A Closer Look at the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Focusing on Branches & Diameters: A Prospective Cohort Study

REFERENCES

• Jeannon JP, Orabi AA, Bruch GA, Abdalsalam HA, Simo R. Diagnosis of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy after thyroidectomy: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2009;63:624–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makay O, Icoz G, Yilmaz M, Akyildiz M, Yetkin E. The recurrent laryngeal nerve and the inferior thyroid artery–anatomical variations during surgery. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393: 681–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernea CR, Hojaij FC, De Carlucci D Jr, et al. Recurrent laryngeal nerve: a plexus rather than a nerve? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009;135:1098–102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uludag M, Isgor A, Yetkin G, Citgez B. Anatomic variations of the non-recurrent inferior laryngeal nerve. BMJ Case Rep 2009; Pii: bcr10.2008.1107
   Google Scholar
• Casella C, Pata G, Nascimbeni R, Mittempergher F, Salerni B. Does extralaryngeal branching have an impact on the rate of postoperative transient or permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy? World J Surg. 2009;33:261–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sancho JJ, Pascual-Damieta M, Pereira JA, Carrera MJ, Fontané J, Sitges-Serra A. Risk factors for transient vocal cord palsy after thyroidectomy. Br J Surg. 2008;95: 961–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandil E, Abdelghani S, Friedlander P, et al. Motor and sensory branching of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Surgery 2011;150: 1222–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontenot TE, Randolph GW, Friedlander PL, Masoodi H, Yola IM, Kandil E. Gender, race, and electrophysiologic characteristics of the branched recurrent laryngeal nerve. Laryngoscope 2014;124:2433–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpell JW, Yeung MJ, Grodski S. The motor fibers of the recurrent laryngeal nerve are located in the anterior extralaryngeal branch. Ann Surg 2009;249:648–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurleyik E. Location of motor fibers within branches of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with extralaryngeal terminal bifurcation; Functional identification by intraoperative neuromonitoring. Surgery. 2015; 158(5)1339–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardito G, Revelli L, D'Alatri L, Lerro V, Guidi ML, Ardito F. Revisited anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Am J Surg. 2004;187:249–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beneragama T, Serpell JW. Extralaryngeal bifurcation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: a common variation. ANZ J Surg 2006; 76:928-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz AD. Extralaryngeal division of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Report on 400 patients and the 721 nerves measured. Am J Surg. 1986; 152:407–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpell JW, Lee JC, Yeung MJ, Grodski S, Johnson W, Bailey M. Differential recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rates after thyroidectomy. Surgery. 2014;156: 1157–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalcin B, Tugcu H, Canturk N, Ozan H. Laryngeal branching pattern of the inferior laryngeal nerve, before entering the larynx. Surg Radiol Anat. 2006;28:339–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richer SL, Randolph GW. Management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery. Oper Tech Otolaryngol. 2009;20:29–34.
   Google Scholar
• Randolph GW, Dralle H. International Intraoperative Monitoring Study Group, Abdullah H, Barczynski M, Bellantone R, Brauckhoff M, et al. Electrophysiologic recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroid and parathyroid surgery: international standards guideline statement. Laryngoscope. 2011;121 Suppl (1):S1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandil E, Abdel Khalek M, Aslam R, Friedlander P, Bellows CF, Slakey D. Recurrent laryngeal nerve: significance of the anterior extralaryngeal branch. Surgery. 2011;149: 820–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang FY, Lu IC, Chen HC, et al. Anatomical variations of recurrent laryngeal nerve during thyroid surgery: how to identify and handle the variations with intraoperative neuromonitoring. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2010;26: 575–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve T, Thompson NW. Complications of thyroid surgery: how to avoid them, how to manage them, and observations on their possible effect on the whole patient. World J Surg. 2000;4:971–5
   Google Scholar
• Barczyński M, Konturek A, Stopa M, Hubalewska-Dydejczyk A, Richter P, Nowak W. Clinical value of intraoperative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in improving outcomes of surgery for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Pol Przegl Chir. 2011;83: 196–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randolph GW (2013) Surgical anatomy and monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. In: Randolph GW (ed). Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands, 2nd edn. Elsevier Saunders: Philadelphia, 306–40
   Google Scholar
• Gurleyik E. Surgical anatomy of bilateral extralaryngeal bifurcation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: similarities and differences between both sides. N Am J Med Sci. 2014;6: 445–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shao T, Yang W, Zhang T, et al. A newly identified variation at the entry of the recurrent laryngeal nerve into the larynx. J Invest Surg. 2010;23: 314–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C. The use of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage in identifying the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1975;140:91–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sepulveda A, Sastre N, Chousleb A. Topographic anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1996;12:5–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Danschutter SJ, Schreinemakers JM, Smit LH,van der Laan L, Nuytinck HK. Thyroid surgery and the usefulness of intraoperative neuromonitoring, a single center study. J Invest Surg. 2015;28:86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HY, Cho YG, You JY, et al. Traction injury of the recurrent laryngeal nerve: Results of continuous intraoperative neuromonitoring in a swine model. Head Neck 2014 Dec 9. doi:10.1002/hed.23934.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar