REFERENCES
- Barthes , Roland 1973 Le plaisit du texte . Richard Miller, trans. New York : Hill and Wang .
- 1998 S/Z . Richard Miller, trans.Oxford : Blackwell.
- Charry , Eric 2000 Mande Music: Traditional and Modern Music of the Maninka and Mandinka of Western Africa . Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
- Diawara , Manthia 1988 Popular Culture and Oral Traditions in African Film . Film Quarterly , 41 ( 3 ): 6 – 14 .
- 1989 Oral Literature and African Film, Narratology in Wend Kuuni . In Questions of Third Cinema . Jim Pines and Paul Willemen , eds. Pp. 199 – 211 . London : British Film Institute .
- Godzich , Wlad 1994 The Culture of Literacy . Cambridge, MA, and London : Harvard University Press .
- Gorbman , Claudia 1987 Unheard Melodies: Narrative Film Music . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
- Iyam , David Ure 1986 The Silent Revolutionaries: Ousmane Sembene's Emitai, Xala, and Ceddo . African Studies Review , 29 ( 4 ): 79 – 87 .
- Mulvey , Laura 1994 Xala: Ousmane Sembene 1976: The Carapace that Failed . In Colonial Discourse and Post-colonial Theory: A Reader . Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman , eds. Pp. 517 – 534 . New York and London : Harvester Wheatsheaf .
- Murphy , David 2000 Sembene: Imagining Alternatives in Film and Fiction . Oxford : James Currey .
- Niang , Sada 1993 An Interview with Ousmane Sembène . In Ousmane Sembene: Dialogues with Critics and Writers . Samba Gadjigo , Ralph Faulkingham , Thomas Cassirer and Reinhard Sander , eds. Pp. 87 – 108 . Amherst, MA : University of Massachusetts Press .
- Okpewho , Isodore 1992 African Oral Literature: Background, Character, and Continuity . Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
- Pfaff , Françoise 1984 The Cinema of Ousmane Sembene: A Pioneer of African Film . London and Westport : Greenwood Press .
- 1988 Twenty Five Black African Filmmakers . New York, Westport and London : Greenwood Press .
- Sembene , Ousmane 2000 Commentary . In Symbolic Narratives/African Cinema: Audiences, Theory and the Moving Image . June Givanni and Imruh Bakari , eds. Pp. 185 – 186 . London : British Film Institute .
- Ukadike, N. Frank 1994 Black African Cinema . Berkeley and London : University of California Press .
- Willemen , Paul 2003 The Zoom in Popular Cinema: A Question of Performance . Rouge, 1. http://www.rouge.com.au/1/zoom.html (accessed April 12, 2005) .
FILMOGRAPHY
- Kaboré , Gaston 1982 Wend Kuuni/God's Gift . San Francisco : California Newsreel .
- Sembene , Ousmane 1968 Mandabi/The Money Order . New York : New Yorker Films .
- 1974 Xala/The Curse . New York : New Yorker Films .