Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 8
349
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 688-704 | Received 15 Jul 2008, Accepted 13 Aug 2008, Published online: 05 May 2009

References

  • Anderson R, Theron AJ, Richards GA, Myer MS, van Rensburg AJ. 1991. Passive smoking by humans sensitizes circulating neutrophils. Am Rev Respir Dis 144:570–574.
  • Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International. 1991. American association for laboratory animal science policy on the humane care and use of laboratory animals. Lab Anim Sci 41:91.
  • Baggett MS, Morie GP. 1975. Selective removal of semivolatile components of cigarette smoke by various filters. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 8:150–152.
  • Bombick DW, Bombick BR, Ayres PH, Putnam K, Avalos J, Borgerding MF, Doolittle DJ. 1997. Evaluation of the genotoxic and cytotoxic potential of mainstream whole smoke and smoke condensate from a cigarette containing a novel carbon filter. Fundam Appl Toxicol 39:11–17.
  • Borenfreund E, Puerner JA. 1985. Toxicity determined in vitro by morphological alterations and neutral red absorption. Toxicol Lett 24:119–124.
  • Bouley G, Dubreuil A, Godin J, Boudene C. 1975. Effects in the rat of a weak dose of acrolein inhaled continuously. Eur J Toxicol Environ Hyg 8:291–297.
  • Burger GT, Renne RA, Sagartz JW, Ayres PH, Coggins CR, Mosberg AT, Hayes AW. 1989. Histologic changes in the respiratory tract induced by inhalation of xenobiotics: Physiologic adaptation or toxicity? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 101:521–542.
  • Carmines EL, Lemus R, Gaworski CL. 2005. Toxicologic evaluation of licorice extract as a cigarette ingredient. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1303–1322.
  • Chowdhury P. 1990. Endocrine and metabolic regulation of body mass by nicotine: Role of growth hormone. Ann Clin Lab Sci 20:415–419.
  • Chowdhury P, Hosotani R, Rayford PL. 1989. Weight loss and altered circulating GI peptide levels of rats exposed chronically to nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 33:591–594.
  • Coggins CR, Duchosal F, Musy C, Ventrone R. 1981. Measurement of respiratory patterns in rodents using whole-body plethysmography and a pneumotachograph. Lab Anim 15:137–140.
  • Coggins CR, Fouillet XL, Lam R, Morgan KT. 1980. Cigarette smoke induced pathology of the rat respiratory tract: A comparison of the effects of the particulate and vapour phases. Toxicology 16:83–101.
  • Coggins CR, Gaworski CL. 2008. Could charcoal filtration of cigarette smoke reduce smoking-induced disease? A review of the literature. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 50:359–365.
  • Counts ME, Morton M, Laffoon SW, Cox RH, Lipowicz PJ. 2005. Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 41:185–227.
  • Diana JN, Vaught A. 1990. Research cigarettes. Lexington KY: The University of Kentucky Printing Services.
  • Dube MF, Green CR. 1982. Methods of collection of smoke for analytical purposes. Rec Adv Tob Sci 8:42–102.
  • Dunnett CW. 1955. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc 50:1096–1121.
  • Eclipse Expert Panel. 2000. A safer cigarette? A comparative study. A consensus report. Inhal Toxicol 12:1–48.
  • Feron VJ, Kruysse A, Til HP, Immel HR. 1978. Repeated exposure to acrolein vapour: Subacute studies in hamsters rats and rabbits. Toxicology 9:47–57.
  • Friedrichs B, Miert E, Vanscheeuwijck P. 2006. Lung inflammation in rats following subchronic exposure to cigarette mainstream smoke. Exp Lung Res 32:151–179.
  • Gaworski CL, Dozier MM, Eldridge SR, Morrisey R, Rajendran N, Gerhart JM. 1998. Cigarette smoke vapor-phase effects in the rat upper respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 10:857–873.
  • Guyton AC. 1947. Measurement of respiratory volumes of laboratory animals. Am J Physiol 150:70–77.
  • Hammond D, Fong GT, Cummings KM, O’Connor RJ, Giovino GA, McNeill A. 2006. Cigarette yields and human exposure: A comparison of alternative testing regimens. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:1495–1501.
  • Harkema JR, Wagner JG. 2002. Non-allergic models of mucous cell metaplasia and mucus hypersecretion in rat nasal and pulmonary airways. Novartis Found Symp 248:181–197.
  • Haussmann H-J, Anskeit E, Becker D, Kuhl P, Stinn W, Teredesai A, Voncken P, Walk RA. 1998. Comparison of fresh and room-aged cigarette sidestream smoke in a subchronic inhalation study on rats. Toxicol Sci 41:100–116.
  • International Conference on Harmonisation. 2005. Validation of analytical procedures: Text and methodology Q2(R1). ICH Harmonised tripartite guideline. Geneva: International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use.
  • INVITTOX. 1990. INVITTOX protocol 3a: The FRAME modified neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test. Nottingham, UK: INVITTOX.
  • ISO. 1991a. ISO 3308: Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine—Definitions and standard conditions. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • ISO. 1991b. ISO 3402: Tobacco and tobacco products—Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
  • Jorge PA, Ozaki MR, Almeida EA. 1995. Endothelial dysfunction in coronary vessels and thoracic aorta of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 22:410–413.
  • Klimisch HJ, Meissner K, Wernicke H. 1974. Quantitative determination of carbon monoxide in blood by gas chromatography. Z Klin Chem Klin Biochem 12:535–538.
  • Lam R. 1980. Transient epithelial loss in rat larynx after acute exposure to tobacco smoke. Toxicol Lett 6:327–335.
  • Latha MS, Vijayammal PL, Kurup PA. 1988. Effect of exposure of rats to cigarette smoke on the metabolism of lipids. Atherosclerosis 70:225–231.
  • Laugesen M, Fowles J. 2006. Marlboro UltraSmooth: A potentially reduced exposure cigarette? Tob Control 15:430–435.
  • Lemus R, Carmines EL, Van ME, Coggins CR, Anskeit E, Gerstenberg B, Meisgen TJ, Schramke H, Stabbert R, Volkel H, Terpstra PM. 2007. Toxicological comparisons of cigarettes containing different amounts of vanillin. Inhal Toxicol 19:683–699.
  • Lewis, D. J. 1981. Factors affecting the distribution of tobacco smoke-induced lesions in the rodent larynx. Toxicol. Lett. 9:189–194.
  • Maida V, Howlett GJ. 1990. Effects of cigarette smoking and dietary lipids on rat lipoprotein metabolism. Atherosclerosis 80:209–216.
  • Mantel N, Haenszel W. 1959. Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. J Natl Cancer Inst 22:719–748.
  • Maron DM, Ames BN. 1983. Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113:173–215.
  • Massachusetts General Laws Annotated. 1997. Section 307B 105 Code of Massachusetts 660.000 et seq. Chapter 94.
  • Mauderly JL, Gigliotti AP, Barr EB, Bechtold WE, Belinsky SA, Hahn FF, Hobbs CA, March TH, Seilkop SK, Finch GL. 2004. Chronic inhalation exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke increases lung and nasal tumor incidence in rats. Toxicol Sci 81:280–292.
  • Mikhail MM, El-Sawy M, Sidrak MS, Ghoneim MT. 1979. Effect of chronic exposure to tobacco smoke on some blood lipids and coagulation parameters in the rat. Pharmazie 34:95–96.
  • Moennikes O, Vanscheeuwijck PM, Friedrichs B, Anskeit E, Patskan GJ. 2008. Reduced toxicological activity of cigarette smoke by the addition of ammonia magnesium phosphate to the paper of an electrically heated cigarette: Subchronic inhalation toxicology. Inhal Toxicol 20:647–663.
  • Morgan GD, Backinger CL, Leischow SJ. 2007. The future of tobacco-control research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1077–1080.
  • Muscat JE, Takezaki T, Tajima K, Stellman SD. 2005. Charcoal cigarette filters and lung cancer risk in Aichi Prefecture Japan. Cancer Sci 96:283–287.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1981. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Test No. 413: Subchronic inhalation toxicity: 90-day study. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1997a. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Test No. 471: Bacterial reverse mutation test. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1997b. OECD guideline for testing of chemicals. Test No. 476: In vitro mammalian cell gene mutation test. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Environment Directorate. 1998. The OECD series on principles of good laboratory practice and compliance monitoring—Number 1. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Patskan G, Reininghaus W. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 1: Overview of technical concepts and summary of findings. J Appl Toxicol 23:323–328.
  • Patskan GJ, Podraza KF, Meurrens K, Coggins CR, Friedrichs B, Gerstenberg B, Gomm W, Schnell P, Stabbert R, Veltel D, Weber S, Terpstra P. 2008. Toxicological comparisons of three styles of a commercial U.S. cigarette (Marlboro) with the 1R4F reference cigarette. Inhal Toxicol 20:695–721.
  • Rees VW, Wayne GF, Thomas BF, Connolly GN. 2007. Physical design analysis and mainstream smoke constituent yields of the new potential reduced exposure product Marlboro UltraSmooth. Nicotine Tob Res 9:1197–1206.
  • Roemer E, Stabbert R, Rustemeier K, Veltel DJ, Meisgen TJ, Reininghaus W, Carchman RA, Gaworski CL, Podraza KF. 2004. Chemical composition cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of smoke from US commercial and reference cigarettes smoked under two sets of machine smoking conditions. Toxicology 195:31–52.
  • Roemer E, Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, Veltel DJ, Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: In vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:105–111.
  • Rustemeier K, Demetriou D, Schepers G, Voncken P. 1993. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nicotine and its urinary metabolites via their 13-diethyl-2-thiobarbituric acid derivatives. J Chromatogr 613:95–103.
  • Rustemeier K, Stabbert R, Haussmann H-J, Roemer E, Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. Food Chem Toxicol 40:93–104.
  • Schepers G, Rustemeier K, Walk RA, Hackenberg U. 1993. Metabolism of S-nicotine in noninduced and aroclor-induced rats. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 18:187–197.
  • Schramke H, Meisgen TJ, Tewes FJ, Gomm W, Roemer E. 2006. The mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay for the assessment and comparison of the mutagenic activity of cigarette mainstream smoke particulate phase. Toxicology 227:193–210.
  • Stabbert R, Voncken P, Rustemeier K, Haussmann H-J, Roemer E, Schaffernicht H, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 23:329–339.
  • Stellman SD, Takezaki T, Wang L, Chen Y, Citron ML, Djordjevic MV, Harlap S, Muscat JE, Neugut AI, Wynder EL, Ogawa H, Tajima K, Aoki K. 2001. Smoking and lung cancer risk in American and Japanese men: An international case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10:1193–1199.
  • Terashima T, Klut ME, English D, Hards J, Hogg JC, van Eeden SF. 1999. Cigarette smoking causes sequestration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes released from the bone marrow in lung microvessels. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 20:171–177.
  • Terashima T, Wiggs B, English D, Hogg JC, van Eeden SF. 1997. The effect of cigarette smoking on the bone marrow. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:1021–1026.
  • Terpstra PM, Teredesai A, Vanscheeuwijck PM, Verbeeck J, Schepers G, Radtke F, Kuhl P, Gomm W, Anskeit E, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicology. J Appl Toxicol 23:349–362.
  • Tewes FJ, Meisgen TJ, Veltel DJ, Roemer E, Patskan G. 2003. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3: Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke. J Appl Toxicol 23:341–348.
  • Tokida A, Atobe I, Maeda K. 1985. Adsorption of the vapor phase components in cigarette smoke by activated carbon in vented filters. Agric Biol Chem 49:3109–3113.
  • US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004. The health consequences of smoking: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: Office on Smoking and Health.
  • US Federal Trade Commission. 1967. Cigarettes: Testing for tar and nicotine content. Fed Regist 32:11178.
  • US Institute of Medicine. 2001. Clearing the smoke: Assessing the science base for tobacco harm reduction. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Vanscheeuwijck PM, Teredesai A, Terpstra PM, Verbeeck J, Kuhl P, Gerstenberg B, Gebel S, Carmines EL. 2002. Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 4: Subchronic inhalation toxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 40:113–131.
  • Warholm M, Holmberg B, Hogberg J, Kronevi T, Gotharson A. 1984. The acute effects of single and repeated injections of acrolein and other aldehydes. Int J Tissue React 6:61–70.
  • White R, Zoppi AL, Haroz RK, Broillet A. 1986. Sulfur dioxide induced bronchitis in rats. Arch Toxicol Suppl 9:431–435.
  • Williamson JW, Graham JF, Allman DR. 1965. The modification of cigarette smoke by filter tips. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 3:233–242.
  • World Health Organization. 2004. The millennium development goals and tobacco control. Geneva: WHO.
  • Xue L, Thomas CE, Koller KB. 2002. Mainstream smoke gas phase filtration performance of adsorption materials evaluated with a puff-by-puff multiplex GC-MS method. Beitr Tabakforsch Int 20:251–256.
  • Young, J. T. 1981. Histopathologic examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1:309–312.
  • Zar JH. 1984. Biostatistical analysis, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NY: Prentice Hall.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.