Characterization of a Whole Smoke In Vitro Exposure System (Burghart Mimic Smoker-01)

REFERENCES

• P. Adiseshaiah, D. J. Lindner, D. V. Kalvakolanu, and S. P. Reddy. (2007). FRA-1 proto-oncogene induces lung epithelial cell invasion and anchorage-independent growth in vitro, but is insufficient to promote tumor growth in vivo. Cancer Res. 67:6204–6211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Aufderheide, and H. Gressmann. (2007). A modified Ames assay reveals the mutagenicity of native cigarette mainstream smoke and its gas vapour phase. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 58:383–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• M. Aufderheide, J. W. Knebel, and D. Ritter. (2003a). An improved in vitro model for testing the pulmonary toxicity of complex mixtures such as cigarette smoke. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 55:51–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Aufderheide, J. W. Knebel, and D. Ritter. (2003b). Novel approaches for studying pulmonary toxicity in vitro. Toxicol. Lett 140–141:205–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. R. Bombick, H. Murli, J. T. Avalos, D. W. Bombick, W. T. Morgan, K. P. Putnam, and D. J. Doolittle. (1998a). Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 2. In vitro toxicology of mainstream smoke condensate. Food Chem. Toxicol 36:183–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. W. Bombick, P. H. Ayres, K. Putnam, B. R. Bombick, and D. J. Doolittle. (1998b). Chemical and biological studies of a new cigarette that primarily heats tobacco. Part 3. In vitro toxicity of whole smoke. Food Chem. Toxicol 36:191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Church, and W. Pryor. (1985). Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environ. Health Perspect. 64:111–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. De Flora, A. Izzotti, F. D'Agostini, C. Bennicelli, M. You, R. A. Lubet, and R. M. Balansky. (2005). Induction and modulation of lung tumors: genomic and transcriptional alterations in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Exp. Lung Res. 31:19–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R. I. Dendo, R. F. Phalen, R. C. Mannix, and M. J. Oldham. (1998). Effects of breathing parameters on sidestream cigarette smoke deposition in a hollow tracheobronchial model. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 59:381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. R. Fields, R. M. Leonard, P. S. Odom, B. K. Nordskog, M. W. Ogden, and D. J. Doolittle. (2005). Gene expression in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells following in vitro exposure to cigarette smoke condensate. Toxicol. Sci. 86:84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Fukano, M. Oishi, F. Chibana, S. Numazawa, and T. Yoshida. (2006a). Analysis of the expression of heme oxygenase-1 gene in human alveolar epithelial cells exposed to cigarette smoke condensate. J. Toxicol. Sci. 31:99–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Y. Fukano, H. Yoshimura, and T. Yoshida. (2006b). Heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) following exposure to whole cigarette smoke on a direct in vitro exposure system. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol. 57:411–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Gebel, and T. Muller. (2001). The activity of NF-kappaB in Swiss 3T3 cells exposed to aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke is dependent on thioredoxin. Toxicol. Sci. 59:75–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WC Hinds. (1999). Aerosol technology: Properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• D. Hoffmann, and E. Wynder. (1986). Chemical constituents and bioactivity of tobacco smoke. IARC Sci. Publ 74:145–165.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. (1995). ISO 5725-2. Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results. Basic methods for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. (1999) ISO 3402. Tobacco and tobacco products—Atmosphere for conditioning and testing. Geneva: International Organization for tandardization.
   Google Scholar
• International Organization for Standardization. (2000). ISO 3308. Routine analytical cigarette-smoking machine—Definitions and standard conditions. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization.
   Google Scholar
• A. Kode, S. R. Yang, and I. Rahman. (2006). Differential effects of cigarette smoke on oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokine release in primary human airway epithelial cells and in a variety of transformed alveolar epithelial cells. Respir. Res 7:132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Lu, L. Kerepesi, L. Wisse, K. Hitchman, and Q. R. Meng. (2007). Cytotoxicity and gene expression profiles in cell cultures exposed to whole smoke from three types of cigarettes. Toxicol. Sci. 98:469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Maunders, S. Patwardhan, J. Phillips, A. Clack, and A. Richter. (2007). Human bronchial epithelial cell transcriptome: gene expression changes following acute exposure to whole cigarette smoke in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol 292:L1248–L1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Muller, and S. Gebel. (1994). Heme oxygenase expression in Swiss 3T3 cells following exposure to aqueous cigarette smoke fractions. Carcinogenesis 15:67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. S. Nagaraj, S. Beckers, J. K. Mensah, S. Waigel, N. Vigneswaran, and W. Zacharias. (2006). Cigarette smoke condensate induces cytochromes P450 and aldo-keto reductases in oral cancer cells. Toxicol. Lett. 165:182–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. F. Phalen, W. C. Cannon, and D. Esparza. (1976). Comparison of impaction, centrifugal separation and electron microscopy for sizing cigarette smoke. In Fine particles. ed. B. Liu. pp. 731–737. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• J. Phillips, B. Kluss, A. Richter, and E. Massey. (2005). Exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to whole cigarette smoke: assessment of cellular responses. Altern. Lab. Anim. 33:239–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. R. Reddel, R. De Silva, E. L. Duncan, E. M. Rogan, N. J. Whitaker, D. G. Zahra, Y. Ke, M. G. McMenamin, B. I. Gerwin, and C. C. Harris. (1995). SV40-induced immortalization and ras-transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells. Int. J. Cancer 61:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. R. Reddel, Y. Ke, B. I. Gerwin, M. G. McMenamin, J. F. Lechner, R. T. Su, D. E. Brash, J. B. Park, J. S. Rhim, and C. C. Harris. (1988). Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by infection with SV40 or adenovirus-12 SV40 hybrid virus, or transfection via strontium phosphate coprecipitation with a plasmid containing SV40 early region genes. Cancer Res. 48:1904–1909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Ritter, J. Knebel, and M. Aufderheide. (2004). Comparative assessment of toxicities of mainstream smoke from commercial cigarettes. Inhal. Toxicol. 16:691–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Roemer, F. J. Tewes, T. J. Meisgen, D. J. Veltel, and E. L. Carmines. (2002). Evaluation of the potential effects of ingredients added to cigarettes. Part 3: in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol 40:105–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. W. Ryter, and A. M. Choi. (2006). Therapeutic applications of carbon monoxide in lung disease. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6:257–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J. I. Seeman, P. J. Lipowicz, J. J. Piade, L. Poget, E. B. Sanders, J. P. Snyder, and C. G. Trowbridge. (2004). On the deposition of volatiles and semivolatiles from cigarette smoke aerosols: relative rates of transfer of nicotine and ammonia from particles to the gas phase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17:1020–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. J. Slebos, S. W. Ryter, and A. M. Choi. (2003). Heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in pulmonary medicine. Respir. Res 4:7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C. J. Smith, T. A. Perfetti, and J. A. King. (2006). Perspectives on pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer risk in cigarette smokers. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:667–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. S. Stevenson, C. Docx, R. Webster, C. Battram, D. Hynx, J. Giddings, P. R. Cooper, P. Chakravarty, I. Rahman, J. A. Marwick, P. A. Kirkham, C. Charman, D. L. Richardson, N. R. Nirmala, P. Whittaker, and K. Butler. (2007). Comprehensive gene expression profiling of rat lung reveals distinct acute and chronic responses to cigarette smoke inhalation. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol 293 (5):L1183–L1193.
   Google Scholar
• L. Wolz, G. Krause, G. Scherer, M. Aufderheide, and U. Mohr. (2002). In vitro genotoxicity assay of sidestream smoke using a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Food Chem. Toxicol. 40:845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar