3,520
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Mini-Review: Tendon-Exposed Wound Treatments

, ORCID Icon &
Article: 2266758 | Received 19 Apr 2023, Accepted 28 Sep 2023, Published online: 09 Oct 2023

References

  • Yao J, Zeng Y, Yang J, et al. Repairing tendon-exposed wounds by combing the Masquelet technique with dermoplasty. Front Surg. 2022;9:1. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.995316.
  • Li MX, Ma J, Zheng ZJ, Niu LB, Yang L. Clinical effect of bi-layered artificialdermis and autologous skin graft in repairing bone and/or tendon exposed wounds. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2020;36(3):179–11. doi:10.3760/cma.j.cn501120-20191119-00437.
  • Wen Q, Liu D, Wang X, et al. A systematic review of ozone therapy for treating chronically refractory wounds and ulcers. Int Wound J. 2022;19(4):853–870. doi:10.1111/iwj.13687.
  • Guest JF, Fuller GW, Vowden P. Cohort study evaluating the burden of wounds to the UK’s National Health Service in 2017/2018: update from 2012/2013. BMJ Open. 2020;10(12):e045253. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045253.
  • Benjamin M, Kaiser E, Milz S. Structure-function relationships in tendons: a review. J Anat. 2008;212(3):211–228. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.00864x.
  • Zhou L, Wei J, Liu L, Tao S, Dong Z. Composite sural neurocutaneous flap with gastrocnemius tendon for repairing defects of Achilles tendon and overlying soft tissue. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2020;28(3):2309499020971863. 2309499020971863. doi:10.1177/2309499020971863.
  • Perez-Favila A, Martinez-Fierro ML, Rodriguez-Lazalde JG, et al. Current therapeutic strategies in diabetic foot ulcers. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(11):714. doi:10.3390/medicina55110714.
  • Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ. Wound healing: cellular mechanisms and pathological outcomes. Open Biol. 2020;10(9):200223. doi:10.1098/rsob.200223.
  • Han G, Ceilley R. Chronic wound healing: a review of current management and treatments. Adv Ther. 2017;34(3):599–610. doi:10.1007/s12325-017-0478-y.
  • Martin P, Nunan R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of repair in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2015;173(2):370–378. doi:10.1111/bjd.13954.
  • Shoham Y, Kogan L, Weiss J, et al. Wound ‘dechronification’ with negatively-charged polystyrene microspheres: a double-blind RCT. J Wound Care. 2013;22(3):144–155. 148, 150-2 passim. doi:10.12968/jowc.2013.22.3.144.
  • Silverstein G. Dermal regeneration template in the surgical management of diabetic foot ulcers: a series of five cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2006;45(1):28–33. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2005.10.005.
  • Marchesi A, Parodi PC, Brioschi M, et al. Soft-tissue defects of the Achilles tendon region: Management and reconstructive ladder. Review of the literature. Injury. 2016;47 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):S147–S153. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2016.07.053.
  • Helgeson MD, Potter BK, Evans KN, Shawen SB. Bioartificial dermal substitute: a preliminary report on its use for the management of complex combat-related soft tissue wounds. J Orthop Trauma. 2007;21(6):394–399. doi:10.1097/BOT.0b013e318070c028.
  • Liu P, Liu Y, Ke CN, et al. Therapeutic effect of autologous concentrated growth factor on lower-extremity chronic refractory wounds: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(18):4797–4802. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v9.i18.4797.
  • Goldberg SR, Diegelmann RF. What makes wounds chronic. Surg Clin North Am. 2020;100(4):681–693. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2020.05.001.
  • Lee YK, Lee M. Treatment of infected Achilles tendinitis and overlying soft tissue defect using an anterolateral thigh free flap in an elderly patient: a case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(35):e11995. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000011995.
  • George P, DeJesus RA. Venous flow-through flap reconstruction following severe finger wound infection: case report. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2009;25(4):267–269. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1215525.
  • Leaper DJ, Schultz G, Carville K, et al. Extending the TIME concept: what have we learned in the past 10 years? Int Wound J. 2012;9 Suppl 2(suppl 2):1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.01097.x.
  • Dayya D, O’Neill OJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Habib N, Moore J, Iyer K. Debridement of diabetic foot ulcers. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2022;11(12):666–686. doi:10.1089/wound.2021.0016.
  • Williams D, Enoch S, Miller D, et al. Effect of sharp debridement using curette on recalcitrant nonhealing venous leg ulcers: a concurrently controlled, prospective cohort study. Wound Repair Regen. 2005;13(2):131–137. doi:10.1111/j.1067-1927.2005.130203.x.
  • Nowak M, Mehrholz D, Barańska-Rybak W, Nowicki RJ. Wound debridement products and techniques: clinical examples and literature review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2022;39(3):479–490. doi:10.5114/ada.2022.117572.
  • Ziegler B, Fischer S, Pieper D, Mathes T, Kneser U, Hirche C. Evidence and trends in burn wound debridement: an evidence map. Plast Surg (Oakv). 2020;28(4):232–242. doi:10.1177/2292550320928553.
  • Gosselin RA, Roberts I, Gillispie WJ. Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database Sys Rev. 2004;2004:CD003764.
  • Patzakis MJ, Wilkins J. Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989;243(243):36–40. doi:10.1097/00003086-198906000-00006.
  • Yarrow J, Rahman S, Marsden N, Pallister I, Hemington-Gorse S. Management of open lower limb injuries in South West England and Wales. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2015;97(1):35–39. doi:10.1308/003588414X14055925058472.
  • Field FK, Kerstein MD. Overview of wound healing in a moist environment. Am J Surg. 1994;167(1A):2S–6S.
  • Pastar I, Stojadinovic O, Yin NC, et al. Epithelialization in wound healing: a comprehensive review. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2014;3(7):445–464. doi:10.1089/wound.2013.0473.
  • Kang GC, Por YC, Tan BK. In vivo tissue engineering over wounds with exposed bone and tendon: autologous dermal grafting and vacuum-assisted closure. Ann Plast Surg. 2010;65(1):70–73. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3181a72f77.
  • Attinger CE, Ducic I, Hess CL, Basil A, Abbruzzesse M, Cooper P. Outcome of skin graft versus flap surgery in the salvage of the exposed achilles tendon in diabetics versus nondiabetics. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7):2460–2467. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000219345.73727.f5.
  • Lin CT, Chen SG, Chen TM, Dai NT, Chang SC. Bipedicled flap for the reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the Achilles tendon. Ann Plast Surg. 2015;74(4):484–487. doi:10.1097/SAP.0b013e3182a1e508.
  • Straub A, Brands R, Borgmann A, et al. Free skin grafting to reconstruct donor sites after radial forearm flap harvesting: a prospective study with Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF). J Clin Med. 2022;11(12):3506. doi:10.3390/jcm11123506.
  • Miyanaga T, Haseda Y, Daizo H, et al. A perifascial areolar tissue graft with topical administration of basic fibroblast growth factor for treatment of complex wounds with exposed tendons and/or bones. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2018;57(1):104–110. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2017.08.026.
  • Heckmann A, Radtke C, Rennekampff HO, et al. Einzeitige Defektdeckung von denudiertem Knochen und freiliegenden Sehnen mittels MATRIDERM® und Spalthaut. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen [One-stage defect closure of deperiosted bone and exposed tendons with MATRIDERM® and skin transplantation]. Unfallchirurg. 2012;115(12):1092–1098. German. doi:10.1007/s00113-011-2003-0.
  • Kang N, Hai Y, Liang F, Gao CJ, Liu XH. Preconditioned hyperbaric oxygenation protects skin flap grafts in rats against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep. 2014;9(6):2124–2130. doi:10.3892/mmr.2014.2064.
  • Lee SK, An YS, Choy WS. Management of hardware-exposed soft tissue defects using dermal substitutes and negative pressure wound therapy. Ann Plast Surg. 2023;90(3):242–247. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000003440.
  • Andrews BT, Smith RB, Chang KE, Scharpf J, Goldstein DP, Funk GF. Management of the radial forearm free flap donor site with the vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) system. Laryngoscope. 2006;116(10):1918–1922. doi:10.1097/01.mlg.0000235935.07261.98.
  • Mundinger GS, Stalder MW, Lee J, et al. Autologous heterogeneous skin construct closes traumatic lower extremity wounds in pediatric patients: a retrospective case series. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2023;22(1):103–112. doi:10.1177/1534734621992284.
  • Carty MJ, Taghinia A, Upton J. Fascial flap reconstruction of the hand: a single surgeon’s 30-year experience. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(3):953–962. doi:10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181cc964c.
  • Sobanko JF, Fischer J, Etzkorn JR, et al. Local fasciocutaneous sliding flaps for soft-tissue defects of the dorsum of the hand. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(11):1187–1191. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.954.
  • Li RG, Zeng CJ, Yuan S, et al. Reconstruction of large area of deep wound in the foot and ankle with chimeric anterolateral thigh perforator flap. Orthop Surg. 2021;13(5):1609–1617. doi:10.1111/os.13046.
  • Martin JP, Chambers JA, Long JN. Use of radial artery perforator flap from burn-injured tissues. J Burn Care Res. 2008;29(6):1009–1011. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e31818ba0e5.
  • Morykwas MJ, Simpson J, Punger K, Argenta A, Kremers L, Argenta J. Vacuum-assisted closure: state of basic research and physiologic foundation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(7 Suppl):121S–126S. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000225450.12593.12.
  • Repta R, Ford R, Hoberman L, Rechner B. The use of negative-pressure therapy and skin grafting in the treatment of soft-tissue defects over the Achilles tendon. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;55(4):367–370. doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000181342.25065.60.
  • Hayashi A, Komoto M, Tanaka R, et al. The availability of perifascial areolar tissue graft for deep cutaneous ulcer coverage. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2015;68(12):1743–1749. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2015.08.008.
  • Lv Z, Wang Q, Jia R, Ding W, Shen Y. Pelnac® artificial dermis assisted by VSD for treatment of complex wound with bone/tendon exposed at the foot and ankle, a prospective study. J Invest Surg. 2020;33(7):636–641. doi:10.1080/08941939.2018.1536177.
  • Muangman P, Engrav LH, Heimbach DM, et al. Complex wound management utilizing an artificial dermal matrix. Ann Plast Surg. 2006;57(2):199–202. doi:10.1097/01.sap.0000218636.61803.d6.
  • Deng Z, Long ZS, Gong FP, Chen G. The efficacy and safety of platelet-rich plasma in the tendon-exposed wounds: a preliminary study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2022;17(1):497. doi:10.1186/s13018-022-03401-0.
  • Shi C, Wang C, Liu H, et al. Selection of appropriate wound dressing for various wounds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020;8:182. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2020.00182.
  • Johnson EL, Tassis EK, Michael GM, Whittinghill SG. Viable placental allograft as a biological dressing in the clinical management of full-thickness thermal occupational burns: Two case reports. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(49):e9045. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009045.
  • Lee LF, Porch JV, Spenler W, Garner WL. Integra in lower extremity reconstruction after burn injury. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(4):1256–1262. doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000304237.54236.66.
  • Lv Z, Yu L, Wang Q, Jia R, Ding W, Shen Y. The use of dermal regeneration template for treatment of complex wound with bone/tendon exposed at the forearm and hand, a prospective cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(44):e17726. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000017726.
  • Shores JT, Hiersche M, Gabriel A, Gupta S. Tendon coverage using an artificial skin substitute. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012;65(11):1544–1550. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2012.05.021.
  • Wang HJ, Wei LG, Wang CH, et al. A new form of artificial skin to promote permanent wound coverage: a preliminary report. Ann Plast Surg. 2017;78(3 Suppl 2):S148–S152. doi:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001021.
  • Yeong EK, Yu YC, Chan ZH, Roan TL. Is artificial dermis an effective tool in the treatment of tendon-exposed wounds? J Burn Care Res. 2013;34(1):161–167. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3.182685f0a.
  • Hsu KF, Chiu YL, Chiao HY, et al. Negative-pressure wound therapy combined with artificial dermis (Terudermis) followed by split-thickness skin graft might be an effective treatment option for wounds exposing tendon and bone: a retrospective observation study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(14):e25395. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000025395.
  • Hutchison RL, Craw JR. Use of acellular dermal regeneration template combined with NPWT to treat complicated extremity wounds in children. J Wound Care. 2013;22(12):708–712. doi:10.12968/jowc.2013.22.12.708.
  • Pu LL. An alternative approach for soft-tissue coverage of a complex wound in the foot and ankle with vacuum-assisted closure over artificial dermis and subsequent skin graft. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2009;62(12):e682-4–e684. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2008.08.032.
  • Eo S, Kim Y, Cho S. Vacuum-assisted closure improves the incorporation of artificial dermis in soft tissue defects: Terudermis(®) and Pelnac(®). Int Wound J. 2011;8(3):261–267. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2011.00780.x.
  • Zhu B, Cao D, Xie J, Li J, Chen Z, Bao Q. Clinical experience of the use of Integra in combination with negative pressure wound therapy: an alternative method for the management of wounds with exposed bone or tendon. J Plast Surg Hand Surg. 2021;55(1):1–5. doi:10.1080/2000656X.2020.1781140.
  • Collins T, Alexander D, Barkatali B. Platelet-rich plasma: a narrative review. EFORT Open Rev. 2021;6(4):225–235. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.6.200017.
  • Verma R, Kumar S, Garg P, Verma YK. Platelet-rich plasma: a comparative and economical therapy for wound healing and tissue regeneration. Cell Tissue Bank. 2023;24(2):285–306. doi:10.1007/s10561-022-10039-z.
  • Everts P, Onishi K, Jayaram P, Lana JF, Mautner K. Platelet-rich plasma: new performance understandings and therapeutic considerations in 2020. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(20):7794. doi:10.3390/ijms21207794.
  • Tian J, Cheng LH, Cui X, et al. Application of standardized platelet-rich plasma in elderly patients with complex wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2019;27(3):268–276. doi:10.1111/wrr.12702.
  • Le A, Enweze L, DeBaun MR, Dragoo JL. Current clinical recommendations for use of platelet-rich plasma. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2018;11(4):624–634. doi:10.1007/s12178-018-9527-7.
  • Grambart ST. Sports medicine and platelet-rich plasma: nonsurgical therapy. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2015;32(1):99–107. PMID: 25440421. doi:10.1016/j.cpm.2014.09.006.
  • Liu X, Li X, Wei W, et al. Local autologous platelet rich plasma injection combined with platelet rich fibrin filling as the main treatment for refractory wounds: a case series. Front Surg. 2022;9:1003691. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.1003691.
  • Meznerics FA, Fehérvári P, Dembrovszky F, et al. Platelet-rich plasma in chronic wound management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Clin Med. 2022;11(24):7532. doi:10.3390/jcm11247532.
  • Grigore TV, Cozma C. Platelet-rich plasma as a site-targeted approach in wound healing: a molecular perspective. Discoveries (Craiova). 2018;6(4):e87. doi:10.15190/d.2018.8.
  • Xiong G, Lingampalli N, Koltsov J, et al. Men and women differ in the biochemical composition of platelet-rich plasma. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46(2):409–419. doi:10.1177/0363546517740845.
  • Akbarzadeh S, McKenzie MB, Rahman MM, Cleland H. Allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: is it safe and effective for wound repair? Eur Surg Res. 2021;62(1):1–9. doi:10.1159/000514223.
  • Kawabata M, Imamura T, Miyazono K. Signal transduction by bone morphogenetic proteins. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1998;9(1):49–61. doi:10.1016/s1359-6101(97)00036-1.
  • Rasubala L, Yoshikawa H, Nagata K, Iijima T, Ohishi M. Platelet-derived growth factor and bone morphogenetic protein in the healing of mandibular fractures in rats. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;41(3):173–178. doi:10.1016/s0266-4356(03)00075-5.
  • Battegay EJ, Rupp J, Iruela-Arispe L, Sage EH, Pech M. PDGF-BB modulates endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis in vitro via PDGF beta-receptors. J Cell Biol. 1994;125(4):917–928. doi:10.1083/jcb.125.4.917.
  • Bauer SM, Bauer RJ, Velazquez OC. Angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and induction of healing in chronic wounds. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2005;39(4):293–306. doi:10.1177/153857440503900401.
  • Joyce ME, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Bolander ME. Transforming growth factor-beta and the initiation of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the rat femur. J Cell Biol. 1990;110(6):2195–2207. doi:10.1083/jcb.110.6.2195.
  • Ng F, Boucher S, Koh S, et al. PDGF, TGF-beta, and FGF signaling is important for differentiation and growth of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs): transcriptional profiling can identify markers and signaling pathways important in differentiation of MSCs into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages. Blood. 2008;112(2):295–307. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-07-103697.
  • Everts PA, Knape JT, Weibrich G, et al. Platelet-rich plasma and platelet gel: a review. J Extra Corpor Technol. 2006;38(2):174–187. doi:10.1051/ject/200638174.
  • Sánchez AR, Sheridan PJ, Kupp LI. Is platelet-rich plasma the perfect enhancement factor? A current review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2003;18(1):93–103.
  • Fabi S, Sundaram H. The potential of topical and injectable growth factors and cytokines for skin rejuvenation. Facial Plast Surg. 2014;30(2):157–171. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1372423.
  • Cervelli V, Lucarini L, Spallone D, Brinci L, de Angelis B. Use of platelet rich plasma and hyaluronic acid on exposed tendons of the foot and ankle. J Wound Care. 2010;19(5):186, 188–90. doi:10.12968/jowc.2010.19.5.48045.
  • Rikkers M, Dijkstra K, Terhaard BF, et al. Platelet-rich plasma does not inhibit inflammation or promote regeneration in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes in vitro despite increased proliferation. Cartilage. 2021;13(2_suppl):991S–1003S. doi:10.1177/1947603520961162.
  • Zhou PH, Liu SQ, Peng H. The effect of hyaluronic acid on IL-1beta-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res. 2008;26(12):1643–1648. doi:10.1002/jor.20683.
  • De Angelis B, Lucarini L, Orlandi F, et al. Regenerative surgery of the complications with Morton’s neuroma surgery: use of platelet rich plasma and hyaluronic acid. Int Wound J. 2013;10(4):372–376. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.00992.x.
  • Massara M, Pucci G, Stilo G, et al. The role of cord blood platelet gel in the management of a diabetic foot with tendon exposure. Regen Med. 2021;16(12):1051–1056. doi:10.2217/rme-2021-0044.
  • Zhang H, Wang S, Lei C, Li G, Wang B. Experimental study of negative pressure wound therapy combined with platelet-rich fibrin for bone-exposed wounds. Regen Med. 2022;17(1):23–35. doi:10.2217/rme-2021-0043.
  • Pinto NR, Ubilla M, Zamora Y, Del Rio V, Dohan Ehrenfest DM, Quirynen M. Leucocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) as a regenerative medicine strategy for the treatment of refractory leg ulcers: a prospective cohort study. Platelets. 2018;29(5):468–475. doi:10.1080/09537104.2017.1327654.
  • Zhang S, Cao D, Xie J, Li H, Chen Z, Bao Q. Platelet-rich fibrin as an alternative adjunct to tendon-exposed wound healing: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Burns. 2019;45(5):1152–1157. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2019.01.007.
  • Wang Y, Wang X, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Ruan S, Cao H. Effect of leukocyte-platelet fibrin-rich wound reconstruction followed by full-thickness skin grafting in the treatment of diabetic foot Wagner grade 4 ulcer gangrene (toe area). Platelets. 2023;34(1):2131752. doi:10.1080/09537104.2022.2131752.
  • Yu P, Hong N, Chen M, Zou X. Novel application of absorbable gelatine sponge combined with polyurethane film for dermal reconstruction of wounds with bone or tendon exposure. Int Wound J. 2023;20(1):18–27. doi:10.1111/iwj.13832.
  • Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N. Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(3):CD005083. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4.
  • Biglari B, Moghaddam A, Santos K, et al. Multicentre prospective observational study on professional wound care using honey (Medihoney™). Int Wound J. 2013;10(3):252–259. doi:10.1111/j.1742-481X.2012.00970.x.
  • Ahmed AA, Eltregy S, Kandil MI. Honey dressing: a missed way for orthopaedic wound care. Int Orthop. 2022;46(11):2483–2491. doi:10.1007/s00264-022-05540-9.
  • Negut I, Grumezescu V, Grumezescu AM. Treatment strategies for infected wounds. Molecules. 2018;23(9):2392. doi:10.3390/molecules23092392.
  • Loh ML, Goh BKL, Kong Y, et al. Combination therapy of oxidised regenerated cellulose/collagen/silver dressings with negative pressure wound therapy for coverage of exposed critical structures in complex lower-extremity wounds. Int Wound J. 2020;17(5):1356–1365. doi:10.1111/iwj.13406.
  • Stanirowski PJ, Wnuk A, Cendrowski K, Sawicki W. Growth factors, silver dressings and negative pressure wound therapy in the management of hard-to-heal postoperative wounds in obstetrics and gynecology: a review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015;292(4):757–775. doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3709-y.
  • Xu D, Chu T, Tao G. Clinical study on the efficacy of silver ion dressing combined with prontosan gel dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and the effect on serum inflammatory factors. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2021;2021:2938625. doi:10.1155/2021/2938625.
  • Wang R, Guo Y, Li B, Zheng J, Tang Z, Shu M. Application effect of silver-containing dressings in the repair of chronic refractory wounds. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022;2022:3616923. doi:10.1155/2022/3616923.
  • Melville JC, Bennetts NA, Tijerina L, Shum JV. The use of acellular urinary bladder matrix as coverage for fasciocutaneous free flap donor sites: an alternative to traditional grafting procedures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2017;75(10):2254–2260. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2017.03.011.
  • Cazzell S, Moyer PM, Samsell B, Dorsch K, McLean J, Moore MA. A prospective, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial for treatment of complex diabetic foot ulcers with deep exposure using acellular dermal matrix. Adv Skin Wound Care. 2019;32(9):409–415. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000569132.38449.c0.
  • Lullove E. Acellular fetal bovine dermal matrix in the treatment of nonhealing wounds in patients with complex comorbidities. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2012;102(3):233–239. doi:10.7547/1020233.
  • Melandri D, Marongiu F, Carboni A, et al. A new human-derived acellular dermal matrix for 1-stage coverage of exposed tendons in the foot. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2020;19(1):78–85. doi:10.1177/1534734619884422.
  • Hefton JM, Caldwell D, Biozes DG, Balin AK, Carter DM. Grafting of skin ulcerswith cultured autologous epidermal cells. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986;14(3):399–405. doi:10.1016/s0190-9622(86)70048-0.
  • Leigh IM, Purkis PE, Navsaria HA, Phillips TJ. Treatment of chronicvenous ulcers with sheets of cultured allogenic keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol. 1987;117(5):591–597. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb07491.x.
  • Bolívar-Flores YJ, Kuri-Harcuch W. Frozen allogeneic human epidermal cultured sheets for the cure of complicated leg ulcers. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(8):610–617. doi:10.1046/j.1524-4725.1999.99022.x.
  • Brandi C, Grimaldi L, Nisi G, et al. Treatment with vacuum-assisted closure and cryo-preserved homologous de-epidermalised dermis of complex traumas to the lower limbs with loss of substance, and bones and tendons exposure. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2008;61(12):1507–1511. doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2007.09.036.
  • Caputo WJ, Vaquero C, Monterosa A, et al. A retrospective study of cryopreserved umbilical cord as an adjunctive therapy to promote the healing of chronic, complex foot ulcers with underlying osteomyelitis. Wound Repair Regen. 2016;24(5):885–893. doi:10.1111/wrr.12456.
  • Frykberg RG, Gibbons GW, Walters JL, Wukich DK, Milstein FC. A prospective, multicentre, open-label, single-arm clinical trial for treatment of chronic complex diabetic foot wounds with exposed tendon and/or bone: positive clinical outcomes of viable cryopreserved human placental membrane. Int Wound J. 2017;14(3):569–577. doi:10.1111/iwj.12649.
  • Suzuki K, Michael G, Tamire Y. Viable intact cryopreserved human placental membrane for a non-surgical approach to closure in complex wounds. J Wound Care. 2016;25(Sup10):S25–S31. doi:10.12968/jowc.2016.25.Sup10.S25.