Comparison of Particle Tracking Algorithms in Commercial CFD Packages: Sedimentation and Diffusion

REFERENCES

• ANSYS Inc. CFX 5.7.1 user's guide. 2003
   Google Scholar
• Asgharian B., Hofmann W., Bergmann R. Particle deposition in a multiple-path model of the human lung. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001; 34: 332–339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgharian B., Anjilvel S. Inertial and gravitational deposition of particles in a square cross section bifurcating airway. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1994; 20: 177–193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balashazy I., Heistracher T., Hofmann W. Air flow and particle deposition patterns in bronchial airway bifurcation patterns in bronchial airway bifurcations: The effect of different CFD models and bifurcation geometries. J. Aerosol Med. 1996; 9(3)287–301
   Google Scholar
• Beeckmans J. M. The deposition of aerosols in the respiratory tract. 1. Mathematical analysis and comparison with experimental data. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 1965; 43: 152–172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer J. K., Kleinstreuer C., Hyun S., Kim C. S. Aerosol transport and deposition in sequentially bifurcating airways. Trans. ASME 2000; 122: 152–157
   Google Scholar
• Fluent. Inc. Fluent 6.1 user's guide. 2005
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs N. A. The mechanics of aerosols. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1964
   Google Scholar
• Gormley P. G., Kennedy M. Diffusion from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. Proc. R. Irish Acad. Sect. A Math. Astron. Phys. Sci. 1948; 52: 163–169
   Google Scholar
• Hammersley J. R., Olsen D. E. Physical models of the smaller pulmonary airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992; 72(6)2402–2414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinds W. C. Aerosol technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1999
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann W., Golser R., Balashazy I. Inspiratory deposition efficiency of ultrafine particles in a human airway bifurcation model. J. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2003; 37: 988–994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingham D. B. Diffusion of aerosols from a stream flowing through a cylindrical tube. J. Aerosol Sci. 1975; 6: 125–132
   Google Scholar
• Kelly J. T., Kimbell J. S., Asgharian B. Deposition of fine and coarse aerosols in a rat nasal mold. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001; 13: 577–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S. Ultrafine particle deposition in a double bifurcation tube with human G3–G5 airway geometry. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC 2002, internal report
   Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Fisher D. M. Deposition characteristics of aerosol particles in sequentially bifurcating airway models. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1999; 31: 198–220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Iglesias A. J. Deposition of inhaled particles in bifurcating airway models: I. Inspiratory deposition. J. Aerosol Med. 1989; 2: 1–14
   Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Fisher D. M., Lutz D. J., Gerrity T. R. Particle deposition in bifurcating airyway geometry. J. Aerosol Sci. 1994; 25(3)567–581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J. W., Goo J. H., Chung M. K. Characteristics of inertial deposition in a double bifurcation. J. Aerosol Sci. 1996; 27(1)119–138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li A., Ahmadi G. Dispersion and deposition of spherical particles from point sources in a turbulent channel flow. J. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1992; 16: 209–226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longest P. W., Oldham M. J. Mutual enhancements of CFD modeling and experimental data: A case study of one micrometer particle deposition in a branching airway model. Inhal. Toxicol. 2006; 18(10)761–772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements. Deposition, retention and dosimetry of inhaled radioactive substances. Bethesda, MD 1997, NCRP Report 125
   Google Scholar
• Oldham M. J. Challenges in validating CFD derived inhaled aerosol deposition predictions. Inhal. Toxicol. 2006; 18: 781–786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmes E. D., Lippmann M. Influence of respiratory air space dimensions on aerosol deposition. Inhaled particles IV, W. H. Walton. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977; 127–136
   Google Scholar
• Phalen R. F., Oldham M. J., Kleinman M. T., Crocker T. T. Tracheobronchial deposition predictions for infants, children and adolescents. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32: 11–21, (suppl. 1)
   Google Scholar
• Phalen R. F., Schum G. M., Oldham M. J. The sensitivity of inhaled aerosol tracheobronchial deposition model to input parameters. J. Aerosol Med. 1990; 3(4)271–282
   Google Scholar
• Pich J. Theory of gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flows in channels. J. Aerosol Sci. 1972; 3: 351–361
   Google Scholar
• Pui D., Romay-Novas F., Liu B. Y. Experimental study of particle deposition in bends of circular cross section. J. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1987; 7(3)301–315
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson R. J., Yu C. P. Deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001; 34(3)202–215
   Google Scholar
• Robinson R. J., Oldham M. J., Clinkenbeard R. E., Rai P. Experimental and numerical analysis of a 7 generation human replica tracheobronchial model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 2006; 34(3)373–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schum M., Yeh H. Theoretical evaluation of aerosol deposition in anatomical models of mammalian lung airways. Bull. Math. Biol. 1980; 42: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi H., Kleinstreuer C., Zhang Z., Kim C. S. Nanoparticle transport and deposition in bifurcating tubes with different inlet conditions. Phys. Fluids 2004; 16(7)2199–2213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J. W. Gravity settling of particles in a horizontal tube. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1958; 8: 32
   Google Scholar
• Townsend J. S., Maxwell C. The diffusion of ions into gases. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Character. 1899; 193: 129–158
   Google Scholar
• Wang C. S. Gravitational deposition of particles from laminar flows in inclined channels. J. Aerosol Sci. 1975; 6: 191–204
   Google Scholar
• Wang J., Flagan R. C., Seinfeld J. H. Diffusional losses in particle sampling systems containing bends and elbows. J. Aerosol Sci. 2002; 33: 843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibel E. R. Morphometry of the human lung. Academic Press, Springer-Verlag, New York 1963
   Google Scholar
• Whitby E., Stratmann F., Wilck M. Fine particle model (FPM) for Fluent. Chimera Technologies, Inc., MinnesotaUSA 2003
   Google Scholar
• Yu C. P. Exact analysis of aerosol deposition during steady breathing. Powder Technol. 1978; 21: 55–62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C. P., Lui C. S., Taulbee D. B. Simultaneous diffusion and sedimentation of aerosols in a horizontal cylinder. J. Aerosol Sci. 1977; 8: 309–316
   Google Scholar
• Yu G., Zhang Z., Lessmann R. Computer simulation of the flow field and particle deposition by diffusion in a 3-D human airway bifurcation. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1996; 25: 338–352
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z., Kleinstreuer C. Effect of Particle inlet distributions on deposition in a triple bifurcation lung airway model. J. Aerosol. Med. 2001; 14(1)13–29
   PubMedGoogle Scholar