:101444. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101444.
   Google Scholar
• Mockrin, M. H., H. K. Fishler, and S. I. Stewart. 2018. Does wildfire open a policy window? Local government and community adaptation after fire in the United States. Environmental Management 62 (2):210–9. doi:10.1007/s00267-018-1030-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mockrin, M. H., S. I. Stewart, V. C. Radeloff, and R. B. Hammer. 2016. Recovery and adaptation after wildfire on the Colorado Front Range (2010–12). International Journal of Wildland Fire 25 (11):1144. doi:10.1071/WF16020.
   Google Scholar
• Mockrin, M. H., S. I. Stewart, V. C. Radeloff, R. B. Hammer, and P. M. Alexandre. 2015. Adapting to wildfire: Rebuilding after home loss. Society & Natural Resources 28 (8):839–56. doi:10.1080/08941920.2015.1014596.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller, B., and S. Schulte. 2011. Governing wildfire risks: What shapes county hazard mitigation programs? Journal of Planning Education and Research 31 (1):60–73. doi:10.1177/0739456X10395895.
   Google Scholar
• Nawrotzki, R. J., H. Brenkert-Smith, L. M. Hunter, and P. A. Champ. 2014. Wildfire-migration dynamics: Lessons from Colorado’s Fourmile Canyon Fire. Society & Natural Resources 27 (2):215–25. doi:10.1080/08941920.2013.842275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal, W. J., O. H. Pilkey, J. A. G. Cooper, and N. J. Longo. 2018. Why coastal regulations fail. Ocean & Coastal Management 156:21–34. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nofal, O. M., and J. W. van de Lindt. 2020. Probabilistic flood loss assessment at the community scale: Case study of 2016 flooding in Lumberton, North Carolina. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering 6 (2):05020001. doi:10.1061/AJRUA6.0001060.
   Google Scholar
• Olshansky, R. B., and L. A. Johnson. 2014. The evolution of the federal role in supporting community recovery after U.S. disasters. Journal of the American Planning Association 80 (4):293–304. doi:10.1080/01944363.2014.967710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pais, J. F., and J. R. Elliott. 2008. Places as recovery machines: Vulnerability and neighborhood change after major hurricanes. Social Forces 86 (4):1415–53. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paveglio, T. B., H. Brenkert-Smith, T. Hall, and A. M. S. Smith. 2015. Understanding social impact from wildfires: Advancing means for assessment. International Journal of Wildland Fire 24 (2):212.doi:10.1071/WF14091.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paveglio, T. B., A. M. Stasiewicz, and C. M. Edgeley. 2021. Understanding support for regulatory approaches to wildfire management and performance of property mitigations on private lands. Land Use Policy 100:104893. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104893.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock, W. G., N. Dash, Y. Zhang, and S. Van Zandt. 2018. Post-disaster sheltering, temporary housing and permanent housing recovery. In Handbook of disaster research, ed. H. Rodríguez, W. Donner, and J. E. Trainor, 569–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, L. 2003. Disaster management, community planning, and public participation: How to achieve sustainable hazard mitigation. Natural Hazards 28 (2/3):211–28. doi:10.1023/A:1022917721797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Platt, R. H., D. Salvesen, and G. H. B. Ii. 2002. Rebuilding the North Carolina coast after Hurricane Fran: Did public regulations matter? Coastal Management 30 (3):249–69. doi:10.1080/08920750290042192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plevel, S. R. 1997. Fire policy at the wildland-urban interface. Journal of Forestry 95:12–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QSR. 2014. NVivo qualitative data analysis Software, version 11. London: QSR International Pty Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Radeloff, V. C., D. P. Helmers, H. A. Kramer, M. H. Mockrin, P. M. Alexandre, A. Bar-Massada, V. Butsic, T. J. Hawbaker, S. Martinuzzi, A. D. Syphard, et al. 2018. Rapid growth of the US wildland-urban interface raises wildfire risk. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (13):3314–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.1718850115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathfon, D., R. Davidson, J. Bevington, A. Vicini, and A. Hill. 2013. Quantitative assessment of post-disaster housing recovery: a case study of Punta Gorda, Florida, after Hurricane Charley. Disasters 37 (2):333–55. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2012.01305.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoennagel, T., J. K. Balch, H. Brenkert-Smith, P. E. Dennison, B. J. Harvey, M. A. Krawchuk, N. Mietkiewicz, P. Morgan, M. A. Moritz, R. Rasker, et al. 2017. Adapt to more wildfire in western North American forests as climate changes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (18):4582–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.1617464114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, S. S., E. C. Fischer, S. Hamideh, and H. Mahmoud. 2020. Wildfire impacts on schools and hospitals following the 2018 California Camp Fire. Natural Hazards 104 (1):901–25. doi:10.1007/s11069-020-04197-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumann, R. L., M. III, Mockrin, A. D. Syphard, J. Whittaker, O. Price, C. J. Gaither, C. T. Emrich, and V. Butsic. 2020. Wildfire recovery as a “hot moment” for creating fire-adapted communities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 42:101354. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, R. 2021. Paradise raising concerns about new state regulations. Chico Enterprise-Record. https://www.chicoer.com/2021/01/22/paradise-raising-concerns-about-new-state-regulations/.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, G. L. 2014. Vulnerability-in-production: A spatial history of nature, affluence, and fire in Oakland, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 104 (6):1199–221. doi:10.1080/00045608.2014.941736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South Carolina Forestry Commission. 2010. Highway 31 Fire Anniversary Special Edition. Tree Country SC. South Carolina Forestry Commission Employee Bulletin. April 21, 2010. https://www.State.Sc.Us/Forest/31sped.Pdf (accessed July 20, 2020).
   Google Scholar
• State of California, Business, Consumer Services, and Housing Agency, and Department of Housing and Community Development. 2018. California’s Housing Future: Challenges and Opportunities Final Statewide Housing Assessment 2025. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Housing and Community Development.
   Google Scholar
• Syphard, A. D., and J. E. Keeley. 2019. Factors associated with structure loss in the 2013–2018 California Wildfires. Fire 2 (3):49. doi:10.3390/fire2030049.
   Google Scholar
• The Nature Conservancy. 2020a. Strategic property buyouts to enhance flood resilience: Creating a model for flood risk reduction, community protection, and environmental gains, 8. https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/harveybuyoutsummary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Nature Conservancy. 2020b. The nature conservancy and paradise announce groundbreaking partnership to build resilience following camp fire- press release. https://www.nature.org/en-us/newsroom/ca-campfire-partnership/ (accessed November 19, 2021).
   Google Scholar
• van de Lindt, J. W., W. G. Peacock, J. Mitrani-Reiser, N. Rosenheim, D. Deniz, M. Dillard, T. Tomiczek, M. Koliou, A. Graettinger, P. S. Crawford, et al. 2020. Community resilience-focused technical investigation of the 2016 Lumberton, North Carolina, flood: An interdisciplinary approach. Natural Hazards Review 21 (3):04020029. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyczalkowski, C. K., E. J. Van Holm, A.-M. Esnard, and B. S. Lai. 2019. Uneven neighborhood recovery: Hurricane damage and neighborhood change in the Houston–Galveston region since 1970. City & Community 18 (2):689–709. doi:10.1111/cico.12390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zavar, E., and R. R. Hagelman, III. 2016. Land use change on U.S. floodplain buyout sites, 1990–2000. Disaster Prevention and Management. An International Journal 25:360–74.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y. 2012. Will natural disasters accelerate neighborhood decline? A discrete-time hazard analysis of residential property vacancy and abandonment before and after Hurricane Andrew in Miami-Dade County (1991–2000). Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 39 (6):1084–104. doi:10.1068/b37121.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and W. G. Peacock. 2009. Planning for housing recovery? Lessons learned from Hurricane Andrew. Journal of the American Planning Association 76 (1):5–24. doi:10.1080/01944360903294556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar