Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 18, 2006 - Issue 12
434
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A Review of Scientific Literature Examining the Mining History, Geology, Mineralogy, and Amphibole Asbestos Health Effects of the Rainy Creek Igneous Complex, Libby, Montana, USA

&
Pages 949-962 | Received 12 Mar 2006, Accepted 19 Apr 2006, Published online: 06 Oct 2008

REFERENCES

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Year 2000 medical testing of individuals potentially exposed to asbestoform minerals associated with vermiculite in Libby, Montana. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA 2001
  • Amandus H. E., Wheeler R. The morbidity and mortality of vermiculite miners and millers exposed to tremolite-actinolite: Part II. Mortality. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987; 11: 15–26, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Amandus H. E., Wheeler R., Jankovic J., Tucker J. The morbidity and mortality of vermiculite miners and millers exposed to tremolite-actinolite: Part I. Exposure estimates. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987a; 11: 1–14, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Amandus H. E., Althouse R., Morgan W. K. C., Sargent E. N., Jones R. The morbidity and mortality of vermiculite miners and millers exposed to tremolite-actinolite: Part III. Radiographic findings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 1987b; 11: 27–37, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Bandli B. R., Gunter M. E. Identification and characterization of mineral and asbestos particles using the spindle stage and the scanning electron microscope: The Libby, Montana, U.S.A. amphibole-asbestos as an example. Microscope 2002; 44: 191–199, [CSA]
  • Bandli B. R., Gunter M. E., Twamley B., Foit F. F., Jr., Cornelius S. B. Optical, compositional, morphological, and x-ray data on eleven particles of amphibole from Libby, Montana, U.S.A. Can. Mineral. 2003; 41: 1241–1253, [CSA]
  • Bassett W. A. The origin of the vermiculite deposit at Libby, Montana. Am. Mineral. 1959; 44: 282–299, [CSA]
  • Bloss F. D. Optical crystallography. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC 1999
  • Boettcher A. L. Geology and petrology of the Rainy Creek intrusive near Libby, Montana. MS thesis, Pennsylvania State University. 1963
  • Boettcher A. L. The Rainy Creek igneous complex near Libby, Montana. PhD. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. 1966a
  • Boettcher A. L. Vermiculite, hydrobiotite, and biotite in the Rainy Creek igneous complex near Libby, Montana. Clay Miner. 1966b; 6: 283–296, [CSA]
  • Boettcher A. L. The Rainy Creek alkaline-utramafic ingeous complex near Libby, Montana. I: Ultramafic rocks and fenite. J. Geol. 1967; 75: 526–553, [CSA]
  • Brown B. M., Gunter M. E. Morphological and optical characterization of amphiboles from Libby, Montana, U.S.A. by spindle stage assisted polarized light microscopy. Microscope 2002; 51: 121–140, [CSA]
  • Browne K., Wagner J. C. Environmental exposure to amphibole-asbestos and mesotelioma. The health effects of chrysotile asbestos: contribution of science to risk-management decisions, R. P. Nolan, A. M. Langer, M. Ross, F. J. Wicks, R. F. Martin. Special Publication 5, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Ottawa 2001; 21–28
  • Clark R. N., Hoefen T. M., Swayze G. A., Livo K. E., Meeker G. P., Sutley S. J., Wilson S., Brownfield I. K., Vance J. S. Reflectance spectroscopy as a rapid assessment tool for the detection of amphiboles from the Libby, Montana region. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC 2003, Open-File Report 03-128
  • Davis J. M. G., Addison J., McIntosh C., Miller B. G., Niven K. Variations in the carcinogenicity of tremolite dust samples of differing morphology. The third wave of asbestos disease: Exposure to asbestos in place, P. J. Landrigan, H. Kazemi, 1991; 643: 491–504, Ann. NY Acad. Sci.
  • Deer W. A., Howie R. A., Zussman J. Rock-forming minerals, Chain silicates. Longmans, London 1963; Vol. 2
  • Dorling M., Zussman J. Characteristics of asbestiform and non-asbestifrom calcic amphiboles. Lithos 1987; 20: 469–489, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Goranson R. W. Contributions from the Department of Mineralogy and Petrography, Harvard University: Aegirite from Libby, Montana. Am. Mineral. 1927; 12: 37–39, [CSA]
  • Gunter M. E., Dyar M. D., Twamley B., Foit F. F., Cornelius S. Composition, Fe3+/ΣFe, and crystal structure of non-asbestiform and asbestiform amphiboles from Libby, Montana, U.S.A. Am. Mineral. 2003; 88: 1970–1978, [CSA]
  • Gunter M. E., Singleton E., Bandli B. R., Meeker G., Lowers H. A. Differentiation of commercial vermiculite based on statistical analysis of bulk chemical data: Fingerprinting vermiculite from Libby, Montana U.S.A. Am. Mineral. 2005; 90: 749–754, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Kriegel W. W. Summary of occurrence, properties, and uses of vermiculite at Libby, Montana. Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 1940; 19: 94–97, [CSA]
  • Larsen E. S. Alkalic rocks of Iron Hill, Gunnison County, Colorado. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 197A, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC 1942
  • Larsen E. S., Pardee J. T. The stock of alkaline rocks near Libby, Montana. J. Geol. 1929; 37: 97–112, [CSA]
  • Leake B. E., Woolley A. R., Arps C. E. S., Birch W. D., Gilbert M. C., Grice J. D., Hawthrone F. C., Kato A., Kisch H. J., Krivovichev V. G., Linthout K., Laird J., Mandarino J. A., Maresch W. V., Nickel E. H., Rock N. M. S., Schumacher J. C., Smith D. C., Stephenson N. C. N., Ungaretti L., Whittaker E. J. W., Youzhi G. Nomenclature of the amphiboles: Report of the subcommittee on amphiboles of the International Mineralogical Association, Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names. Can. Mineral. 1997; 35: 219–246, [CSA]
  • Lockey J. E., Brooks S. M., Jarabek A. M., Khoury P. R., McKay R. T., Carson A., Morrison J. A., Woit J. F., Spitz H. B. Pulmonary changes after exposure to vermiculite contaminated with fibrous tremolite. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1984; 129: 952–958, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • McDonald J. C., McDonald A. D., Armstrong B., Sebastien P. Cohort study of the mortality of vermiculite miners exposed to tremolite. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1986a; 43: 436–444, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • McDonald J. C., McDonald A. D., Armstrong B. Radiological survey of past and present vermiculite miners exposed to tremolite. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1986b; 43: 445–449, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • McDonald J. C., McDonald A. D., Sebastien P., Moy K. Health of vermiculite miners exposed to trace amounts of fibrous tremolite. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1988; 45: 630–634, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • McDonald J. C., Harris J., Armstrong B. Mortality in a cohort of vermiculite miners exposed to fibrous amphibole in Libby, Montana. Occup. Envorin. Med. 2004; 61: 363–366, [CROSSREF], [CSA]
  • Meeker G. P., Bern A. M., Brownfield I. K., Lowers H. A., Sutley S. J., Hoefen T. M., Vance J. S. The composition and morphology of amphiboles from the Rainy Creek Complex, near Libby, Montana. Am. Mineral. 2003; 88: 1955–1969, [CSA]
  • Montana Department of Environmental Quality. 2000, W.R. Grace file review summary, CVID 3726. http://deq.mt.gov/libby/wrgracetimeline3113099.asp accessed March 6, 2006
  • Nolan R. P., Langer A. M., Oechsle G. W., Addison J., Colflesh D. E. Association of tremolite habit with biological potential: Preliminary report. Mechanisms in fibre carcinogenesis, R. C. Brown, J. A. Hoskins, N. F. Johnson. Plenum Press, New York 1991; 231–251
  • Pardee J. T., Larsen E. S. Deposits of vermiculite and other minerals in the Rainy Creek District, near Libby, Montana. United States Geological Survey, Washington, DC 1929; 805, U.S.G.S., Bull
  • Peipens L. A., Lewin M., Campolucci S., Lyparger J. A., Miller A., Middleton D., Weis C., Spence M., Black B., Kapil V. Radiographic abnormalities and exposure to asbestos-contaminated vermiculite in the community of Libby, Montana, USA. Environ. Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1753–1759, [CSA]
  • Pfau J. C., Sentissi J. J., Weller G., Putnam E. A. Assessment of autoimmune responses associated with asbestos exposure in Libby, Montana, USA. Environ. Health Perspect. 2005; 113: 25–30, [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
  • Ross M., Nolan R. P., Langer A. M., Cooper C. W. Health effects of mineral dusts other than asbestos. Health Effects of mineral dusts, Reviews in mineralogy, G. D. Guthrie, Jr., B. T. Mossman. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC 1993; Vol. 28: 361–407
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Sampling and analysis of consumer garden products that contain vermiculite. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 2000, Report 2001-S-7
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's actions concerning asbestos-contaminated vermiculite in Libby, Montana. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 2001, EPA 744-R-00-010
  • Van Gosen B., Lowers H. A., Bush A. L., Meeker G. P., Plumlee G. S., Brownfield I. K., Sutley S. J. Reconnaissance study of the geology of U.S. vermiculite deposits—are asbestos minerals common constituents?. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2129, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, DC 2005
  • Verkouteren J. R., Wylie A. G. The tremolite-actinolite-ferro-actinolite series: Systematic relationships among cell parameters, composition, optical properties, and habit, and evidence of discontinuities. Am. Mineral. 2000; 85: 1239–1254, [CSA]
  • Grace W. R. Libby asbestos time line. 2000, http://www.grace.com/mediakit/libby_asbestos_timeline.html, accessed March 6, 2006
  • Wylie A. G., Verkouteren J. R. Amphibole asbestos from Libby, Montana: Aspects of nomenclature. Am. Mineral. 2000; 85: 1540–1542, [CSA]
  • Zoltai T. Amphibole asbestos mineralogy. Amphiboles and other hydrous pyriboles—mineralogy. Reviews in mineralogy, D. R. Veblen. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC 1981; vol. 9A: 237–278

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.