Advanced search
Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 14, 2002 - Issue 9
Submit an article Journal homepage
27
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

AN INTERNAL DOSE MODEL FOR INTERSPECIES EXTRAPOLATION OF IMMEDIATE INCAPACITATION RISK FROM INHALATION OF FIRE GASES

James H. Stuhmiller Simulation, Engineering, and Testing Group, Jaycor, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
&
Louise M. Stuhmiller Simulation, Engineering, and Testing Group, Jaycor, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
Pages 929-957 | Published online: 01 Oct 2008

  • Barcroft, J. 1931. The toxicity of atmosphere containing hydrocyanic acid gas. J. Hyg. 31:1-34.
  • Bauer, M. A., Utell, M. J., Morrow, P. E., Speers, D. M., and Gibb, F. R. 1986. Inhalation of 0.30 ppm nitrogen dioxide potentiates exercise-induced bronchospasm in asthmatics. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134:1203.
  • BeIIvilIe, J. W., Whipp, B. J., Kaufman, R. D., Swanson, G. D., Aqleh, K. A., and Wiberg, D. M. 1979. Central and peripheral chemoreflex loop gain in normal and carotid body-resected subjects. J. Appl. Physiol. 46:843-853.
  • Benignus, V. A. 1995. Neurotoxicity of environmental gases. In Handbook of neurotoxicology, eds. L. W. Chang and R. S. Dyer, pp. 1005-1048. New York: Marcel Dekker.
  • Bergers, W. W. A., Vanhenegouwen, A. G. B., Hammer, A. H., and Bruijnzeel, P. L. B. 1996. Breathing patterns of awake rats exposed to acrolein and perfluorisobutylene determined with an integrated system of nose-only exposure and online analyzed multiple monitoring of breathing, lnhal. Toxicol. 8:81-93.
  • Beyer, W. H., ed. 1984. CRC standard mathematical tables, 27th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Boggs, D. F. 1992. Comparative control of respiration. In Comparative biology of the normal lung, ed. R. A. Parent, pp. 309-350. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Chaturvedi, A. K., Endecott, B. R., Ritter, R. M., and Sanders, D. C. 1993. Variations in time-to-incapacitation and blood cyanide values for rats exposed to two hydrogen cyanide gas concentrations. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Costa, D. L., Kutzman, R. S., Lehmann, J. R., and Drew, R. T. 1986. Altered lung function and structure in the rat after subchronic exposure to acrolein. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133:286-291.
  • Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C., Endecott, B. R., Abbott, J. K., and Smith, P. W. 1977. Inhalation toxicology: I. Design of a small-animal test system; II: Determination of the relative toxic hazards of 75 aircraft cabin materials. Washington, DC: DOT, FAA, Office of Aviation Medicine.
  • Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C, Endecott, B. R., and Abbott, J. K. 1985. Inhalation toxicology: IV. Times to incapacitation and death for rats exposed continuously to atmospheric hydrogen chloride gas. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C., Endecott, B. R., and Abbott, J. K. 1986. Inhalation toxicology: VII. Times to incapacitation and death for rats exposed continuously to atmospheric acrolein vapor. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C., and Endecott, B. R. 1989. Inhalation toxicology. IX. Times-to-incapacitation for rats exposed to carbon monoxide alone, to hydrogen cyanide alone, and to mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Crane, C. R., Sanders, D. C., and Endecott, B. R. 1990. Inhalation toxicology: X. Times to incapacitation for rats exposed continuously to carbon monoxide, acrolein, and to carbon monoxide-acrolein mixtures. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Duffin, J., Mohan, R. M., Vasiliou, P., Stephenson, R., and Mahamed, S. 2000. A model of the chemoreflex control of breathing in humans: Model parameters measurement. Respir. Physiol. 120:13-26.
  • Gautier, H., and Bonora, M. 1983. Ventilatory response of intact cats to carbon monoxide hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 55:1064-1071.
  • Gehr, P., Mwangi, D. K., Ammann, A., Maloiy, G. M. O., Taylor, C. R., and Weibel, E. R. 1981. Design of the mammalian respriation system V. Scaling morphometric diffusing capacity to body mass: Wild and domestic mammals. Respir. Physiol. 44:61-86.
  • Gu, Z., Januszkiewicz, A. J., McKinley, C. D., Mayorga, M. A., Stuhmiller, L M., and Stuhmiller, J. H. 2000. Biochemical and respiratory changes caused by brief exposure to high concentration carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in awake rats. Toxicologist 54:19.
  • Guyton, A. C. 1947. Measurement of the respiratory volumes of laboratory animals. Am. J. Physiol. 150:70-77.
  • Hanna, L. M., Lou, S. R., Su, S., and Jarabek, A. M. 2001. Mass transport analysis: inhalation RfC methods framework for interspecies dosimetric adjustment, lnhal. Toxicol. 13:437-463.
  • Harkness, J. E., and Wagner, J. E. 1983. The biology and medicine of rabbits and rodents, 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger.
  • Hartzell, G. E., Packham, S. C., Grand, A. F., and Switzer, W. G. 1985a. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: III. Quantification of post-exposure lethality of rats from exposure to HCI atmospheres. J. Fire Sci. 3:269-281.
  • Hartzell, G. E., Priest, D. N., and Switzer, W. G. 1985b. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: II. Mathematical modeling of intoxication of rats by carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. J. Fire Sci. 3:252-265.
  • Hartzell, G. E., Stacy, H. W., Switzer, W. G., Priest, D. N., and Packham, S. C. 1985c. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: IV. Intoxication of rats by carbon monoxide in the presence of an irritant. J. Fire Sci. 3:1-17.
  • Higgins, E., Fiorica, B., Thomas, A., and Davis, H. V. 1972. The acute toxicity of brief exposures to HF, HCl, NO2, and HCN with and without CO. Fire Technol. 2:120-130.
  • Januszkiewicz, A. J., and Mayorga, M. A. 1994. Nitrogen dioxide-induced acute lung injury in sheep. Toxicology 89:279-300.
  • Januszkiewicz, A. J., Snapper, J. R., Sturgis, J. W., Rayburn, D. B., Dodd, K. T., Phillips, Y. Y., Ripple, G. R., Sharpnack, D. D., Coulson, N. M., and Bley, J. A. 1992. Pathophysiologic responses of sheep to brief high-level nitrogen dioxide exposure, lnhal. Toxicol. 4:359-372.
  • Kaplan, H. L, and Hartzell, G. E. 1984. Modeling of toxicological effects of fire gases: I. Incapacitating effects of narcotic fire gases. J. Fire Sci. 2:182-201.
  • Kaplan, H. L., Grand, A. F., Switzer, W. G., Mitehdl, D. S., Rogers, W. R., and Hartzell, G. E. 1985. Effects of combustion gases on escape performance of the baboon and the rat. J. Fire Sci. 3:228-244.
  • Kaplan, H. L, Anzueto, A., Switzer, W. G., and Hinderer, R. K. 1988. Effects of hydrogen chloride on respiratory responses and pulmonary function of the baboon. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 23:473-493.
  • Kaplan, H. L., Switzer, W. G., Hinderer, R. K., and Anzueto, A. 1993. A study on the acute and longterm effects of hydrogen chloride on respiratory response and pulmonary function and morphology in the baboon. J. Fire Sci. 11:459-484.
  • Kimmerle, G. 1974. Aspects and methodology for the evaluation of toxicological parameters during fire exposure. J. Fire Flammability Combust. Technol. suppl.:1-42.
  • Kram, R., and Taylor, R. 1990. Energetics of running: a new perspective. Nature 346:265-267.
  • Lai, Y.-L. 1992. Comparative ventilation of the normal lung. In Comparative biology of the normal lung, ed. R. A. Parent, pp. 217-240. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Lai, Y. L., Lamm, J., and Hildebrandt, J. 1981. Ventilation during prolonged hypercapnia in the rat. J. Appl. Physiol. 51:78.
  • Lehnert, B. E. 1987. Acute inhalation toxicity of pyrolysis products of Halon 1301. Los Alamos, NM: Los Alamos National Laboratory.
  • Lehnert, B. E., Archuleta, D. C, Ellis, T., Session, W. S., Lehnert, N. M., Gurley, L R., and Stavert, D. M. 1994. Lung injury following exposure of rats to relatively high mass concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. Toxicology 89:239-277.
  • Leith, D. E. 1984. Mass transport in mammalian lungs: Comparative physiology. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 13:251-271.
  • Levin, B. C. 1996. New research avenues in toxicology: 7-Gas N-Gas Model, toxicant suppressants, and genetic toxicology. Toxicology 115:89-106.
  • Levin, B. C. 1997. New approaches to toxicity: A seven-gas predictive model and toxicant suppressants. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 20:271-280.
  • Levin, B. C., Paabo, M., Gurman, J. L., and Harris, S. E. 1987. Effects of exposure to single or multiple combinations of the predominant toxic gases and low oxygen atmospheres produced in fires. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 9:236-250.
  • Martin, D. E., and Youtsey, J. W. 1988. Respiratory anatomy and physiology. St. Louis, MO: C. V. Mosby.
  • McNamara, B. P. 1976. Estimates of the toxicity of hydrocyanic acid vapors in man. Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: Edgewood Arsenal.
  • Milhorn, H. T., and Reynolds, W. J. 1976. Exponential peeling of ventilatory transients following inhalation of 5, 6, and 7% CO2. Respir. Physiol. 28:75-87.
  • Mohsenin, V. 1994. Human exposure to oxides of nitrogen at ambient and supra-ambient concentrations. Toxicology 89:301-312.
  • Moore, S., and Gates, N. 1946. Hydrogen cyanide and chlorine. In Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems, as cited by McNamara (1976). Washington DC: National Defense Research Committee.
  • Morris, J. B. 1996. Uptake of acrolein in the upper respiratory tract of the F344 rat. lnhal. Toxicol. 8:387-403.
  • Pauluhn, J. 1996. Predictive testing for respiratory sensitisation. Toxicol Lett. 86:177-185.
  • Pauluhn, J., and Mohr, U. 2000. Inhalation studies in laboratory animals--current concepts and alternatives. Toxicol. Pathol. 28:734-753.
  • Pauluhn, J., and Mohr, U. 2001. Inhalation toxicity of 4-ethoxyaniline (p-phenetidine): Critical analysis of results of subacute inhalation exposure studies in rats, lnhal. Toxicol. 13:993-1013.
  • Purser, D. A. 1984. A bioassay model for testing the incapacitating effects of exposure to combustion product atmospheres using cynomolgus monkeys. J. Fire Sci. 2:20-36.
  • Purser, D. A. 1988. Toxicity assessment of combustion products. In SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering, eds. P. J. DiNenno, C. L Beyler, R. L P. Custer, W. D. Walton, and J. M. J. Watts, pp. 200-244. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association.
  • Ripple, G. R., and Mundie, T. G. 1989. Medical evaluation of nonfragment injury effects in armored vehicle live fire tests. Instrumentation requirements and injury criteria. Washington, DC: Walter Reed Army Institute of Research.
  • Sakurai, T. 1989. Toxic gas tests with several pure and mixed gases using mice. J. Fire Sci. 7:22-77.
  • Sanders, D. C, Endecott, B. R., Ritter, R. M., and Chaturvedi, A. K. 1993. Variation of time-to-incapacitation and carboxyhemoglobin values in rats exposed to two carbon monoxide concentrations. Oklahoma City, OK: FAA Civil Aeromedical Institute.
  • Slobodnik, B., Wallick, M., and Chimak, J. M. 1991. Effectiveness of oxygen-nitrogen gas mixtures in inducing hypoxia at 1 ATA. Panama City, FL: Navy Experimental Diving Unit.
  • Smith, S. M., Stuhmiller, J. H., and Januszkiewicz, A. 1996. Evaluation of lethality estimates for combustion gases in military scenarios. Toxicology 115:157-165.
  • Speitel, L. C. 1995. Toxicity assessment of combustion gases and development of a survival model. Atlantic City International Airport, NJ: U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA.
  • Stavert, D. M., Archuleta, D. C., Behr, M. J., and Lehnen, B. E. 1991. Relative acute toxicities of hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen bromide in nose- and pseudo-mouth-breathing rats. Fundam.Appl. Toxicol. 16:636-655.
  • Weibel, E. R. 1984. The pathway for oxygen: Structure and function of the mammalian respiratory system. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.