MASS TRANSPORT ANALYSIS: Inhalation RfC Methods Framework for Interspecies Dosimetric Adjustment

REFERENCES

• Aharonson, E. F., Menkes, H., Gurtner, G., Swift, D. L., and Proctor, D. F. 1974. Effect of respiratory airflow rate on removal of soluble vapors by the nose.]. Appl. PhysioL 37:654–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, M. E., and Sarangapani, R. 2001. Physiologically based clearance/extraction models for vapors metabolized in the nose: An example with methyl methacrylate. InhaL ToxicoL 13:397–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, R. B., Stewart, W. E., and Lightfoot, E. N. 1960. Transport phenomena. New York: Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy, M. S., and Jarabek, A. M. 1995. Understanding mechanisms of inhaled toxicants: Implications for replacing default factors with chemical-specific data. Toxicol. Lett. 82/83:919–932.
   Google Scholar
• Bogdanffy, M. S., Sarangapani, R., Plowchalk, D. R., Jarabek, A. M., and Andersen, M. E. 1999. A biologically-based risk assessment for vinyl acetate-induced cancer and noncancer inhalation toxicity. Toxicol. Sci. 51:19–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, M. L., Frederick, C. B., Kimbell, J. S., and Ultman, J. S. 1998. A CFD-PBPK hybrid model for simulating gas and vapor uptake in the rat nose. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 150:133–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Hubal, E. A., Kimbell, J. S., and Fedkiw, P. S. 1996. Incorporation of nasal-lining mass-trans-fer resistance into a CFD model for prediction of ozone dosimetry in the upper respiratory tract. Inhal. ToxicoL 8:831–857.
   Google Scholar
• Cussler, E. L. 1984. Diffusion: Mass transfer in fluid systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Federal Register. 1996. Proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment: Notice of availability and opportunity to comment. 61:17960–18011.
   Google Scholar
• Gerlowski, L. E., and Jain, R. K. 1983. Physiologically based-pharmawkinetic modeling: Principles and applications.]. Pharm. Sci. 72:1103–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, L. M., and Jarabek, A. M. 2000. Respiratory tract suite of models for dosimetric analyses. Presented in Mode-of-Action Dosimetry: An Interagency Project to Develop Models for Inhalation, Oral and Dermal Disposition at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, 4–6 Decem-ber, Arlington, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Hanna, L. M., and Scherer, P. W. 1986. Measurement of local mass transport coefficients in a cast model of the human upper respiratory tract./ Biomech. Eng. 108:12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, L. M., Frank, R., and Scherer, P. W. 1989. Absorption of soluble gases and vapors in the respira-tory system. In Respiratory physiology: An analytical approach, eds. H. K. Chang and M. Paiva, pp. 277-316. New York: Marcel Dekker.
   Google Scholar
• Jarabek, A.M. 1995. The application of dosimetry models to identify key processes and parameters for default dose-response assessment approaches. Toxicol. Lett. 79:171–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarabek, A. M. 1999. Application requirements for biomarkers in risk assessment. Presented at Biomarkers: Taking Stock-An EPA/NIEHS In-House Workshop on Applying Biomarker Research, 30–31 August, Research Triangle Park, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Jarabek, A. M. 2000. Mode of Action: Framework for Dosimetry Model Development. Presented in Mode-of-Action Dosimetry: An Interagency Project to Develop Models for Inhalation, Oral and Dermal Disposition at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, 4–6 December, Arling-ton, VA.
   Google Scholar
• Jarabek, A. M., Kimbell, J. S., Schlosser, P. M., Lou, S.-R. and Hanna, L. M. 2001. Computational fluid dynamics and mass transport calculations update the inhalation reference concentration methods: Rat. Abstract #7.16 presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Toxicology, 25–29 March.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, C. E., and Linderoth, L. J., Jr. 1976. Deep diving respiratory heat and mass transfer. School of Engineering, Duke University.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, M. T. 1984. Sulfure dioxide and exercise: Relationship between response and absorption in upper airways. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. J. 34:32–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohn, M. C. 1997. The importance of anatomical realism for validation of physiological models of disposition of inhaled toxicants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 147:448–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou, S.-R. 1993. Modeling of gas absorption: Upper airway scrubbing. Dissertation. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University.
   Google Scholar
• Lou, S.-R., Kimbell, J. S., Jarabek, A. M., Schlosser, P. M., and Hanna, L. M. 2001. Computational fluid dynamics and mass transport calculations update the inhalation reference concentration methods: Human. Abstract 7.17 presented at the 40th Annual Meeting of the Society for Toxicology, 25–29 March.
   Google Scholar
• Lutz, R. J., Dedrick, R. L., and Zaharko, D. 1980. Physiological pharmacokinetics: An in vivo approach to membrane transport. Pharmacol. Ther. 11:559–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, W.R., Jr., and Pigford, R. L. 1947. The application of differential equations to chemical engineering problems. Newark: University of Delaware Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, F. J., Overton, J. H., Jaskot, R. H., and Menzel, D. B. 1985. A model of the regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. I. The sensitivity of the uptake of ozone in the human lung to lower respiratory tract secretions and to exercise. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79:11–27.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, J. B., and Blanchard, K. T. 1992. Upper respiratory tract deposition of inspired acetaldehyde Toxicol. AppL Pharmacol. 144:140–146.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, J. B., and Frederick, C. B. 1995. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for nasal uptake and metabolism of nonreactive vapors. Toxicol. AppL Pharmacol. 123:120–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuckols, M. L. 1981. Heat and Water Vapor Transfer in the Human Respiratory System at Hyperbaric Conditions. Naval Coastal Systems Center Tech. Rep. No. TR364–81.
   Google Scholar
• Overton, J. H., and Miller, F. J. 1988. Dosimetry modeling of inhaled toxic reactive gases. In Air pol-lution, the automobile, and public health, eds. A. Y. Watson, R. R. Bates, and D. Kennedy, pp. 367–385. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Overton, J. H., Gram, R. C., and Miller, F. J. 1987. A model of the regional uptake of gaseous pollu-tants in the lung: II. The sensitivity of ozone uptake in laboratory and animal lungs to anatomi-cal and ventilatory parameters. Toxicol. Appl. PharmacoL 88:418–432.
   Google Scholar
• Pang, K. S., and Rowland, M. 1977. Hepatic clearance of drugs. I. Theoretical considerations of a "well-stirred" model and a "parallel-tube" model. Influence of hepatic blood flow, plasma and blood cell binding, and the hepatocellular enzymatic activity on hepatic drug clearance. J. Pharmacokinet Biopharm. 5:625–653.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1994. Methods for Derivation of Inhalation Reference Con-centrations and Application of Inhalation Dosimetry. EPA/600/8-90/066F. Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, October.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, G. R., and Shand, D. G. 1975. Commentary: A physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance. Clin. PharmacoL Ther. 18:377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar