Semi-Empirical Stochastic Model of Aerosol Bolus Dispersion in the Human Lung

REFERENCES

• P. J. Anderson, J. D. Blanchard, J. D. Brain, H. A. Feldman, J. J. McNamara, and J. Heyder. (1989). Effect of cystic fibrosis on inhaled aerosol boluses. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1317–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. J. Anderson, K. G. Hardy, L. P. Gann, R. Cole, and F. C. Hiller. (1994). Detection of small airway dysfunction in asymptomatic smokers using aerosol bolus behaviour. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150:995–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Balásházy, and W. Hofmann. (1993a). Particle deposition in airway bifurcations—I. Inpiratory flow. J. Aerosol Sci 24:745–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Balásházy, and W. Hofmann. (1993b). Particle deposition in airway bifurcations—II. Expiratory flow.. J. Aerosol Sci 24:773–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Bergmann, W. Hofmann, and L. Koblinger. (1997). The effect of ventilation inhomogeneities on aerosol deposition and bolus dispersion in the human lung. Ann. Occup. Hyg 41 ((Suppl. 1)):543–547.
   Google Scholar
• P. Brand, T. Tuch, O. Manuwald, W. Bischof, J. Heinrich, H. E. Wichmann, T. Beinert, and J. Heyder. (1994). Detection of early lung impairment with aerosol bolus dispersion. Eur. Respir. J. 7:1830–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Brand, C. Rieger, H. Schulz, T. Beinert, and J. Heyder. (1997). Aerosol bolus dispersion in healthy subjects. Eur. Respir. J. 10:460–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. S. Brown, T. R. Gerrity, W. D. Bennett, C. S. Kim, and D. E. House. (1995). Dispersion of aerosol boluses in the human lung: Dependence on lunge volume, bolus volume, and gender. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:1787–1795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. S. Brown, T. R. Gerrity, and W. D. Bennett. (1998). Effect of ventilation distribution on aerosol bolus dispersion and recovery. J. Appl. Physiol. 85:2112–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. P. Butler, and A. Tsuda. (1997). Effect of convective stretching and folding on aerosol mixing deep in the lung, assessed by approximate entropy. J. Appl. Physiol. 83:800–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. K. Chang. Flow dynamics in the respiratory tract Respiratory physiology: An analytical approachH. K. Chang, and M. Paiva. Dekker, New York, (1989) 57–138.
   Google Scholar
• J. C. Cruz. (1991). A combined parallel and series distribution model of inspired inert gases. Respir. Physiol. 86:1–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C. Darquenne, and M. Paiva. (1994). One-dimensional simulation of aerosol transport and deposition in the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:2889–2898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Darquenne, P. Brand, J. Heyder, and M. Paiva. (1997). Aerosol dispersion in human lung: comparison between numerical simulations and experiments for bolus tests. J. Appl. Physiol 83:966–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Darquenne, M. Paiva, and G. M. Prisk. (2000). Effect of gravity on aerosol bolus dispersion and deposition in the human lung after periods of breath hold. J. Appl. Physiol 89:1787–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Darquenne, and G. M. Prisk. (2004). Effect of small flow reversals on aerosol mixing in the alveolar region of the human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 97:2083–2089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. R. Davidson, and J. M. Fitz-Gerald. (1974). Transport of O2 along a model pathway through the respiratory region of the lung. Math. Biol 36:275–303.
   Google Scholar
• M. J. Egan, and W. Nixon. (1985). A model of aerosol deposition in the lung for use in inhalation dose assessments. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 11:5–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. S. Fowler. (1949). Lung function studies. III. Uneven pulmonary ventilation in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary disease. J. Appl. Physiol 50:1156–1160.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Fukuchi, M. Cosio, B. Murphy, and L. A. Engel. (1980). Intraregional basis for sequential filling and emptying of the lung. Respir. Physiol. 41:253–266.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• B. J. B. Grant, H. A. Jones, and J. M. B. Hughes. (1974). Sequence of regional filling during a tidal breath in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 37:158–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. E. Hansen, and E. P. Ampaya. (1975). Human airspace shapes, sizes, areas and volumes. J. Appl. Physiol. 38:990–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Heyder, J. Gebhart, G. Rudolf, C. F. Schiller, and W. Stahlhofen. (1986). Deposition of particles in the human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005–15 μ m. J. Aerosol Sci 17:811–825.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Heyder, J. D. Blanchard, H. A. Feldman, and J. D. Brain. (1988). Convective mixing in the human respiratory tract: estimates with aerosol boli. J. Appl. Physiol. 64:1273–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Hofmann, and L. Koblinger. (1990). Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part II: Deposition fractions and their sensitivity to parameter variations. J. Aerosol Sci 21:675–688.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Hofmann, and L. Koblinger. (1992). Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part III: Comparison with experimental data. J. Aerosol Sci 23:51–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Hofmann, L. Koblinger, P. Brand, G. Ferron, and J. Heyder. (1994). The effect of convective mixing on particle transport in the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg 38 ((Suppl. 1)):167–174.
   Google Scholar
• W. Hofmann, I. Balásházy, and T. Heistracher. (2001). The relationship between secondary flows and particle deposition patterns in airway bifurcations. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 35:958–968.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. B. Hughes, and T. C. Amis. Regional ventilation distribution Lung biology in health and disease: Gas mixing and distribution in the lungL. A. Engel, and M. Paiva. Dekker, New York, (1995) 177–220.
   Google Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection, and Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP Publication 66, OxfordPergamon, (1994) .
   Google Scholar
• M. J. Keefe, W. D. Bennett, P. Dewitt, E. Seal, A. Strong, and T. Gerrity. (1991). The effect of ozone exposure on the dispersion of inhaled aerosol boluses in healthy human subjects. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Kim, and P. A. Jaques. (2000). Respiratory dose of ultrafine particles in healthy adults. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 358:2693–2705.
   Google Scholar
• L. Koblinger, and W. Hofmann. (1985). Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition calculations. Phys. Med. Biol. 30:541–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Koblinger, and W. Hofmann. (1990). Monte Carlo modeling of aerosol deposition in human lungs. Part I: Simulation of particle transport in a stochastic lung structure. J. Aerosol Sci 21:661–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kohlhäufl, P. Brand, T. Meyer, G. Scheuch, N. Weber, K. Haubinger, H. Schulz, and J. Heyder. (1997). Detection of impaired intrapulmonary convective mixing by aerosol bolus dispersion in patients with emphysema. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2:121–128.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. Kohlhäufl, P. Brand, G. Scheuch, T. Meyer, H. Schulz, K. Häussinger, and J. Heyder. (2000). Aerosol morphometry and aerosol bolus dispersion in patients with CT-determined combined pulmonary emphysema and lung fibrosis. J. Aerosol Med. 13:117–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. W. Lee, D. Y. Lee, and W. S. Kim. (2000). Dispersion of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. J. Aerosol Sci. 31:491–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Y. Lee, and J. W. Lee. (2001). Dispersion during exhalation of an aerosol bolus in a double bifurcation. J. Aerosol Sci. 32:805–815.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Milic-Emili, J. A. M. Henderson, M. B. Dolovich, T. Trop, and K. Kaneko. (1966). Regional distribution of inspired gas in the lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 21:749–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Nixon, and M. J. Egan. (1987). Modeling study of regional deposition of inhaled aerosol with special reference to effects of ventilation asymmetry. J. Aerosol Sci. 5:563–579.
   Google Scholar
• S. S. Park, and A. S. Wexler. (2007). Particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the human lung: A semi-empirical model of single breath transport and deposition. J. Aerosol Sci 38:228–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. J. Pedley. (1977). Pulmonary fluid dynamics. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 9:229–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. S. Rosenthal, J. D. Blanchard, and P. J. Anderson. (1992). Aerosol bolus dispersion and convective mixing in human and dog lungs and physical models. J. Appl. Physiol. 73:862–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. S. Rosenthal. (1993). The effect of nonuniform ventilation on the dispersion of inspired aerosol boluses—A model study. J. Aerosol Med. 6:177–197.
   Google Scholar
• R. Sarangapani, and A. S. Wexler. (1999). Modeling aerosol bolus dispersion in human airways. J. Aerosol Sci. 30:1345–1362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. W. Scherer, L. H. Shendalman, N. M. Greene, and A. Bouhuys. (1975). Measurement of axial diffusivities in a model of the bronchial airways. J. Appl. Physiol. 38:719–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Scheuch, and W. Stahlhofen. (1991). Effect of heart rate on aerosol recovery and dispersion in human conducting airways after period of breath holding. Exp. Lung Res. 17:763–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. F. Schiller, J. Gebhart, J. Heyder, G. Rudolf, and W. Stahlhofen. (1988). Deposition of monoddispere insoluble aerosol particles in the 0.005 to 0.2 μ m size range within the human respiratory tract. Ann. Occup. Hyg 32 ((Suppl. 1)):41–49.
   Google Scholar
• A. Schulz, T. Tuch, P. Brand, H. Schulz, R. Erdl, E. von Mutius, D. Reinhardt, and J. Heyder. (1994). Aerosol bolus dispersion in the respiratory tract of children. Exp. Lung Res 20:119–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Tippe, and A. Tsuda. (1999). Recirculating flow in an expanding alveolar model: Experimental evidence of flow-induced mixing of aerosols in the pulmonary acinus. J. Aerosol Sci 31:979–986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Tsuda, F. S. Henry, and J. P. Butler. (1995). Chaotic mixing of alveolated duct flow in rhythmically expanding pulmonary acinus. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:1055–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Tsuda, R. A. Rogers, P. E. Hydon, and J. P. Butler. (2002). Chaotic mixing deep in the lung. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10173–10178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. R. Weibel. Morphometry of the human lung.. Springer, Berlin, (1963) .
   Google Scholar
• C. P. Yeh, and G. M. Schum. (1980). Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol 42:461–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar