328
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Current Molecular and Genetic Aspects of Pancreatic Cancer, the Role of Metastasis Associated Proteins (MTA): A Review

, MD, MSc in HPB Surg, PhD & , MD, PhD
Pages 54-66 | Received 15 Oct 2016, Accepted 05 Dec 2016, Published online: 06 Jan 2017

REFERENCES

  • Beeghly-Fadiel A, Luu HN, Du L, Shi C, McGavic DP, Parikh AA, et al. Early onset pancreatic malignancies: Clinical characteristics and survival associations. Int J Cancer 2016;139:2169–2177.
  • Camara SN, Yin T, Yang M, Li X, Gong Q, Zhou J, et al. High risk factors of pancreatic carcinoma. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2016;36:295–304.
  • Serrano PE, Cleary SP, Dhani N, Kim PT, Greig PD, Leung K, et al. Improved long-term outcomes after resection of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: A comparison between two time periods. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:1160–1167.
  • Cloyd JM, Katz MH, Prakash L, Varadhachary GR, Wolff RA, Shroff RT, et al. Preoperative therapy and pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma: A 25-year single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016. [ Epub ahead of print] 2017;21:164–174.
  • Kothari AN, Blanco BA, Brownlee SA, Evans AE, Chang VA, Abood GJ, et al. Characterizing the role of a high-volume cancer resection ecosystem on low-volume, high-quality surgical care. Surgery 2016;160:839–849.
  • Virgilio E, Amodio PM, Scorsi A, Goglia A, Macarone Palmieri R. Advantages of the maneuver of intestinal derotation for pancreaticoduodenectomy. J Invest Surg. 2016;29:359–365.
  • Guerrini GP, Soliani P, D'Amico G, Di Benedetto F, Negri M, Piccoli M, et al. Pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: An up-to-date meta-analysis. J Invest Surg. 2016;29:175–184.
  • McDowell BD, Chapman CG, Smith BJ, Button AM, Chrischilles EA, Mezhir JJ. Pancreatectomy predicts improved survival for pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Results of an instrumental variable analysis. Ann Surg. 2015;261:740–745.
  • Komo T, Murakami Y, Kondo N, Uemura K, Hashimoto Y, Nakagawa N, et al. Prognostic impact of para-aortic lymph node micrometastasis in pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016;23:2019–2027.
  • Hartwig W, Gluth A, Hinz U, Koliogiannis D, Strobel O, Hackert T, et al. Outcomes after extended pancreatectomy in patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Br J Surg. 2016;103:1683–1694.
  • Du YX, Liu ZW, You L, Wu WM, Zhao YP. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanism of pancreatic cancer metastasis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2016;15:361–370.
  • Lennerz JK, Stenzinger A. Allelic ratio of KRAS mutations in pancreatic cancer. The Oncologist. 2015;20:e8–e9.
  • di Magliano MP, Logsdon CD. Roles for KRAS in pancreatic tumor development and progression. Gastroenterology 2013;144:1220–1229.
  • Eser S, Schnieke A, Schneider G, Saur D. Oncogenic KRAS signalling in pancreatic cancer. Br J Cancer 2014;111:817–822.
  • Bryant KL, Mancias JD, Kimmelman AC, Der CJ. KRAS: Feeding pancreatic cancer proliferation. Trends Biochem Sci. 2014;39:91–100.
  • Bournet B, Buscail C, Muscari F, Cordelier P, Buscail L. Targeting KRAS for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer: Hopes and realities. Eur J Cancer 2016;54:75–83.
  • Okano K, Suzuki Y. Strategies for early detection of resectable pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:11230–11240.
  • Fukushige S, Horii A. Road to early detection of pancreatic cancer: Attempts to utilize epigenetic biomarkers. Cancer Lett. 2014;342:231–237.
  • Tang J, Zhu Y, Xie K, Zhang X, Zhi X, Wang W, et al. The role of the AMOP domain in MUC4/Y-promoted tumour angiogenesis and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2016;35:91.
  • Wilts IT, Hutten BA, Meijers JC, Spek CA, Büller HR, Kamphuisen PW. PO-28 - Protein C levels are associated with mortality in patients with advanced cancer. Thromb Res. 2016;140Suppl 1:S186–187.
  • Sheng W, Dong M, Chen C, Li Y, Liu Q, Dong Q. Musashi2 promotes the development and progression of pancreatic cancer by down-regulating Numb protein. Oncotarget. 2016;( in print). DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8736
  • Shinkai K, Nakano K, Cui L, Mizuuchi Y, Onishi H, Oda Y, et al. Nuclear expression of Y-box binding protein-1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer and its knockdown inhibits tumor growth and metastasis in mice tumor models. Int J Cancer. 2016;139:433–445.
  • Xu Y, Li Z, Jiang P, Wu G, Chen K, Zhang X, et al. The co-expression of MMP-9 and Tenascin-C is significantly associated with the progression and prognosis of pancreatic cancer. Diagn Pathol. 2015;10:211.
  • Zhang Q, Zeng L, Chen Y, Lian G, Qian C, Chen S, et al. Pancreatic cancer epidemiology. Detection and management. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2016;2016:8962321.
  • Siegel R, Miller KD, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65:5–29.
  • Jemal A, Brady F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61:69–90.
  • Yeo TP. Demographics, epidemiology, and inheritance of pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2015;42:8–18.
  • Sohn TA, Yeo CJ, Cameron JL, Koniaris L, Kaushal S, Abrams RA, et al. Resected adenocarcinoma of the pancreas—616 patients: Results, outcomes, and prognostic indicators. J Gastrointest Surg. 2000;4:567–579.
  • Winter JM, Cameron JL, Campbell KA, Arnold MA, Chang DC, Coleman J, et al. 1423 pancreaticoduodenectomies for pancreatic cancer: A single-institution experience. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:1199–1211.
  • Hruban R, Petersen GM, Ha P, Kern S. Genetics of pancreatic cancer. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 1998;7:1–23.
  • Murphy K, Brune KA, Griffin C, Sollenberger JE, Petersen GM, Bansal R, et al. Evaluation of candidate genes MAP2K4, MADH4, ACVR1B and BRCA2 in familial pancreatic cancer: Deleterious BRCA2 mutations in 17%. Cancer Res. 2002;62:3789–3793.
  • Hruban RH, Canto M, Goggins M, Schulick R, Klein A. Update on familial pancreatic cancer. Adv Surgery 2010;44:293–311.
  • Wang W, Brune KA, Visvanatham K, Laheru D, Herman J, Wolfgang C, et al. Elevated cancer mortality in relatives of patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007;18:2829–2834.
  • Klein AP, Brune KA, Peterson GM, Goggins M, Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJ, et al. Prospective risk of pancreatic cancer in familial pancreatic cancer kindreds. Cancer Res. 2004;64:2634–2638.
  • Jones S, Hruban RH, Kamiyama M, Borges M, Zhang X, Parsons DW, et al. Exomic sequencing indentifies PALB2 as a pancreatic susceptibility gene. Science 2009;324(5924):217.
  • Blackford A, Parmigiani G, Kensler TW, Wolfgang C, Jones S, Zhang X, et al. Genetic mutations associated with cigarette smoking in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res. 2009;69:3681–3688.
  • Soloman S, Brand DS, Whitcomb DC. Inherited pancreatic cancer syndromes. Cancer J. 2012;18:485–491.
  • Iodice S, Gandinis S, Maisonneuve P, Lowentels AB. Tobacco and the risk of pancreatic cancer: A review and meta-analysis. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2008;393:535–545.
  • Lowenfelds AB, Maisonneuve P. Epidemiology and prevention of pancreatic cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2004;34:238–244.
  • Ojavarvi I, Partanen T, Ahlbom A, Boffetta P, Hakulinen T, Jourenkova N, et al. Occupational exposures and pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57:316–324.
  • Porta M, Malats N, Jariod M, Grimalt JO, Rifà J, Carrato A, et al. Serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds and K-ras mutations in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Lancet 1999;354:2125–2129.
  • Yeo TP, Hruban R, Brody J, Brune KA, Fitzgerald S, Yeo CJ. Assessment of gene- environment interaction in cases of familial pancreatic cancer compared to cases of sporadic pancreatic cancer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009;13:1487–1494.
  • Li D. Diabetes and pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2012;51:64–74.
  • Li D, Tang H, Hossan M, Holly EA, Bracci PM, Silverman DT. Diabetes and risk of pancreatic cancer: A pooled analysis of three large case- control studies. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22:189–97.
  • Stolzenberg- Solomon RZ, Graubard BI, Charis S, Limburg P, Taylor PR, Virtamo J, et al. Insulin, glucose, insulin resistance and pancreatic cancer in male smokers. JAMA 2005;294:2872–2878.
  • Duell EJ, Lucenreforte E, Olson SH, Bracci PM, Li D, Risch HA, et al. Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer risk: A pooled analysis in the international pancreatic cancer case control consortium (Pan C4). Ann Oncol 2012;11:2964–2970.
  • Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, Ammann RW, Lankisch PG, Andersen JR, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International pancreatic study group. N Eng J Med. 1993;328:1433–1437.
  • Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, DiMagno EP, Elitsur Y, Gates LK Jr, Perrault J, et al. International hereditary pancreatitis study group. Hereditary pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1997;89:442–446.
  • Genkinger JM, Spiegelman D, Anderson KE, Bergkvist L, Bernstein L, van den Brandt PA, et al. Alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk: A pooled analysis of fourteen cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18:765–776.
  • Kushi LH, Doyle C, McCullough M, Rock CL, Demark-Wahnefried W, et al. American Cancer Society Guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention: Reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA Cancer J Clin. 2012;62:30–67.
  • Bracci PM. Obesity and pancreatic cancer: Overview of epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms. Mol Carcinog. 2012;51:53–63.
  • Larsson SC, Wolk A. Red and processed meat consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: Meta analysis of prospective studies. Br J Cancer 2012;106:603–607.
  • Nielson S, Nordestgaard BG, Bojeson SE. Stain use and reduced cancer- related mortality. N Eng J Med. 2012;367:1792–2012.
  • Raderer M, Wrba F, Kornek G, Maca T, Koller DY, Weinlaender G, et al. Association between helicobacter pylori infection and pancreatic cancer. Oncology 1998;55:16–9.
  • Rish HA. Pancreatic cancer: Helicobacter pylori colonization, N-nitrosamine exposures and ABO blood group. Mol Carcinog. 2012;51:109–118.
  • Wang DS, Chen DL, Ren C, Wang ZQ, Qiu MZ, Luo HY, et al. ABO blood group, hepatitis B viral infection and a risk of pancreatic cancer. Int J Cancer 2012;131:461–468.
  • Zanet E, Berretta M, Benedetto FD, Talamini R, Ballarin R, Nunnari G, et al. Pancreatic cancer in HIV positive patients: A clinical case control study. Pancreas 2012;41:1331–1335.
  • Luo AJ, Feng RH, Wang XW, Wang FZ. Older age at first birth is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer: A meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2016;15:125–130.
  • Hruban RH, Maitra A, Kern SE, Goggins M. Precursors to pancreatic cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2007;36:831–849.
  • Macgregor-Das AM, Iacobuzio- Donahue CA. Molecular pathways in pancreatic carcinogenesis. J Surg Oncol. 2013;107:8–14.
  • Murphy SJ, Hart SN, Lima JF, Kipp BR, Klebing M, Winters JL, et al. Genetic alterations associated with progression from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia to invasive pancreatic tumor. Gastroenterology 2013;145:1098–1109.
  • Kaur S, Braine MJ, Jain M, Sasson AR, Batra SK. Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer: Challenges and new developments. Biomark Med. 2012;6:597–612.
  • Campbell PJ, Yachida S, Mudie LJ, Stephens PJ, Pleasance ED, Stebbings LA, et al. The patterns and dynamics of genomic instability in metastatic pancreatic cancer. Nature 2010;467:1109–1113.
  • Hingorani SR, Petricoin EF, Maitra A, Rajapakse V, King C, Jacobetz MA, et al. Preinvasive and invasive Ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse. Cancer Cell 2003;4:437–450.
  • Cruz- Monserrate Z, Abd- Elgaliel WR, Grotet T, Deng D, Ji B, Arumugann T, et al. Detection of pancreatic cancer tumors and precursor lesions by cathepsin E activity in mouse models. Gut 2012;61:1315–1322.
  • Permuth-Wey J, Egan KM. Family history is a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer: Results from a systematic review and meta analysis. Fam Cancer 2009;8:109–117.
  • Huang H, Daniluk J, Liu Y, Chu J, Li Z, Ji B, et al. Oncogenic k-ras requires activation for enhanced activity. Oncogene 2014;33:532–535.
  • Tada M, Ohashi M, Shiratori Y, Okudaira T, Komatsu Y, Kawabe T, et al. Analysis of k-ras gene mutation in hyperplastic duct cells of the pancreas without pancreatic disease. Gastroenterology 1996;110:227–231.
  • Jones S, Zhang X, Parsons DW, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analysis. Science 2008;321:1801–1806.
  • Biankin AV, Waddell N, Kassahn KS, Gingros MC, Muthuswamy LB, Johns A, et al. Pancreatic cancer genomes reveal aberrations in axon guidance pathway genes. Nature 2012;491:399–405.
  • Lohr M, Kloppel G, Mmaisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB, Luttges J. Frequency of k-ras mutations in pancreatic intra Ductal neoplasias associated with pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis: A meta-analysis. Neoplasia 2005;7:17–23.
  • Attri A, Srinivasan R, Majumdar S, Radotra BD, Wig J. Alterations of tumor suppressor gene p16INK4a in pancreatic Ductal carcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol. 2005;5:22.
  • Scarpa A, Capelli P, Mukai K, Zamboni G, Oda T, Iacono C, et al. Pancreatic adenocarcinomas frequently show p53 gene mutations. Am J Pathol. 1993;142:1534–1543.
  • Blackford A, Serrano OK, Wolfgang CL, Parmigiani G, Jones S, Zhang X, et al. SMAD4 gene mutations are associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:4674–4679.
  • Winter JM, Tang LH, Klimstra DS, Liu W, Linkov I, Brennan MF, et al. Failure patterns in resected pancreas adenocarcinoma: Lack of predicted benefit to SMAD4 expression. Ann Surg. 2013;258:331–335
  • Waddell N, Pajic M, Patch AM, Chang DK, Kassahn KS, Bailey P, et al. Whole genomes redefine the mutational landscape of pancreatic cancer. Nature 2015;518(7540):495–501.
  • Bailey P, Chang DK, Nones K, Johns AL, Patch AM, Gingras MC, et al. Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer. Nature 2016;531(7592):47–52.
  • Jones S, Zhang X, Parsons DW, Lin JC, Leary RJ, Angenendt P, et al. Core signaling pathways in human pancreatic cancers revealed by global genomic analyses. Science 2008;321(5897):1801–1806.
  • Welsch T, Kleeff J, Friess H. Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: Advances and challenges. Curr Mol Med. 2007;7:504–521.
  • Korc M. Pancreatic cancer associated stroma production. Am J Surg. 2007;194(4 Suppl 1):584–586.
  • Rhim AD, Oberstein PE, Thomas DH, Mirek ET, Palermo CF, Sastra SA, et al. Stromal elements act to restrain, rather than support, pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2014;25:735–747.
  • Costa-Silva B, Aiello NM, Ocean AJ, Singh S, Zhang H, Thakur BK, et al. Pancreatic cancer exosomes initiate pre-metastatic niche formation in the liver. Nat Cell Biol. 2015;17:816–826.
  • Lu L, Risch HA. Exosomes: Potential for early detection in pancreatic cancer. Future Oncol. 2016;12:1081–1090.
  • Li C, Heidt DG, Dalerba P, Burant CF, Zhang L, Adsay V et al. Identification of pancreatic cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67:1030–1037.
  • Simeone DM. Pancreatic cancer stem cells: Implications for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:5646–5648.
  • Garrido-Laguna I, Hidalgo M. Pancreatic cancer: From state-of-the-art treatments to promising novel therapies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2015;12:319–334.
  • Koorstra JB, Hustinx SR, Offerhaus GJ, Maitra A. Pancreatic carcinogenesis. Pancreatology 2008;8:110–125.
  • Matthaios D, Zarogoulidis P, Balgouranidou I, Chatzaki E, Kakolyris S. Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer and clinical perspectives. Oncology 2011;81:259–272.
  • Maitra A, Kern SE, Hruban RH. Molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20:211–226.
  • Kajihara M, Takakura K, Kanai T, Ito Z, Matsumoto Y, Shimodaira S, et al. Advances in inducing adaptive immunity using cell-based cancer vaccines: Clinical applications in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22:4446–4458.
  • Liu SX, Xia ZS, Zhong YQ. Gene therapy in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:13343–13368.
  • Pavlidis ET, Pavlidis TE. Role of bevacizumab in colorectal cancer growth and its adverse effects: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19:5051–5060.
  • Van Cutsem E, Vervenne WL, Bennouna J, Humblet Y, Gill S, Van Laethem JL, et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab in combination with gemcitabine and erlotinib in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27:2231–2237.
  • Ko AH, Venook AP, Bergsland EK, Kelley RK, Korn WM, Dito E, et al. A phase II study of bevacizumab plus erlotinib for gemcitabine-refractory metastatic pancreatic cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;66:1051–1057.
  • Toh Y, Pencil SD, Nicolson GL. A novel candidate metastasis associated gene, MTA 1, differentially expressed in highly metastatic mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines. cDNAc lining, expression and protein analyses. J Biol Chem. 1994;269:22958–22963.
  • Hofer M.A, Genze F, Gierschik P, Giehl K. Expression of MTA 1 promotes motility and invasiveness of PANC 1 pancreatic carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2004;90:455–462.
  • Kumar R, Wang RA, Bagheri-Yarmand R. Emerging roles of MTA family members in human cancers. Semin Oncol. 2003;30(Suppl 16):30–37.
  • Denslow SA, Wade PA. The human Mi-2/NuRD complex and gene regulation. Oncogene 2007;26:5433–5438.
  • Iguchi H, Imura G, Toh Y, Ogata Y. Expression of MTA 1, a metastasis associated gene with histone deacetylase activity in pancreatic cancer. Int J Oncol. 2000;16:1211–1215.
  • Millard CJ, Fairall L, Schwabe JW. Towards an understanding of the structure and function of MTA1. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014;33:857–867.
  • Simpson A, Uitto J, Rodeck U, Mahoney MG. Differential expression and sub cellular distribution of the mouse metastasis-associated proteins MTA 1 and MTA 3. Gene 2001;273:29–39.
  • Xue Y, Wong J, Tony- Moreno G, Young MK, Lote J, Wang W. NURD, a novel complex with both ATP- dependent chromatin remodeling and histone deacetylase activities. Mol Cell 1998;2:851–861.
  • Sen N, Gui B, Kumar R. Physiological functions of MTA family of proteins. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014;33:869–877.
  • Kaur E, Gupta S, Dutt S. Clinical implications of MTA proteins in human cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014;33:1017–1024.
  • Manavathi B, Singh K, Kumar R. MTA family of coregulators in nuclear receptor biology and pathology. Nucl Recept Signal 2007;5:e010.
  • Toh Y, Nicolson GL. The role of the MTA family and their encoded proteins in human cancers: Molecular functions and clinical implications. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2009;26:215–227.
  • Nicolson GL, Nawa A, Toh Y, Taniguchi S, Nishimori K, Moustafa A. Tumor metastasis- associated human MTA 1 gene and its MTA 1 protein product: Role in epithelial cancer cell invasion, proliferation and nuclear regulation. Clin Exp Metast. 2003;20:19–24.
  • Toh Y, Oki E, Oda S, Tokunaga E, Ohnos S, Maehara Y, et al. Over expression of the MTA 1 gene in gastrointestinal carcinomas: Correlation with invasion and metastasis. Int J Cancer 1997;74:459–463.
  • Mahoney MG, Simpson A, Jost M, Nue M, Kari C, Pepe D, et al. Metastasis associated protein (MTA1) enhances migration, invasion and anchorage- independent survival of immortalized human keratinocytes. Oncogene 2002;21:2161–2170.
  • Ma L, Yao Z, Deng W, Zhang D, Zhang H. The many faces of MTA3 protein in normal development and cancers. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2016;17:726–734.
  • Liu J, Wang H, Huang C, Qian H. Subcellular localization of MTA proteins in normal and cancer cells. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2014;33:843–856.
  • Miyake K, Yoshizumi T, Imura S, Sugimoto K, Batmunkh E, Kanemura H, et al. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, histone deacetylase 1, and metastasis-associated protein 1 in pancreatic carcinoma: Correlation with poor prognosis with possible regulation. Pancreas 2008;36:e1–9.
  • Iwahashi S, Shimada M, Utsunomiya T, Morine Y, Imura S, Ikemoto T, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitor augments anti-tumor effect of gemcitabine and pegylated interferon-α on pancreatic cancer cells. Int J Clin Oncol. 2011;16:671–678.
  • Pan Y, Wang L, Kang SG, Lu Y, Yang Z, Huynh T, et al. Gd metallofullerenol nanomaterial suppresses pancreatic cancer metastasis by inhibiting the interaction of histone deacetylase 1 and metastasis-associated protein 1. ACS Nano 2015;9:6826–6836.
  • Li Y, Vandenboom TG 2nd, Wang Z, Kong D, Ali S, Philip PA, et al. miR-146a suppresses invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2010;70:1486–1495.
  • McIntyre CA, Winter JM. Diagnostic evaluation and staging of pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2015;42:19–27.
  • Rishi A, Goggins M, Wood LD, Hruban RH. Pathological and molecular evaluation of pancreatic neoplasms. Semin Oncol. 2015;42:28–39.
  • Pavlidis TE, Pavlidis ET, Sakantamis AK. Current opinion on lymphadenectomy in pancreatic cancer surgery. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2011;10:21–25.
  • Corbo V, Tortora G, Scarpa A. Molecular pathology of pancreatic cancer: From bench-to-bedside translation. Curr Drug Targets 2012;13:744–752.
  • Harsha HC, Kandasamy K, Ranganathan P, Rani S, Ramabadran S, Gollapudi S, et al. A compendium of potential biomarkers of pancreatic cancer. PLoS Med. 2009;6(4):e1000046.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.