REFERENCES
- Adams S. S., Bough R. G., Cliffe E. E., Lessel B., Mills R. F. N.. 1969. Absorption, distribution and toxicity of ibuprofen. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.. 15: 310–330. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Akerboom M. E., Sies H.. 1989. Assay of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and glutathione mixed disulfides in biological samples. Methods Enzymol.. 77: 373–382. [CSA]
- Babad H., Zeiler A. G.. 1973. The chemistry of phosgene. Chem. Rev.. 73(1)75–91. [CSA]
- Brown J. E., Birky M. M.. 1980. Phosgene in the thermal decomposition products of poly (vinylchloride): Generation, detection, and measurement. J. Anal. Toxicol.. 4: 166–174. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Brown K. A., Collins A. J.. 1977. Action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on human and rat peripheral leukocyte migration in vitro. Ann. Rheum. Dis.. 36: 239–243. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Brown L. A. S., Longmore W. J.. 1981. Adrenergic and cholinergic regulation of lung surfactant secretion in the isolated perfused rat lung and alveolar Type II cells in culture. J. Biol. Chem.. 256: 66–72. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Buege J., Aust S. D.. 1978. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol.. 51: 302–310. [CSA]
- Burleson G. R., Keyes L. L.. 1989. Natural killer activity in fischer-344 rat lungs as a method to assess pulmonary immunocompetence: Immunosuppression by phosgene inhalation. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol.. 11(2–3)421–443. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Cucinell S. A.. 1974. Review of the toxicity of long-term phosgene exposure. Arch. Environ. Health. 28: 272–275. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Currie W. D., Hatch G. E., Frosolono M. F.. 1987. Changes in lung ATP concentration in the rat after low-level phosgene exposure. J. Biochem. Toxciol.. 2: 105–114. [CSA]
- Daly de Burgh I., Eggleton P., Elsden S. R., Hebb C. O.. 1946. Biochemical study of isolated perfused lungs with special reference to the effects of phosgene. Q. J. Exp. Physiol.. 33: 215–240. [CSA]
- De, Curtis V., Gemma S., Sbraccia M., Testai E., Vittozzi L.. 1994. The contribution of electrophilic and radalic intermediates to phospholipid adducts formed by halomethanes in vivo. J. Biochem. Toxicol.. 9(6)305–310. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Diller W. F.. 1978. Medical phosgene problems and their possible solutions. J. Occup. Med.. 20(3)189–193. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Diller W. F.. 1985. Pathogenesis of phosgene poisoning. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 1: 7–15. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Diller W. F., Borak J.. 2000. Phosgene exposure: Mechanisms of injury and treatment strategies. J. Occup. Environ. Med.. 43: 110–119. [CSA]
- Diller W. F., Bruch J., Dehnen W.. 1985. Pulmonary changes in the rat following low phosgene exposure. Arch. Toxicol.. 57: 184–190. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Duffey M. E., Hainau B., Ho S., Bentzel C.. 1981. Regulation of tight junction epithelial junction permeability by cyclic AMP. Nature. 294: 451–453. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Duniho S. M., Martin J., Forster J. S., Cascio M. B., Moran T. S., Carpin L. B., Sciuto A. M.. 2002. Acute changes in lung histopathology and bronchoalveolar lavage parameters in mice exposed to the choking agent phosgene. Toxicol. Pathol.. 30(3)339–349. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Erneux C., van, Sande J., Mist F., Cochaux P., Decoster C., Dumont J. E.. 1985. A mechanism in the control of intracellular cAMP levels: The activation of a calmodulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase by a rise of intracellular free calcium. Mol. Cell Endocrinol.. 43: 123–134. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Farrukh I. S., Sciuto A. M., Spannhake W. E., Gurtner G. H., Michael J. R.. 1986. LTD4 increases pulmonary vascular permeability and pressure by different mechanisms. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. 134: 229–232. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Farrukh I. S., Gurtner G. H., Michael J. R.. 1987. Pharmacological modification of pulmonary vascular injury: Possible role of cAMP. J. Appl. Physiol.. 62: (l):47–54. [CSA]
