Short-Term Inhalation Exposure to Mild Steel Welding Fume had no Effect on Lung Inflammation and Injury but did Alter Defense Responses to Bacteria in Rats

REFERENCES

• J. M. Antonini, G. G. Krishna Murthy, R. A. Rogers, R. Albert, G. D. Ulrich, and J. D. Brain. (1996). Pneumotoxicity and pulmonary clearance of different welding fumes after intratracheal instillation in the rat. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 140:188–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, R. W. Clarke, G. G. Krishna Murthy, P. Sreekanthan, N. Jenkins, T. W. Eagar, and J. D. Brain. (1998). Freshly generated stainless steel welding fume induced greater lung inflammation in rats as compared to aged fumes. Toxicol. Lett. 98:77–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, J. R. Roberts, and R. W. Clarke. (2001). Strain-related differences of nonspecific respiratory defense mechanisms in rats using a pulmonary infectivity model. Inhal. Toxicol. 13:85–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini. (2003). Health effects of welding. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33:61–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, M. D. Taylor, L. Millecchia, A. R. Bebout, and J. R. Roberts. (2004). Suppression in lung defenses after bacterial infection in rats pretreated with different welding fumes. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 200:206–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, A. A. Afshari, S. Stone, B. Chen, D. Scwegler-Berry, W. G. Fletcher, W. T. Goldsmith, K. H. Vandestouwe, W. McKinney, V. Castranova, and D. G. Frazer. (2006). Design, construction, and characterization of a novel robotic welding fume generator and inhalation exposure system for laboratory animals. J. Occup. Environ. Hyg. 3:194–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, S. Stone, J. R. Roberts, B. Chen, D. Schwegler-Berry, A. Afshari, and D. G. Frazer. (2007). Effect of short-term stainless steel welding fume inhalation exposure on lung inflammation, injury, and defense reponses in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 223:234–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Antonini, and J. R. Roberts. (2007). Chromium in stainless steel welding fume suppresses lung defense responses against bacterial infection in rats. J. Immunotoxicol. 4:117–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. B. Avashia, W. S. Riggins, C. Lindley, A. Hoffmaster, R. Drumgoole, T. Nekomoto, P. J. Jackson, K. K. Hill, K. Williams, L. Lehman, M. C. Libal, P. P. Wilkins, J. Alexander, A. Tvaryanas, and T. Betz. (2007). Fatal pneumonia among metaklworkers due to inhalation exposure to Bacillus cereus containing Bacillus anthracis toxic genes. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44:414–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• W. S. Beckett. (1996). Welding. In Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, eds. P. Harber, M. B. Schenker, and J. R. Balmes. pp. 704–717. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• J. D. Brain, D. W. Knudson, S. P. Sorokin, and M. A. Davis. (1976). Pulmonary distribution of particles given by intratracheal instillation or by aerosol inhalation. Environ. Res. 11:13–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Coggon, H. Inskip, P. Winter, and B. Pannett. (1994). Lobar pneumonia: An occupational disease in welders. Lancet 344:41–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. T. Doig, and P. J. R. Challen. (1964). Respiratory hazards in welding. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 7:223–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• T. H. Flo, K. D. Smith, S. Sato, D. J. Rodriguez, M. A. Holmes, R. K. Strong, S. Akira, and A. Aderem. (2004). Lipocalin-2 mediates an innate immune response to bacterial infection by sequestrating iron. Nature 432:917–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. R. Hoffmaster, K. K. Hill, J. E. Gee, C. K. Marston, B. K. De, T. Popovic, D. Sue, P. P. Wilkins, S. B. Avashia, R. Drumgoole, C. H. Helma, L. O. Ticknor, R. T. Okinaka, and P. J. Jackson. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus cereus isolates associated with fatal pneumonias: Strains are closely related to Bacillus anthrachis and harbor B. anthracis virulence genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44:3352–3360.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D. G. Howden, M. J. A. Desmeules, R. Saracci, N. L. Sprince, and P. I. Herber. (1988). Respiratory hazards of welding: Occupational exposure characterization. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 138:1047–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. T. Jenkins, and T. W. Eagar. (2005). Chemical analysis of welding fume particles. Welding J. 84:87s–93s.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. T. Jenkins, W. M.-G. Pierce, and T. W. Eagar. (2005). Particle size distribution of gas metal and flux cored arc welding fumes. Welding J. 84:156s–163s.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kleinfeld, J. Messite, O. Kooyman, and J. Spiro. (1969). Welders' siderosis: A clinical roentgenographic and physiological study. Arch. Environ. Health 19:70–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. K. C. Morgan. (1989). On welding, wheezing, and whimsy. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 50:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIOSH. (1994). Elements (ICP): Method 7300. In NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th ed.. Issue 2, US Department of Health and Human Services, Publication No. 98–119. Washington, DC: NIOSH.
   Google Scholar
• K. T. Palmer, J. Poole, J. G. Ayres, J. Mann, P. S. Burge, and D. Coggon. (2003). Exposure to metal fume and infectious disease. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157:227–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. J. Sferlazza, and W. S. Beckett. (1991). The respiratory health of welders. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 143:1134–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Solano-Lopez, P. C. Zeidler-Erdely, A. F. Hubbs, S. H. Reynolds, J. R. Roberts, M. D. Taylor, S.-H. Young, V. Castranova, and J. M. Antonini. (2006). Welding fume exposure and associated inflammatory and hyerplastic changes in the lungs of tumor susceptible A/J mice. Toxicol. Pathol. 34:364–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. D. Taylor, J. R. Roberts, S. S. Leonard, X. Shi, and J. M. Antonini. (2003). Effects of welding fumes of differing composition and solubility on free radical production and acute lung injury and inflammation in rats. Toxicol. Sci. 75:181–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Wergeland, and B. G. Iversen. (2001). Deaths from pneumonia after welding. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 27:353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. T. Zimmer, and P. Biswas. (2001). Characterization of the aerosols resulting from arc welding processes. J. Aerosol Sci. 32:993–1008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar