References
- Boutsiadis A, Panisset JC, Devitt BM, Mauris F, Barthelemy R, Barth J. Anterior laxity at 2 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is comparable when using adjustable-loop suspensory fixation and interference screw fixation. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(10):2366–2375. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546518784005.
- Musahl V, Karlsson J. Anterior cruciate ligament tear. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2341–2348. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1805931.
- Wong K, Trudel G, Laneuville O. Noninflammatory joint contractures arising from immobility: animal models to future treatments. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:848290. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/848290.
- Millett PJ, Wickiewicz TL, Warren RF. Motion loss after ligament injuries to the knee. Part I: causes. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(5):664–675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465010290052401.
- Petersen W, Zantop T. Return to play following ACL reconstruction: survey among experienced arthroscopic surgeons (aga instructors). Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013;133(7):969–977. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-013-1746-1.
- Eckenrode BJ, Carey JL, Sennett BJ, Zgonis MH. Prevention and management of post-operative complications following ACL reconstruction. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2017;10(3):315–321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-017-9427-2.
- Cinque ME, Chahla J, Moatshe G, et al. Outcomes and complication rates after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction are similar in younger and older patients. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5(10):2325967117729659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117729659.
- Kartus J, Magnusson L, Stener S, Brandsson S, Eriksson BI, Karlsson J. Complications following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. A 2-5-year follow-up of 604 patients with special emphasis on anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1999;7(1):2–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s001670050112.
- Sanders TL, Kremers HM, Bryan AJ, Kremers WK, Stuart MJ, Krych AJ. Procedural intervention for arthrofibrosis after ACL reconstruction: trends over two decades. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(2):532–537. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3799-x.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Minamimoto K, Yamaoka K. A rat model of arthrofibrosis developed after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction without rigid joint immobilization. Connect Tissue Res. 2021;62(3):263–276. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2019.1693548.
- Mayr HO, Weig TG, Plitz W. Arthrofibrosis following ACL reconstruction–reasons and outcome. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2004;124(8):518–522. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-004-0718-x.
- Mayr HO, Hochrein A. The stiff knee. Knee. 2015;22(4):354–355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2015.06.004.
- Atkins RM, Henderson NJ, Duthie RB. Joint contractures in the hemophilias. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1987;(219):97–106.
- Jiang J, Leong NL, Khalique U, Phan TM, Lyons KM, Luck JVJr. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) in haemophilic arthropathy and arthrofibrosis: a histological analysis. Haemophilia. 2016;22(6):e527–e536. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/hae.13049.
- Onoda Y, Hagiwara Y, Ando A, et al. Joint haemorrhage partly accelerated immobilization-induced synovial adhesions and capsular shortening in rats. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(11):2874–2883. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2659-9.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Minamimoto K, Yamaoka K. Formation process of joint contracture after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in rats. J Orthop Res. 2021;39(5):1082–1092. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.24800.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Minamimoto K, Yamaoka K. The natural history of medial meniscal tears in the ACL deficient and ACL reconstructed rat knee. Cartilage. 2021;19476035211014588. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/19476035211014588.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Moriyama H, Yamaoka K. Structures responsible for knee joint contracture secondary to adjuvant-induced arthritis in a rat model. Iryo Kogaku Zassi (J Med Eng). 2015;(9):1–12.
- Moriyama H, Yoshimura O, Sunahori H, Tobimatsu Y. Comparison of muscular and articular factors in the progression of contractures after spinal cord injury in rats. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(3):174–181. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.sc.3101802.
- Trudel G, Uhthoff HK. Contractures secondary to immobility: is the restriction articular or muscular? An experimental longitudinal study in the rat knee. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(1):6–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90213-2.
- Trudel G, Seki M, Uhthoff HK. Synovial adhesions are more important than pannus proliferation in the pathogenesis of knee joint contracture after immobilization: an experimental investigation in the rat. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(2):351–357.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Kawamata S, Yamaoka K. Development of arthrogenic joint contracture as a result of pathological changes in remobilized rat knees. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(7):1414–1423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23419.
- Evans RM. Vimentin: the conundrum of the intermediate filament gene family. Bioessays. 1998;20(1):79–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-1878(199801)20:1 < 79::AID-BIES11 > 3.0.CO;2-5.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Minamimoto K, Yamaoka K. Active exercise on immobilization-induced contractured rat knees develops arthrogenic joint contracture with pathological changes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2018;124(2):291–301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00438.2017.
- Lobenhoffer HP, Bosch U, Gerich TG. Role of posterior capsulotomy for the treatment of extension deficits of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;4(4):237–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01567970.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Moriyama H, Yamaoka K. Nociception contributes to the formation of myogenic contracture in the early phase of adjuvant-induced arthritis in a rat knee. J Orthop Res. 2017;35(7):1404–1413. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23412.
- Horisberger M, Kazemkhani S, Monument MJ, Emmenegger D, Hildebrand KA, Herzog W. Does the source of hemarthrosis influence posttraumatic joint contracture and biomechanical properties of the joint? Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2011;26(7):790–795. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.02.013.
- Fortier LA, Strauss EJ, Shepard DO, Becktell L, Kennedy JG. Biological effects of bone marrow concentrate in knee pathologies. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(1):2–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1676069.
- Takahashi M, Li TS, Suzuki R, et al. Cytokines produced by bone marrow cells can contribute to functional improvement of the infarcted heart by protecting cardiomyocytes from ischemic injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291(2):H886–H893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00142.2006.
- Cheleuitte D, Mizuno S, Glowacki J. In vitro secretion of cytokines by human bone marrow: effects of age and estrogen status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(6):2043–2051. doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.83.6.4848.
- Morrey ME, Abdel MP, Riester SM, et al. Molecular landscape of arthrofibrosis: microarray and bioinformatic analysis of the temporal expression of 380 genes during contracture genesis. Gene. 2017;610:15–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2017.01.025.
- Kaneguchi A, Ozawa J, Yamaoka K. Anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone treatment during the remobilization period improves range of motion in a rat knee model of joint contracture. Inflammation. 2018;41(4):1409–1423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-018-0788-5.
- dos Santos G, Kutuzov MA, Ridge KM. The inflammasome in lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2012;303(8):L627–L633. doi:https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00225.2012.
- Felli L, Revello S, Burastero G, et al. Single intravenous administration of tranexamic acid in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction to reduce postoperative hemarthrosis and increase functional outcomes in the early phase of postoperative rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Arthroscopy. 2019;35(1):149–157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2018.07.050.
- Karaaslan F, Karaoğlu S, Yurdakul E. Reducing intra-articular hemarthrosis after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction by the administration of intravenous tranexamic acid: a prospective, randomized controlled trial. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43(11):2720–2726. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515599629.
- Jarit GJ, Mohr KJ, Waller R, Glousman RE. The effects of home interferential therapy on post-operative pain, edema, and range of motion of the knee. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13(1):16–20.
- Gohil S, Falconer TM, Breidahl W, Annear PO. Serial MRI and clinical assessment of cyclops lesions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(5):1090–1096. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-013-2480-5.
- Sun ZB, Peng H. Experimental study on the prevention of posttraumatic osteoarthritis in the rabbit knee using a hinged external fixator in combination with exercises. J Invest Surg. 2019;32(6):552–559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08941939.2018.1543483.
- Namazi H, Torabi S. Novel use of botulinum toxin to ameliorate arthrofibrosis: an experimental study in rabbits. Toxicol Pathol. 2007;35(5):715–718. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01926230701481923.
- Wilson CJ, Dahners LE. An examination of the mechanism of ligament contracture. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;227:286–291.
- Campbell TM, Reilly K, Goudreau L, Laneuville O, Uhthoff H, Trudel G. Using a knee arthrometer to evaluate tissue-specific contributions to knee flexion contracture in the rat. J Vis Exp. 2018;(141). doi:https://doi.org/10.3791/58084.
- Olah T, Michaelis JC, Cai X, Cucchiarini M, Madry H. Comparative anatomy and morphology of the knee in translational models for articular cartilage disorders. Part II: small animals. Ann Anat. 2021;234:151630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151630.
- Graf BK, Ott JW, Lange RH, Keene JS. Risk factors for restricted motion after anterior cruciate reconstruction. Orthopedics. 1994;17(10):909–912. doi:https://doi.org/10.3928/0147-7447-19941001-07.
- Yoshiya S, Kurosaka M, Ouchi K, Kuroda R, Mizuno K. Graft tension and knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;(394):154–160. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200201000-00018.
- Nicholas SJ, D’Amato MJ, Mullaney MJ, Tyler TF, Kolstad K, McHugh MP. A prospectively randomized double-blind study on the effect of initial graft tension on knee stability after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(8):1881–1886. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546504265924.
- Austin JC, Phornphutkul C, Wojtys EM. Loss of knee extension after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: effects of knee position and graft tensioning. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007;89(7):1565–1574. doi:https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.F.00370.
- Ishibashi Y, Adachi N, Koga H, et al . Japanese orthopaedic association (JOA) clinical practice guidelines on the management of anterior cruciate ligament injury - secondary publication. J Orthop Sci. 2020;25(1):6–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jos.2019.10.009.
- Whittaker JL, Chan M, Pan B, et al. Towards improving the identification of anterior cruciate ligament tears in primary point-of-care settings. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):252. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03237-x.