Deposition of Ultrafine (NANO) Particles in the Human Lung

REFERENCES

• Anjilvel S., Asgharian B. A multiple-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1995; 28: 41–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asgharian B., Hofmann W., Bergmann R. Particle deposition in a multiple-path model of the human lung. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2001; 34: 332–339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgharian B., Ménache M. G., Miller F. J. Modeling age-related particle deposition in humans. J. Aerosol Med. 2004; 17: 213–224
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang H.-K., Farhi L. E. On mathematical analysis of gas transport in the lung. Respir. Physiol. 1973; 18: 370–385
   Google Scholar
• Cohen B. S., Asgharian B. Deposition of ultrafine particles in the upper airways: An empirical analysis. J. Aerosol Sci. 1990; 21: 789–797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen B. S., Sussman R. G., Lippmann M. Ultrafine particle deposition in a human tracheobronchial cast. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1990; 12: 1082–1091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darquenne C., Paiva M. One-dimensional simulation of aerosol transport and deposition in the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 1994; 77: 2889–2898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darquenne C., Prisk G. M. Effect of small flow reversals on aerosol mixing in the alveolar region of the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004; 97: 2083–2089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darquenne C., Brand P., Heyder J., Paiva M. Aerosol dispersion in human lung: Comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for bolus tests. J. Appl. Physiol. 1977; 83: 966–974
   Google Scholar
• Davidson M. R. Further consideration in a theoretical description of gas transport in lung airways. Bull. Math Biol. 1981; 43: 517–548
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edwards D. A general theory of the macrotransport of nondepositing particles in the lung by convective dispersion. J. Aerosol Sci. 1994; 25: 543–565
   Google Scholar
• Egan M. J., Nixon W., Robinson N. I., James A. C., Phalen R. F. Inhaled aerosol transport and deposition calculations for the ICRP Task Group. J. Aerosol Sci. 1989; 20: 1305–1308
   Google Scholar
• Ferin J., Oberdörster G. Pulmonary retention of ultrafine and fine particles in rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 1992; 6: 535–542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashish A. H. Selective deposition of pulsed aerosols in the human lung. J. Aerosol Sci. 1992; 23: S473–S476
   Google Scholar
• Henry F. S., Tsuda A. Kinematic irreversible acinar flow: A departure from classical dispersive aerosol transport theories. J. Appl. Physiol. 2002; 92: 835–845
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Henry F. S., Butler J. P., Tsuda A. Stretch-and-fold flow and aerosol mixing in the acinus. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1999; 159: A615–A615
   Google Scholar
• Heyder J., Gebhart G., Rudolf C. F., Stahlhofen W. Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005–15 μ m. J. Aerosol Sci. 1986; 17: 811–825
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann W., Koblinger L. Monte Carlo modeling of Aerosol Deposition in human lungs. Part II: Deposition fractions and their sensitivity to parameter variations. J. Aerosol Sci. 1990; 21: 675–688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann W., Koblinger L., Brand P., Ferron G., Heyder J. The effect of convective mixing on particle transport in the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1994; 38: 167–174, (Suppl. 1)
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. Pergamon Press, OxfordUnited Kingdom 1994, Publication 66. Ann. ICRP 24:272
   Google Scholar
• Jaques P. A., Kim C. S. Measurement of total lung deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy men and women. Inhal. Toxicol. 2000; 12: 715–731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston C. J., Finkelstein J. N., Mercer P., Corson N., Gelein R., Oberdörster G. Pulmonary effects induced by ultrafine PTEF particles. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2000; 168: 208–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim C. S., Jaques P. A. Respiratory dose of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy adults. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 2000; 358: 2693–2705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblinger L., Hofmann W. Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition calculations. Phys. Med. Biol. 1985; 30: 541–556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koblinger L., Hofmann W. Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part I: Simulation of particle transport in a stochastic lung structure. J. Aerosol Sci. 1990; 21(5)661–674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee D. Y., Lee J. W. Dispersion during exhalation of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. J. Aerosol Sci. 2001; 32: 805–815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J. W., Lee D. Y., Kim W. S. Dispersion of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. J. Aerosol Sci. 2000; 31: 491–505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makulova I. D. The clinical picture in acute perfluoroisbutylene poisoning. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1965; 9: 20–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maynard A. D., Baron P. A., Foley M., Shedova A. A., Kisin E. R., Castranova V. Exposure to carbon nanotube material: aerosol release during the handling of unrefined single-walled carbon nanotube material. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health A 2004; 67: 87–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller F. J., Overton J. H., Jaskot R. H., Menzel D. B. A model of regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1985; 79: 11–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council on Radiological Protection and Measurements. Deposition, retention and dosimetry of inhaled radioactive substances. NCRP, Bethesda, MD 1997, NCRP Report 125
   Google Scholar
• Nixon W., Egan M. J. Modeling study of regional deposition of inhaled aerosols with special reference to effects of ventilation asymmetry. J. Aerosol Sci. 1987; 18: 563–579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G., Ferin J., Gelein R., Soderholm S. C., Finkelstein J. N. Role of the alveolar macrophage in lung injury: Studies with ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 1992; 97: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberdörster G., Gelein R. M., Ferin J., Weiss B. Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality: involvement of ultrafine particles. Inhal. Toxicol. 1995; 7: 111–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton J. H. Dosimetry modeling of highly soluble reactive gases in the respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 2001; 13: 347–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton J. H., Kimbell J. S., Miller F. J. Dosimetry modeling of inhaled formaldehyde: the human respiratory tract. Toxicol. Sci. 2001; 64: 122–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pack A., Hooper M. B., Nixon W., Taylor J. C. A computational model of pulmonary gas transport incorporating effective diffusion. Respir. Physiol. 1977; 29: 101–124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters A., Wichmann H. E., Tuch T., Heinrich J., Heyder J. Respiratory effects are associated with the number of ultrafine particles. Am J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 1997; 155: 1376–1383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raabe O. G., Yeh H. C., Schum G. M., Phalen R. F. Tracheobronchial geometry: human, dog, rat, hamster. Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico 1976, Report LF-53
   Google Scholar
• Riesenfeld E., Chalupa D., Gibb F. R., Oberdörster G., Gelein R., Morrow P. E., Utell M. J., Frampton M. W. Ultrafine particle concentrations in a hospital. Inhal. Toxicol. 2000; 12: 83–94, (Suppl. 2)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock L., Cullen M. R. Clinical occupational medicine. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA 1986; 28, 232
   Google Scholar
• Rudolf G., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Schiller C. F., Stahlhofen W. An empirical formula describing aerosol deposition in man for any particle size. J. Aerosol Sci. 1986; 17: 350–355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolf G., Kobrich R., Stahlhofen W. Modeling and algebraic formulation of regional aerosol deposition in man. J. Aerosol Sci. 1990; 21: S403–S406, (Suppl. 1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer P. W., Shendalman L. H., Greene N. M. Simultaneous diffusion and convection in single breath lung washout. Bull. Math. Biophys. 1972; 34: 393–412
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherer P. W., Shendalman L. H., Green N. M., Bouhuys A. Measurements of axial diffusivity in a model of the bronchial airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 1975; 38: 719–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiller C. F., Gebhart J., Heyder J., Rudolf G., Stahlhofen W. Deposition of monodisperse insoluble aerosol particles in the 0.005 to 0.2 μ m size range within the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1988; 32: 41–49
   Google Scholar
• Tan C. W., Hsu C.-J. Diffusion of aerosols in laminar flow in a cylindrical tube. J. Aerosl Sci. 1971; 2: 117–124
   Google Scholar
• Taulbee D. B., Yu C. P. A Theory of aerosol deposition in the human respiratory tract. J. Appl. Physiol. 1975; 38: 77–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taulbee D. B., Yu C. P., Heyder J. Aerosol transport in the human lung from analysis of single breaths. J. Appl. Physiol. Respirat. Environ. 1978; 44: 803–812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tawhai M. H., Hunter P. J. Characterizing respiratory airway gas mixing using a lumped parameter model of the pulmonary acinus. Respir. Physiol. 2001; 127: 241–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsuda A., Henry F. S., Butler J. P. Chaotic mixing of alveolated duct flow in rhythmically expanding pulmonary acinus. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995; 79: 1055–1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda A., Otani Y., Butler J. P. Acinar flow irreversibility caused by perturbations in reversible alveolar wall motion. J. Appl. Phsiol. 1999; 86: 977–984
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tu K. W., Knutson E. O. Total deposition of ultrafine hydrophobic and hygroscopic aerosols in the human respiratory system. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1984; 3: 453–465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utell M. J., Frampton M. W. Who is susceptible to particulate matter and why?. Inhal. Toxicol. 2000; 12: 37–40, (Suppl. 1)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C. P. On equation of gas transport in the lung. Respir. Physiol. 1975; 23: 257–266
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu C. P. Exact analysis of aerosol deposition during steady state breathing. Powder Technol. 1978a; 21: 55–62
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C. P. A two-compartment theory of aerosol deposition in human lung airways. Bull. Math. Biol 1978b; 40: 693–706
   PubMedGoogle Scholar