An Effective Treatment for Heart Failure Caused by Valvular Heart Diseases: Thoracic Sympathetic Block

References

• Maganti K, Rigolin VH, Sarano ME, Bonow RO. Valvular heart disease: diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:483–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, De Leon Jr, AC, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, et al. 2008 focused update incorporated into the ACCAHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2008;52(13):e1–142. doi:10.1016/jacc.2008.05.007. PMID 18848134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP, 3rd, Guyton RA, et al. 2014 AHAACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 2014;148:e1–e132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher LA, Fleischmann KE, Auerbach AD, Barnason SA, Beckman JA, Bozkurt B, et al. 2014 ACCAHA guideline on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and management of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American College of Surgeons, American Society of Anesthesiologists, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Vascular Medicine Endorsed by the Society of Hospital Medicine. Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology 2015;22:162–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li QS, Liu FQ. Effects of thoracic epidural analgesia on plasma cAMP and cGMP levels in patients with heart failure. Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery 2013;8:217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shuang W, Shiying F, Fengqi L, Renhai Q, Lanfeng W, Zhuqin L, et al. Use of a high thoracic epidural analgesia for treatment of end-stage congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease: effect of HTEA on CHF. International Journal of Cardiology 2008;125:283–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao YJ, Liu FQ, Xiu CH, Jiang J, Wang JH, Xu YS, et al. The effects of high thoracic epidural anesthesia on sympathetic activity and apoptosis in experimentally induced congestive heart failure. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2014;28:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura M, Sugimura K, Sakata Y, Miyata S, Tadaki S, Yamauchi T, et al. Prognostic impact of loop diuretics in patients with chronic heart failure—Effects of addition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors and beta-blockers. Circulation 2016;80:1396–1403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh YC, Hung CY, Li CH, Liao YC, Huang JL, Lin CH, et al. Angiotensin-receptor blocker, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, and risks of atrial fibrillation: A nationwide cohort study. Medicine. 2016;95:e3721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienstra M, Damman K, Mulder BA, Van Gelder IC, McMurray JJ, Van Veldhuisen DJ. Beta-blockers and outcome in heart failure and atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis. JACC Heart Failure 2013;1:21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullington D, Goode KM, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Heart rate achieved or beta-blocker dose in patients with chronic heart failure: which is the better target? European Journal of Heart Failure 2012;14:737–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chioncel O, Collins SP, Greene SJ, Ambrosy AP, Vaduganathan M, Macarie C, et al. Natriuretic peptide-guided management in heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 2016;17(8):556–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moses EJ MS, Hamzah A, Abdullah BS, Yusoff NM. Usefulness of N-terminal-Pro-B-type Natriuretic peptide as a screening tool for identifying pediatric patients with congenital heart disease. Laboratory Medicine 2011;42:75–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lachowska K, Gruchala M, Narkiewicz K, Hering D. Sympathetic Activation in Chronic Heart Failure: Potential Benefits of Interventional Therapies. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2016;18:51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triposkiadis F, Karayannis G, Giamouzis G, Skoularigis J, Louridas G, Butler J. The sympathetic nervous system in heart failure physiology, pathophysiology, and clinical implications. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2009;54:1747–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpas SC. Sympathetic nervous system overactivity and its role in the development of cardiovascular disease. Physiolo Rev. 2010;90:513–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freise H, Van Aken HK. Risks and benefits of thoracic epidural anaesthesia. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2011;107:859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemente A, Carli F. The physiological effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia on the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Minerva Anestesiol. 2008;74:549–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar