Publication Cover
Inhalation Toxicology
International Forum for Respiratory Research
Volume 21, 2009 - Issue 5
230
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Particle Size Distribution of Nicotine in Mainstream Smoke from 2R4F, Marlboro Medium, and Quest1 Cigarettes under Different Puffing Regimens

, &
Pages 435-446 | Received 25 Jun 2008, Accepted 29 Sep 2008, Published online: 17 Apr 2009

References

  • Baker, R.R., and Dixon, M. 2006: The retention of tobacco smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 17:255–294.
  • Benowitz, N.L., Hall, S.M., Herning, R.I., Jacob, P., Jones, R.T., and Osman, A.L. 1983: Smokers of low yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. N. Engl. J. Med. 309:139–142.
  • Benowitz, N.L. 1996: Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction and therapeutics. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 36:597–613.
  • Benowitz, N.L. 1998. Nicotine safety and toxicity, pp.19–27. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bergstrom, M., Nordberg, A., Lunell, E., Antoni, G., and Langstrom, B. 1995: Regional deposition of inhaled 11C-nicotine vapor in the human airway as visualized by positron emission tomography. Clin. Pharmacol Ther. 57(3):309–317.
  • Berner, A., and Marek, J. 1967. Fachliche Mitt. Osterr. Tabak. 7:118.
  • Bernstein, D.M. 2004: A review of the influence of particle size, puff volume, and inhalation pattern on the deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 16:675–689.
  • Bridges, R.B., Combs, J.G., Humble, J.W., Turbek, J.A., Rehm, S.R., and Haley, N.J. 1990: Puffing topography as a determinant of smoke exposure. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 37:29–39.
  • Chung, I.P., and Dunn-Rankin, D. 1996: In situ light scattering measurements of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 24:85–101.
  • Cinkotai, F.F. 1968: The growth of cigarette smoke particles on fine platinum wire in moist air. Beitr. Tabakoforsch. 4:189–195.
  • Davies, C.N. 1988: Cigarette smoke: generation and properties of the aerosol. J.Aerosol Sci. 19:463–469.
  • Davies, H., and Vaught, A. 2003. The reference cigarette. Lexington: Kentucky Tobacco Research & Development Center, University of Kentucky.
  • Egan, M.J., Nixon, W., Robinson, N.I., James, A.C., and Phalen, R.F. 1989: Inhaled aerosol transport and deposition calculation for the ICRP task group. J. Aerosol Sci. 20:1301–1304.
  • Federal Trade Commission. 1990. Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide of the smoke of 370 varieties of domestic cigarettes. Washington, DC: Federal Trade Commission.
  • Gray, A.L., and Dunn-Rankin, D. 1991: Optical particle sizing of tobacco smoke. Western States Section/The Combustion Institute WSS/CI 91-72. University of California at Los Angeles, October 13–15.
  • Gust, S.W., Pickens, R.W., and Pechacek, T.F. 1983: Relation of puff volume to other topographical measures of smoking. Addicit. Behav. 8:115–119.
  • Hammond, D., Fong, G.T., Cummings, K.M., and Hyland, A. 2005: Smoking topography, brand switching, and nicotine delivery: Results from an in vivo study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 14:1370–1375.
  • Henningfield, J.E., and Keenan, R.M. 1993: Nicotine delivery kinetics and abuse liability. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 61:743–750.
  • Hinds, W. 1978: Size characteristics of cigarette smoke. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 39:48–54.
  • Hinds, W. 1982. Aerosol technology—Properties, behavior and measurement of airborne particles. pp. 69–103. New York: Wiley Interscience.
  • Hoffmann, D., and Hoffmann, I. 1997: The changing cigarette 1950–199. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 50(4):307–364.
  • Horsefield, K., and Cumming, G. 1968: Morphology of the bronchial tree in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 24:373–383.
  • ICRP. 1994. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. Publication 66, International Committee on Radiological Protection, Task Group Committee 2. New York: Pergamon Press.
  • Ingebrethsen, B.J. 2006: Numerical simulation of the effects of dilution level, depth of inhalation, and smoke composition on nicotine vapor deposition during cigarette smoking. Inhal. Toxicol. 18:1–71.
  • In-Tox Products. 1997. Instruction booklet for the assembly and operation of seven stage cascade impactor. Developers and suppliers, aerosol equipment for toxicology and environmental research. Albuquerque, NM.
  • Ishizu, Y., Ohta, K., and Okada, T. 1980: The effect of moisture on growth of cigarette smoke particles. Beitr. Tabakoforsch. 10(3):161–168.
  • Ishizu, Y., Kaneki, K., and Okada, T. 1987: A new method to determine the relation between the particle size and chemical composition of tobacco smoke particles. J. Aerosol Sci. 18(2):123–129.
  • Jenkins, R.A., Francis, R.W., Flachsbart, H., and Stober, W. 1979: Chemical variability of mainstream smoke as a function of aerodynamic particle size. J. Aerosol Sci. 10:355–362.
  • Jenkins, R.A., Guerin, M.R., and Tomkins, B.A. 2000. The chemistry of environmental tobacco smoke: Composition and measurement, 2nd ed., pp. 49–75. Indoor Air Research Series, Center for Indoor Air Research. New York: Lewis.
  • Keith, C.H., and Derrick, J.C.1960: Measurement of the particle size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by the conifuge. J. Colloid Sci. 15:340–356.
  • Kozlowski, L.T., Mehta, N.Y., Sweeney, C.T., Schwartz, S.S., Vogler, G.P., Jarvis, M.J., and West, R.J. 1998: Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Tobacco Control 7:369–375.
  • Landahl, H.D., and Tracewell, T.N. 1957: An investigation of cigarette smoke as an aerosol with special reference to retention in lungs in human subjects. Trans.Illinois Acad. Sci. 50:213–220.
  • Li, W., and Hopke, P.K. 1993: Initial size distributions and hygroscopicity of indoor combustion aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 19:305–316.
  • Li, W., Montassier, N., and Hopke, P.K. 1992: A system to measure hygroscopicity of aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 17:25–35.
  • Longest, P.W., and Xi, J. 2008: Condensational growth may contribute to the enhanced deposition of cigarette smoke particles in the upper respiratory tract. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42:579–602.
  • Lunell, E., Bergstrom, M., Antoni, G., Langstrom, B., and Nordberg, A. 1996: Nicotine deposition and body distribution from a nicotine inhaler and a cigarette studied with positron emission tomography. Clin Pharmacol. Ther. 59(5): 593–594.
  • Lunell, E., Molander, L., Ekberg, K., and Wahren, J. 2000: Site of nicotine absorption from a vapor inhaler—Comparison with cigarette smoking. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 55(10):737–741.
  • Matasunaga, K., Klein, T.W., Friedman, H., and Yamamoto, Y. 2001: Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in suppression of antimicrobial activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by nicotine. J. Immunol. 167:6518–6524.
  • McCusker, K., Hiller, F.C., Wilson, J.D., Mazumder, M.K., and Bone, R. 1983: Aerodynamic sizing of tobacco smoke particulate from commercial cigarettes. Arch. Environ. Health 38(4):215–218.
  • Morie, G.P., and Baggett, M.S. 1977: Observations on the distribution of certain tobacco smoke components with respect to particle size. Beitr. Tabakforsch. 9:72–28.
  • MPPD. 2006. Multiple-path Particle Dosimetry Model (version 2.0): A model for human and rat airway particle dosimetry. The CIIT Centers for Health Research (CIIT) and the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 2002–2006.
  • Okada, T., and Matusunuma, K. 1974: Determination of particle size distribution and concentration of cigarette smoke by a light scattering method. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 48(3):461–469.
  • Olale, F., Gerzanich, V., Kuryatov, A.Wang, F., and Lindstrom, J. 1997: Chronic nicotine exposure differentially affects the function of human α3, α4, and α7 neuronal receptors subtypes. J. Pharmacol. Exp Ther. 283:675–683.
  • Owen, W.C., Westcott, D.T., and Woodman, G.R. 1969: Tobacco Chemists Research Conference, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Pankow, J.F. 2001: A consideration of the role of gas/particle partitioning in the deposition and other tobacco smoke compounds in the respiratory tract. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14(11):1465–1481.
  • Phalen, R.F., Cannon, W.C., and Esparaza, D. 1976: Comparison of impaction, centrigugal separation and electron microscopy for sizing cigarette smoke. In Fine particles, ed. Liu, B.Y.H., pp. New York: Academic Press.
  • Phalen, R.F., Oldham, M.J., Beaucage, C.B., Crocker, T.T., and Mortensen, J.D. 1985: Postnatal enlargement of human tracheobronchial airways and implications for particle deposition. Anat. Rec. 212:368–380.
  • Ramachandran, J., Rubenstein, D., Bluestein, D., and Jesty, J. 2004: Activation of platelets exposed to shear stress in the presence of smoke extracts of low-nicotine and zero-nicotine cigarettes: The protective effect of nicotine. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 6(5):835–841.
  • Richardson, R.B. 1976: The growth in a humid environment of smoke particles produced by various cigarettes. Bates No. 650022229–650022255. http://tobaccodocuments.org/bw/584951.html.
  • Robinson, R.J., Oldham, M.J., Clinkenbeard, R.E., and Rai, P. 2006: Experimental and numerical smoke carcinogen deposition in a multi-generation human replica tracheobronchial model. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 34(3):373–383.
  • Robinson, R.J., Yu, C.P.1998: Theoretical analysis of hygroscopic growth rate of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke particles in human respiratory tract. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 28:21–32.
  • Rose, J.E., Behm, F.M., Westman, E.C., and Coleman, E. 1999: Arterial nicotine kinetics during cigarette smoking and intravenous nicotine administration: Implications for addiction. Drug Alcohol Depend. 56:99–107.
  • Samaha, A.N., and Robinson, T.E. 2005: Why does the rapid delivery of drugs to the brain promote addiction? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 26(2):82–87.
  • Strasser, A.A., Lerman, C., Paul, M., Sanborn, P.M., Pickworth, W.B., and Feldman, E.A. 2007: New lower nicotine cigarettes can produce compensatory smoking and increased carbon monoxide exposure. Drug Alcohol Depend. 82(2–3):294–300.
  • Wagner, K.A., Higby, R., and Stutt, K. 2005: Puff by puff analysis of selected mainstream smoke constituents in the Kentucky Reference 2R4F Cigarette. Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21(5):273–279.
  • Wakeham, H. 1972: Recent trends in tobacco and tobacco smoke research. In: The chemistry of tobacco and tobacco smoke: ed. Schmeltz, I. pp. 1–20 New York: Plenum Press.
  • Weibel, E.R. 1963. Morphometry of the human lung. New York: Academic Press.
  • West, K.A., Brognard, J., Clark, A.S., Linnoila, I.R., Yang, X., Swain, S.M., Harris, C., Belinsky, S., and Dennis, P.A. 2003: Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 111:81–90.
  • Wooltorton, J., Pidoplichko, V., Broide, R., and Dani, J.A. 2003: Differential desensitization and distribution of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes in midbrain dopamine areas. J. Neurosci 23(8):3176–3185.
  • Yeh, H.C., and Schum, G.M. 1980: Models of human lung airways and their application to inhaled particle deposition. Bull. Math. Biol. 42:461–480.
  • Zacny, J.P., and Stitzer, M.L. 1996: The FTC cigarette test method for determining tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields of US cigarettes: Report of the NCI Expert Committee. In Human smoking patterns. Smoking and tobacco control monograph No. 7, pp.151–160. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. NIH Publication 96-4028.
  • Zahlsen, K., and Nelsen, O.G. 1994: Nicotine in hair of smokers and non-smokers: Sampling procedure and GC-MS analysis. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 75:143–149.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.