REFERENCES
- Allison, A. C., Harrington J. S., and Birbeck, M. 1966. An examination of the cytotoxic effects of silica on macrophages./ Exp. Med. 124: 141–154.
- Antonioni, J. M., McCloud, C. M., and Reasor, M. J. 1994. Acute silica toxicity: Attenuation by am io-darone-induced pulmonary phospholipidosis. Environ. Health Perspect. 102:372–378.
- Bartlett, G. R. 1959. Phosphorous assay in column chromatography./ Biol. Chem. 234:466-468. Castranova, V., Bowman, L., and Miles, P. R. 1979. Transmembrane potential and ionic content of rat alveolar macrophages./ Cell Physiol. 101:471–480.
- Davis, G. S. 1986. Pathogenesis of silicosis: current concepts and hypotheses. Lung 164:139-154. Fantone, J. C., and Ward, P. A. 1982. Role of oxygen-derived free radicals and metabolites in leucko-cyte-dependent inflammatory reactions. Am. Assoc. Pathol. 107:397–418.
- Hagwood, S. 1991. Surfactant: Composition, structure and metabolism. In The lung: Scientific foun-dations, eds. R. G. Crystal and J. B. West, pp. 249-261. New York: Raven Press.
- Hill, C. A., Wallace, W. E., Keane, M. J., and Mike, P. S. 1995. The enzymatic removal of a surfac-tant coating from quartz and kaolin by P388D1 cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 11:119–128.
- Jaurand, M. C., Magne, L., and Bignon, J. 1979. Inhibition by phospholipid of hemolytic action of asbestos. Br.]. Ind. Med. 36:113–116.
- Johnson, I. D., Kang, H. C., and Haugland, R. P. 1991. Fluorescent membrane probes incorporating dipyrrometheneboron difluoride fluorophores. Anal. Biochem. 198:228–237.
- Liu, X., Keane, M. J., Harrison, J. C., Cilento, E. V., Ong, T., and Wallace, W. E. 1998. Phospholipid surfactant adsorption by respirable quartz and in vitro expression of cytotoxicity and DNA dam-age. Toxicol. Lett. 96/97:77–84.
- Myrvik, Q. N., Leake, E. S., and Fariss, B. 1961. Studies on pulmonary alveolar macrophages from the normal rabbit: A technique to procure them in a high state of purity.]. Immunol. 86:128–132.
- Pagano, R. E., Martin, 0. C., Kang, H. C., and Haugland, R. P. 1991. A novel fluorescent ceramide analogue for studying membrane traffic in animal cells: Accumulation at the golgi apparatus results in altered spectral properties of the sphingolipid precursor.]. Cell Biol. 113:1267-1279. Reiser, K. M., and Last, J. A. 1979. Silicosis and fibrogenesis: Fact and artifact. Toxicology13:51-72. Richards, R. J., and Curtis, C. G. 1984. Biochemical and cellular mechanisms of dust-induced lung fibrosis. Environ. Health Perspect. 55: 393–416.
- Takemura, T., Rom, V. N., Ferrans, V. J., and Crystal, R. G. 1989. Morphological characterization of alveolar macrophages from individuals with occupational exposure to inorganic particles. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1674–1685.
- Wallace, W. E., Vallyathan, V., Keane, M. J., and Robinson, V. 1985. In vitro biologic toxicity of native and surface-modified silica and kaolin.]. Toxicol. Environ. Health 16:415–424.
- Wallace, W. E., Keane, M. J., Vallyathan, V., Hathaway, P., Regad, E. D., Castranova, V., and Green, F. Y. 1988. Suppression of inhaled particle cytotoxicity by pulmonary surfactant and retoxification by phospholipase: Distinguishing properties of quartz and kaolin. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32\(suppl. 1): 291–298.
- Wallace, W. E., Keane, M. J., Mike, P. S., Hill, C. A., and Vallyathan, V. 1989. Mineral surface-spe-cific differences in the adsorption and enzymatic removal of surfactant and their correlation with cytotoxicity. In Effects of mineral dusts on cells, eds. B. T. Mossman and R. 0. Begin, pp. 49-56. NATO ASI Series H30. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
- Wallace, W. E., Keane, M. J., Mike, P. S., Hill, C. A., Vallyathan, V., and Regad, E. D. 1992. Con-trasting respirable quartz and kaolin retention of lecithin surfactant and expression of membra-nolytic activity following phospho I ipase A2 digestion.]. Toxicol. Environ. Health 37:391–409.