- Foy T., Marion J., Brigham K., Harris T. R.. 1979. Isoproterenol and aminophylline reduce lung capillary filtration during high permeability. J. Appl. Physiol. Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol.. 46(l)146–151. [CSA]
- Frosolono M. P., Pawlowski R.. 1977. Effect of phosgene on rat lungs after single high-level exposure: I. Biochemical alterations. Arch. Environ. Health. 32: 271–277. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ghio A. J., Kennedy T. P., Hatch G. E., Tepper J. S.. 1991. Reduction of neutrophil influx diminishes lung injury and mortality following phosgene inhalation. J. Appl. Physiol.. 71(2)657–665. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gilchrist H. L.. 1933. The residual effects of warfare gases: The use of phosgene gas, with reports of cases. Med. Bull. Veterans Admin.. 10(1)4–36. [CSA]
- Gillissen A., Jaworska M., Schärling B., van, Zwoll D., Schultze-Werninghaus G.. 1997. Beta-2-agonists have antioxidant function in vitro. 1. Inhibition of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid, and hydroxyl radical. Respiration. 64: 16–22. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Goldman G., Welbourn R., Alexander S., et al, 1991. Modulation of pulmonary permeability in vivo with agents that affect the cytoskeleton. Surgery. 109: 533–538. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Guastadisegni C., Balduzzi M., Vittozzi L.. 1996. Preliminary characterization of phospholipid adducts by [14C]-CHCl3 reactive intermediates in hepatocyte suspensions. J. Biochem. Toxicol.. 11(1)21–25. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Guastadisegni C., Guidoni L., Balduzzi M., Viti V., Di, Consiglio E., Vittozzi L.. 1998. Characterization of a phospholipid adduct formed in Sprague Dawley rats by chloroform metabolism: NMR studies. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.. 12: (2):93,102, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Guo Y.-L., Kennedy T. P., Michael J. R., Sciuto A. M., Ghio A., Adkinson N. F., Gurtner G. H.. 1990. Mechanisms of phosgene-induced toxicity: Role of arachidonate mediators. J. Appl. Physiol.. 69(5)1615–1622. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Gurtner G. H., Sciuto A. M., Knoblauch A.. 1992. The role of cAMP in the regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability. Lung vascular injury: Molecular and cellular response, A, Johnson, Ferro, pp. 99–111, vol. 60, New York, Marcel Dekker
- Halliwell B., Gutteridge J. M. C.. 1986. Oxygen free radicals and iron in relation to biology and medicine: Some problems and concepts. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.. 246(2)501–514. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Hayes E. C., Lombardo D., Girard Y., Maycock J., Rokach A., Rosenthal R., Young R., Egan W., Swearink H.. 1983. Measuring leukotrienes of slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis: Development of a specific radioimmunoassay. J. Immunol.. 13: 429–433. [CSA]
- Hitchcock M.. 1969. Adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate phosphodiesterase in guinea pig lung—properties and effects of adrenergic drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol.. 22: 959–969. [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Jackson K. E.. 1933. Phosgene. J. Chem. Educa., October:. 622–626. [CSA]
- Jugg B., Jenner J., Rice P.. 1999. The effect of perfluoroisobutene and phosgene on rat lung fluid surfactant phoslipids. Hum. Exp. Toxicol.. 18: 659–668. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Kahn H. A.. 1983; Introduction to epidemiologic methods. New York, Oxford University Press
- Kennedy T. P, Michael J. R., Hoidal J. R., Hasty D., Sciuto A. M., Hopkins C., Lazar R., Bysani G. K., Tolley E., Gurtner G. H.. 1989. Dibutyryl cAMP, aminophylline, and β -adrenergic agonist protect against pulmonary edema caused by phosgene. J. Appl. Physiol.. 67(6)2542–2552. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Kennedy T. P., Rao N. V., Noah W., Michael J. R., Jafri M., Gurtner G. H., Hoidal J.. 1990. Ibuprofen prevents oxidant lung injury and in vitro lipid peroxidation by chelating iron. J. Clin. Invest.. 86: 1565–1573. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Keuhl F. A., Zanetti M. E., Soderman D. D., Miller D. K., Ham E. A.. 1987. Cyclic AMP-dependent regulation of lipid mediators in white cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. 136: 210–213. [CSA]
