Computational Modeling of Aerosol Deposition in Respiratory Tract: A Review

REFERENCES

• S. Anjilvel, and B. Asgharian. (1995). A multi-path model of particle deposition in the rat lung. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 58:41–50.
   Google Scholar
• B. Asgharian, R. Wood, and R. B. Schlesinger. (1995). Empirical modeling of particle deposition in alveolar region of the lungs: A basis for interspecies extrapolation. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 27:232–238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R. Baker, and M. Dixon. (2006). The retention of tobacco smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 17:255–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Balashazy, and W. Hofmann. (1993). Particle deposition in airway bifurcation: I. Inspiratory flow. J. Aerosol. Sci. 24:745–772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Balashazy, and W. Hofmann. (1993). Particle deposition in airway bifurcation: II. Expiratory flow. J. Aerosol. Sci. 24:773–786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. Balashazy, and W. Hofmann. (1995). Deposition of aerosols in asymmetric airway bifurcations. J. Aerosol. Sci. 26:273–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. M. Beeckmans. (1965). The deposition of aerosol in respiratory tract: (1) Mathematical analysis and comparison with experimental data. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43:157–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. M. Broday, and P. G. Georgopoulos. (2001). Growth and deposition of hygroscopic particulate matter in the human lungs. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34:144–159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. M. Broday, and R Robinson. (2003). Application of cloud dynamics to dosimetry of cigarette smoke particles in the lungs. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 37:510–527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.-S. Cheng, Y. Zhou, and B. T. Chen. (1999). Particle deposition in a cast of human oral airways. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 31:286–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. E. Clinkenbeard, R. Parathasarathy, M. C. Altan, K.-H Tan, S.-M Park, and R. H. Crawford. (2002). Replication of human tracheobronchial hollow airway models using a selective laser sintering rapid prototyping technique. AIHA J. 63:141–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Darquenne. (2001). A realistic two-dimensional model of aerosol transport and deposition in the alveolar zone of human lung. J. Aerosol Sci. 32:1161–1174.
   Google Scholar
• C. Darquenne, and M. Paiva. (1994). One-dimensional simulation of aerosol transport and deposition in human lung. J. Appl. Physiol. 77 (6):2889–2898.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C. Darquenne, and M. Paiva. (1996). Two- and three-dimensional simulations of aerosol transport and deposition in the alveolar zone of human lung. J. Appl. Physiol 80:1401–1414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. J. Egan, and W. Nixon. (1985). A model of aerosol deposition in the lung for use in inhalation dose assessments. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 11 (1):5–17.
   Google Scholar
• M. J. Egan, W. Nixon, W. N. I. Robinson, A. C. James, and R. F. Phalen. (1989). Inhaled aerosol transport deposition calculations for ICRP Task Group. J. Aerosol Sci. 20:1305–1308.
   Google Scholar
• W. Findeisen. (1935). Uber das Absetzen Kleiner in der Luft seuspendierten Teilchen in der menschlichen Lunge bei der Amtung. Pflugers Arch. Ges. Physiol. 236:367–379.
   Google Scholar
• S. K. Friedlander. (2000). Smoke, dust and haze: Fundamentals of aerosol dynamics, 2nd ed.New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• B. Haefeli-Bleuer, and E. R. Weibel. (1988). Morphometry of human pulmonary acinus. Anat. Rec. 220:401–414.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. Hardin, and R. Kahn. (2008). Aerosol and climate change. Earth Observatory NASAhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Aerosols/(accessed January 2008)
   Google Scholar
• F. S. Henry, J. P. Butler, and A. Tsuda. (2002). Kinematically irreversible acinar flow: A departure from classical dispersive aerosol transport theory. J. Appl. Physiol. 92:835–845.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. Heyder, J. Gebhart, G. Rudolf, C. F. Schiller, and W. Stahlhofen. (1986). Deposition of particles in human respiratory tract in the size range 0.005–15 μ m. J. Aerosol Sci. 17 (5):811–825.
   Google Scholar
• J. Heyder, and G. Rudolf. (1984). Mathematical models of particle deposition in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 15 (6):697–707.
   Google Scholar
• W. C. Hinds. (1999). Aerosol technology, 2nd edNew York: John Wiley &Sons.
   Google Scholar
• W. Hofmann, and I. Balashazy. (1991). Particle deposition within airway bifurcation—Solution of 3D Navier–Stokes equation. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 38:57–63.
   Google Scholar
• K. Horsfield, and G Cumming. (1968). Morphology of bronchial tree in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 24 (3):373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• International Commission on Radiological Protection. (1994). Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP publication 66. Pergamon Press. Oxford, London.
   Google Scholar
• S. T. Jayaraju, M. Brouns, S. Verbanck, and C. Lacor. (2007). Fluid flow and particle deposition analysis in a realistic extrathoracic airway model using unstructured grids. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:494–508.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. S. Jarvis, and A. Birchall. (1994). LUDEP 1.0, a personal computer program to implement the new ICRP respiratory tract model. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 53 (1–4):191–193.
   Google Scholar
• N. S. Jarvis, A. Birchall, A. C. James, M. R. Bailey, and M.-D Dorrian. (2000) LUDEP 2.07: Personal computer program for calculating internal doses using the ICRP Publication 66 Respiratory Tract Model. http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/publications/software/sr287/index.htm.
   Google Scholar
• C. S. Kim, P. DeWitt, and T. R. Gerrity. (1996). Assessment of regional deposition of inhaled particles in human lung by serial bolus delivery method. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:2203–2213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Koblinger, and W. Hafmann. (1985). Analysis of human lung morphometric data for stochastic aerosol deposition calculations. Phys. Med. Biol. 30:541–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Kitaoka, R. Takaki, and B. Suki. (1999). A three dimensional model for human airway tree. J. Appl. Physiol. 76 (6):2207–2217.
   Google Scholar
• H. D. Landahl. (1950). On the removal of airborne droplets by human respiratory tract. I. The lung. Bull. Math. Biophys. 12:43–56.
   Google Scholar
• A. Li, and G. Ahmadi. (1995). Computer simulation of particle deposition in the upper tracheobronchial tree. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 23:201–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W.-I. Li, M. Perzl, J. Heyder, R. Langer, J. D. Brain, K.-H. Englmeier, R. W. Niven, and D. A. Edwards. (1996). Aerodynamics and aerosol particle deaggregation phenomena in model oral-pharyngeal cavities. J. Aerosol Sci. 27 (8):1269–1286.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Li, C. Kleinstreuer, and Z. Zhang. (2007). Particle deposition in human tracheobronchial airways due to transient inspiratory flow patterns. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:625–644.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.-L. Lin, M. H. Tawhai, G. McLennan, and E. A. Hoffman. (2007). Characteristics of the turbulent laryngeal jet and its effect on airflow in human intra-thoracic airways. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 157:295–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. W. Longest, and C. Kleinstreuer. (2005). Computational models for simulating multicomponent aerosol evaporation in upper respiratory tract. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 39:124–138.
   Google Scholar
• P. W. Longest, and J. Xi. (2007). Effectiveness of direct Lagrangian tracking models for simulating nanoparticle deposition in upper airways. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 41:380–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. A. Matida, W. H. Finlay, C. F. Lange, and B. Grgic. (2004). Improved numerical simulation of aerosol deposition in an idealized mouth–throat. J. Aerosol Sci. 35:1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. W. McRobbie, S. Pritchard, and R. A. Quest. (2003). Studies of the human oropharyngeal airspaces using magnetic resonance imaging. J. Aerosol Med. 16 (4):401–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mimics. (2007). Developed by Materialise: www.materialise.com (accessed November 2007).
   Google Scholar
• W. J.G.D. Muller, G. D. Hess, and P. W. Scherer. (1990). A model of cigarette smoke particle deposition. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 51:245–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. D. Murray. (1926). The physiological principle of minimum work applied to the angle of branching of arteries. J. Gen. Physiol. 9 (6):835–841.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C. Mitsakou, C. Helmis, and C. Housiada. (2005). Eulerian modeling of lung deposition with sectional representation of aerosol dynamics. J. Aerosol Sci. 36:75–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. E. Morrow, D. V. Bates, B. R. Fis, T. F. Hatch, and T. T. Mercer. (1966). International commission on radiological protection task group on lung dynamics; deposition and retention models for internal dosimetry of human respiratory tract. Health Phys. 12:173–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. E. Morrow, and C. P. Yu. (1993). Models of aerosol behavior in airways and alveoli. in Aerosol medicine. eds. F. Moren, M. B. Dolovich, M. T. Newhouse, and S. P. Newman. 157–193, 2nd ed.Elsevier, Amsterdam, .
   Google Scholar
• NCRP(1997). Deposition, retention and dosimetry of inhaled radioactive substances. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD: 1997. NCRP Report No. 125.
   Google Scholar
• National Library of Medicine/National Institutes of Health(2007). Visible Human Project. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/visible (accessed October 2007).
   Google Scholar
• W. Nixon, and M. J. Egan. (1987). Modeling study of regional deposition of inhaled aerosols with special reference to effects of ventilation asymmetry. J. Aerosol Sci. 18 (5):563–579.
   Google Scholar
• N. Nowak, P. P. Kakade, and A. V. Annapragada. (2003). Computational fluid dynamics of simulation of airflow and aerosol deposition in human lungs. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 31:374–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. S. Park, and A. S. Wexler. (2007a). Particle deposition in pulmonary region of the human lung: A semi-empirical model of single breath transport and deposition. J. Aerosol Sci. 38 (2):228–245.
   Google Scholar
• S. S. Park, and A. S. Wexler. (2007b). Particle deposition in pulmonary region of the human lung: Multiple breath aerosol transport and deposition. J. Aerosol Sci. 38:509–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. F. Phalen, R. G. Cuddihu, G. L. Fisher, O. R. Moss, R. B. Schlesinger, D. L. Swift, and H. C. Yeh. (1991). Main features of proposed NCRP respiratory tract model. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 38 (1/3):179–184.
   Google Scholar
• O. G. Raabe, H. C. Yeh, G. M. Schum, and R. F. Phalen. (1976). Tracheobronchial geometry: Human, dog, rat, hamster: A compilation of selected data from the project respiratory tract deposition models, report LF-53. http://mae.ucdavis.edu/wexler/lungs/LF53-Raabe/ (accessed November 2007).
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Robinson, and C. P. Yu. (2001). Deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the human respiratory tract. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 34 (2):202–215.
   Google Scholar
• R. J. Robinson, M. J. Oldham, R. E. Clinkenbeard, and P. Rai. (2006). Experimental and numerical smoke deposition in a multi-generation human replica tracheobronchial model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34 (3):373–383.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• G. Rudolf, R. Kobrich, and W Stahlhofen. (1990). Modeling and algebraic formulation of regional aerosol deposition in man. J. Aerosol Sci 21 (suppl. 1):S403–S406.
   Google Scholar
• G. Rudolf, J. Gebhart, J. Heyder, G. Scheuch, and W. Stahlhofen. (1983). Modelling the deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci 14 (3):188–192.
   Google Scholar
• G. Rudolf, J. Gebhart, J. Heyder, C. F. Schiller, and W. Stahlhofen. (1986). An empirical formula describing aerosol deposition in man for any particle size. J. Aerosol Sci. 17 (3):350–355.
   Google Scholar
• V. Sauret, P. M. Halson, I. W. Brown, J. S. Fleming, and A. G. Bailey. (2002). Study of the three dimensional geometry of central conducting airways in man using computed tomographic (CT) images. J. Anat. 200:123–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. S. Shirolkar, C. F. M. Coimbra, and M. Q. McQuay. (1996). Fundamental aspects of modeling turbulent particle dispersion in dilute flows. Prog. Energy and Combust. Sci. 22:363–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpleware(2007) Developed by Simpleware, Inc. www.simpleware.com (accessed November 2007).
   Google Scholar
• T. R. Sosnowski, A. Moskal, and L. Gradon. (2006). Dynamics of oropharyngeal aerosol transport and deposition with the realistic flow pattern. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:773–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. R. Sosnowski, A. Moskal, and L. Gradon. (2007). Mechanisms of aerosol particle deposition in oro-pharynx under non-steady airflow. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 51 (1):19–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K. W. Stapleton, E. Guentsch, M. K. Hoskinson, and W. H. Finlay. (2000). On the suitability of k–ε turbulence modeling for aerosol deposition in mouth and throat: A comparison with experiment. J. Aerosol Sci. 31 (6):739–749.
   Google Scholar
• W. Stahlhofen, J. Gebhart, J. Heyder, and G. Scheuch. (1983). New regional deposition data of human respiratory tract. J. Aerosol Sci. 14:186–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Stahlhofen, G. Rudolf, and A. C. James. (1989). Inter-comparison of experimental regional aerosol deposition data. J. Aerosol Med. 2:285–308.
   Google Scholar
• B. O. Stuart. (1984). Deposition and clearance of inhaled particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 55:369–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Takano, N. Nishida, M. Itoh, N. Hyo, and Y. Majima. (2006). Inhaled particle deposition in unsteady-state respiratory flow at a numerically constructed model of the human larynx. J. Aerosol Med. 19 (3):314–328.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Tippe, and A. Tsuda. (1999). Recirculating flow in an expanding alveolar model: experimental evidence of flow-induced mixing of aerosols in the pulmonary acinus. J. Aerosol Sci. 31 (8):979–986.
   Google Scholar
• A. Tsuda, F. S. Henry, and J. P. Butler. (1995). Chaotic mixing of alveolated duct flow in rhythmically expanding pulmonary acinus. J. Appl. Physiol. 79 (3):1055–1063.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Tsuda, R. A. Rogers, P. E. Hydon, and J. P. Butler. (2002). Chaotic mixing deep in the lung. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (15):10173–10178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• University of Virginia(2007). Dynamic Images of human lung. http://imaging.med.virginia.edu/hypaerpolarized/dynamic2.htm (accessed October 2007).
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(2004). Air quality criteria for particulate matter,Vol. II. Washington, DC: U.S. EPA.
   Google Scholar
• R. de Winter-Sorkina, and F. R. Cassee. (2002). From concentration to dose: Factors influencing airborne particulate matter deposition in humans and rats. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands. Report 650010031/2002. http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/650010031.pdf (accessed December 2007).
   Google Scholar
• C. van Ertbruggen, C. Hirsch, and M. Paiva. (2005). Anatomically based three dimensional model airways to simulate flow and particle transport using computational fluid dynamics. J. Appl. Physiol. 98:970–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. R. Weibel. (1963). Morphometry of human lung. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• B. R. Wiggs, R. Moreno, J. C. Hogg, C. Hilliam, and P. D. Pare. (1990). A model of mechanics of airway narrowing. J. Appl. Physiol. 69 (3):849–860.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• K. Willeke, and P. A. Baron. >(1993). Aerosol measurement, principles, techniques and applications. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• H. C. Yeh, R. F. Phalen, and O. G. Raab. (1976). Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles. Environ. Health Perspect. 15:147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Yeh, and G. M. Schum. (1980). Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 42:461–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. C. Yeh, R. G. Cuddihy, R. F. Phalen, and I.-Y. Change. (1996). Comparisons of calculated respiratory tract deposition of particles based on proposed NCRP model and the new ICRP66 model. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 25:134–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. P. Yu. (1978). Exact analysis of aerosol deposition during steady breathing. Powder Technol. 21:55–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Zhang, C. Kleinstreuer, and C. S. Kim. (2002a). Cyclic micron-size particle inhalation and deposition in a triple bifurcation lung airway model. J. Aerosol Sci. 33:257–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Zhang, C. Kleinstreuer, and C. S. Kim. (2002b). Aerosol transport and deposition in a triple bifurcation bronchial airway model with local tumors. Inhal. Toxicol. 14:111–1133.
   Google Scholar
• Z. Zhang, C. Kleinstreuer, and C. S. Kim. (2002c). Micro-particle transport and deposition in human oral airway model. J. Aerosol Sci. 33 (2):1635–1652.
   Google Scholar