- Krajewski J. A.. 1997. Chemical accidents and catastrophes as a source of the greatest hazard to the environment and human health. Med. Pr.. 48(1)93–103. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lehnert B. E., Archuleta D., Gurley L. R., Session W., Behr M. J., Lehnert N. M., Stavert D. M.. 1995. Exercise potentiation of lung injury following inhalation of a pneumoedematogenic gas: Perfluoroisobutylene. Exp. Lung Res.. 21: 331–350. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lowry O., Rosebrough N. J., Farr A. L., Randall R. J.. 1951. Protein measurement with Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.. 193: 265–275. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Mizus I., Summer W., Farrukh I., Michael J. R., Gurtner G. H.. 1985. Isoproterenol or aminophylline attenuate pulmonary edema after acid injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. 131: 256–259. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Moldéus P., Cotgreave I. A., Berggren M.. 1986. Lung protection by a thiol-containing antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine. Respiration. 50(suppl. 1)31–42. [CSA]
- Mueller E., van, Breeman C.. 1979. Role of intracellular Ca++ in beta-adrenergic relaxation of a smooth muscle. Nature. 281: 682–683. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Nielson C. P., Crowley J. J., Morgan M. E., Vestal R. E.. 1987. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte inhibition by therapeutic concentrations of theophylline is mediated by cyclic-3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. 137: 25–30. [CSA]
- NIOSH, 1973; Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational exposure to phosgene. Washington, DC, U.S. DEW, PHS. CDC publication 76137
- Olsson R. A., Pearson J. D.. 1990. Cardiovascular purinoceptors. Physiol. Rev.. 70: 761–845. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Orzalesi G., Selleri R., Caldini O., Volpato I., Innocenti F., Colome J., Sacristan A., Varez G.. 1977. Ibuproxam and ibuprofen: A pharmacological comparison. Arzneim. Forsch./Drug Res.. 27(5)1006–1012. [CSA]
- Paky A., Michael J. R., Burke-Wolin T., Wolin M. S., Gurtner G. H.. 1993. Endogenous production of superoxide by rabbit lungs. J. Appl. Physiol.. 74: 2868–2874. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Passmore J. C., Jimenez A. E.. 1993. Effectiveness of dual cyclooxygenase and leukotriene blockade with ibuprofen and LY203647 during canine endotoxic shock. Circ. Shock. 39: 21–28. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Pawlowski R., Frosolono M. P.. 1977. Effects of phosgene on rat lungs after a single high-level exposure. II. Ultrastructural alterations. Arch. Environ. Health. 32: 278–283. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Peters S. E., Schulman E., Liu M., Hayes E., Lichtenstein L.. 1983. Separation of major prostaglandins, leukotrienes and monoHETEs by high performance liquid chromatography. J. Immunol.. 64: 335–343. [CSA]
- Polednak A. P., Hollis D. R.. 1985. Mortality and cause of death among workers exposed to phosgene in 1943–45. Toxicol. Ind. Health. 1: (2):137–151. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Potts A. M., Simon W. S., Gerard R. W.. 1949. The mechanism of phosgene and diphosgene. Arch. Biochem.. 24: 329–337. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Rhinehart R. H., Hatch T.. 1964. Concentration-time product (CT) as an expression of dose in sublethal exposure to phosgene. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.. 25: 545–553. [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M.. 1997. Ibuprofen treatment enhances the survival of mice following exposure to phosgene. Inhal. Toxicol.. 9: 389–403. [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Strickland P. T., Kennedy T. P., Gurtner G. H.. 1995. Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment of phosgene exposure in rabbits. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med.. 151(3)768–772. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Strickland P. T., Kennedy T. P., Guo Y.-L., Gurtner G. H.. 1996a. Intratracheal administration of dibutyryl cAMP attenuates edema formation in phosgene-induced acute lung injury. J. Appl. Physiol.. 80(1)149–157. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Stotts R. R., Hurt H. H.. 1996b. The efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury. J. Appl. Toxicol.. 16(5)381–384. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Strickland P. T., Kennedy T. P., Gurtner G. H.. 1997. Postexposure treatment with aminophylline protects against phosgene-induced acute lung injury. Exp. Lung Res.. 23: 317–332. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Strickland P. T., Gurtner G. H.. 1998. Postexposure treatment with isoproterenol attenuates pulmonary edema in phosgene-induced exposed rabbits. J. Appl. Toxicol.. 18: 321–329. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Sciuto A. M., Cascio M. B., Moran T. S., Forster J. S.. 2003. The fate of antioxidant enzymes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) over seven days in mice with acute lung injury. Inhal. Toxicol.. 15: 675–685. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sedlak J., Lindsay R. H.. 1968. Estimation of total, protein bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryrl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Anal. Biochem.. 25: 192–205. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Selgrade M. K., Starnes D. M., Illing J. W., Daniels M. J., Graham J. A.. 1989. Effects of phosgene exposure on bacterial, viral, and neoplastic lung disease susceptibility in mice. Inhal. Toxicol.. 1: 243–259. [CSA]
- Shasby D., Shasby S. S., Sullivan J. M., Peach M. J.. 1982. Role of endothelial cell cytoskeleton in control of endothelial permeability. Circ. Res.. 51: 657–661. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Sheldon R., Moy A., Lindsey K., Shasby S., Shasby D. M.. 1994. Role of myosin-light chain phosphorylation in endothelial cell retraction. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 9: L606–L612. [CSA]
- Scheid C. R., Fay F. S.. 1984. Beta-adrenergic effects on transmembrane 45Ca fluxes in isolated smooth muscle cells. Am. J. Physiol.. 246:C431–438. [CSA]
- Singer A. L., Ariano M. A.. 1981. Localization of cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase in mouse alveolar cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem.. 29(12)1372–1376. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Singh H. B.. 1976. Phosgene in the ambient air. Nature. 264: 428–429. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tietze P.. 1969. Enzymatic method for quantitative determination of nanogram amounts of total and oxidized glutathione. Anal. Biochem.. 27: 502–522. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Tobias J. M.. 1945. The pathological physiology of the lung after phosgene. In Fasciulus on chemical warfare medicine. vol. II., Respiratory tract. p. 331, Washington, DC, National Research Council Committee on Treatment of Gas Casualties
- Trethewie E. R.. 1947. Pharmacology of phosgene. Med. J. Aust.. 20: 612–618. [CSA]
- Uchiyama M., Mihara M.. 1978. Determination of malondialdehyde precursors in tissue by thiobarbituric acid test. Anal. Biochem.. 86: 271–278. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CROSSREF], [CSA]
- Urbanetti J. S.. 1989. Phosgene: Clinical importance and management. Proc. Workshop on Acute Lung Injury and Pulmonary Edema, (AD A216293), Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, May. pp. 105–119. [CSA]
- Van, Surell C., Boczkowski J., Pasquier C., Du Y. C., Franzini E., Aubier M.. 1992. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on diaphragmatic function and malondialdehyde content in Escherichia coli endotoxemic rats. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis.. 146: 730–734. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Werrlein R. J., Kirby S. D., Madren-Whalley J.. 1999. Phosgene-induced calcium changes in pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Advances in animal testing for safety and efficacy, H., Salem, S., Katz, pp. 175–183, Washington, DC, Taylor & Francis
- Webb R. C., Bohr D. P.. 1981. Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle by isoproterenol, dibutyryl cAMP, and theophylline. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.. 217: 26–35. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Wong S. H. Y., Knight J. A., Hopfer S. M., Zaharia O., Leach C. N., Sunderman F. W.. 1982. Lipoperoxides in plasma as measured by liquid chromatographic separation of malondialdehyde-thiobarbituric acid adduct. Clin. Chem.. 33(2)214–220. [CSA]
- Zar T. H.. 1984; Biostatistical analysis, 2nd ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall