A contemporary review of electronic waste through the lens of inhalation toxicology

References

• Acquah AA, D’Souza C, Martin BJ, Arko-Mensah J, Dwomoh D, Nti AAA, Kwarteng L, Takyi SA, Basu N, Quakyi IA. 2021. Musculoskeletal disorder symptoms among workers at an informal electronic-waste recycling site in Agbogbloshie, Ghana. IJERPH. 18(4):2055. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/4/2055.
   Google Scholar
• Adetunde OT, Mills GA, Oluseyi TO, Oyeyiola AO, Olayinka KO, Alo BI. 2020. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in vegetables grown on contaminated soils in a sub-saharan tropical environment – Lagos, Nigeria. Polycyclic Aromat Compd. 40(4):979–989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahirwar R, Tripathi AK. 2021. E-waste management: a review of recycling process, environmental and occupational health hazards, and potential solutions. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manage. 15:100409.
   Google Scholar
• Akortia E, Olukunle OI, Daso AP, Okonkwo JO. 2017. Soil concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and trace metals from an electronic waste dump site in the Greater Accra Region, Ghana: Implications for human exposure. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 137:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albano GD, Moscato M, Montalbano AM, Anzalone G, Gagliardo R, Bonanno A, Giacomazza D, Barone R, Drago G, Cibella F. 2020. Can PBDEs affect the pathophysiologic complex of epithelium in lung diseases? Chemosphere. 241:125087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoabeng Nti AA, Arko-Mensah J, Botwe PK, Dwomoh D, Kwarteng L, Takyi SA, Acquah AA, Tettey P, Basu N, Batterman S. 2020. Effect of particulate matter exposure on respiratory health of e-waste workers at Agbogbloshie, Accra, Ghana. IJERPH. 17(9):3042.
   Google Scholar
• Bhutta MKS, Omar A, Yang X. 2011. Electronic waste: a growing concern in today's environment. Economics Research International. 2011:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brown JF, Jr, Mayes BA, Silkworth JB, Hamilton SB. 2007. Polychlorinated biphenyls modulated tumorigenesis in Sprague Dawley rats: correlation with mixed function oxidase activities and superoxide (O2* ) formation potentials and implied mode of action. Toxicol Sci. 98(2):375–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bungadaeng S, Prueksasit T, Siriwong W. 2019. Inhalation exposure to respirable particulate matter among workers in relation to their e-waste open burning activities in Buriram Province, Thailand. Sustain Environ Res. 29(1):26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns KN, Sayler SK, Neitzel RL. 2019. Stress, health, noise exposures, and injuries among electronic waste recycling workers in Ghana. J Occup Med Toxicol. 14:1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborty P, Selvaraj S, Nakamura M, Prithiviraj B, Cincinelli A, Bang JJ. 2018. PCBs and PCDD/Fs in soil from informal e-waste recycling sites and open dumpsites in India: Levels, congener profiles and health risk assessment. Sci Total Environ. 621:930–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Ma S, Yu Y, Liu R, Li G, Huang H, An T. 2019. Seasonal profiles of atmospheric PAHs in an e-waste dismantling area and their associated health risk considering bioaccessible PAHs in the human lung. Sci Total Environ. 683:371–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis J-M, Akese G, Garb Y. 2019. Beyond the pollution haven hypothesis: Where and why do e-waste hubs emerge and what does this mean for policies and interventions? Geoforum. 98:36–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eske K, Newsome B, Han SG, Murphy M, Bhattacharyya D, Hennig B. 2014. PCB 77 dechlorination products modulate pro-inflammatory events in vascular endothelial cells. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 21(10):6354–6364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangwar C, Choudhari R, Chauhan A, Kumar A, Singh A, Tripathi A. 2019. Assessment of air pollution caused by illegal e-waste burning to evaluate the human health risk. Environ Int. 125:191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant K, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune MN, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE. 2013. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. Lancet Glob Health. 1(6):e350-361–e361.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Z, Li D, Ma J, Chen L, Duan H, Zhang B, Gao C, Li J, Xing X, Zhao J. 2017. TRIM36 hypermethylation is involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-induced cell transformation. Environ Pollut. 225:93–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman ÅL, Bruné M-N, Buka I, Carpenter DO, Chen A, Huo X. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: a growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect. 124(5):550–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helyar SG, Patel B, Headington K, El Assal M, Chatterjee PK, Pacher P, Mabley JG. 2009. PCB-induced endothelial cell dysfunction: role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Biochem Pharmacol. 78(8):959–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig B, Meerarani P, Slim R, Toborek M, Daugherty A, Silverstone AE, Robertson LW. 2002. Proinflammatory properties of coplanar PCBs: in vitro and in vivo evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 181(3):174–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogarh JN, Seike N, Kobara Y, Carboo D, Fobil JN, Masunaga S. 2018. Source characterization and risk of exposure to atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Ghana. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(17):16316–16324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CL, Bao LJ, Luo P, Wang ZY, Li SM, Zeng EY. 2016. Potential health risk for residents around a typical E-waste recycling zone via inhalation of size-fractionated particle-bound heavy metals. J Hazard Mater. 317:449–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo X, Zheng XB, Liu Q, Zhang T, Wang QH, Xu XJ. 2019. [Impact of informal e-waste recycling on human health]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 53(4):426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ke X, He L, Wang R, Shen J, Wang Z, Shen Y, Fan L, Shao J, Qi H. 2021. miR-377-3p-Mediated EGR1 downregulation Promotes B[a]P-induced lung tumorigenesis by Wnt/Beta-catenin transduction. Front Oncol. 11(3147):699004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan SA. 2016. E-products, E-waste and the Basel Convention: regulatory challenges and impossibilities of international environmental law. RECIEL. 25(2):248–260.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SS, Xu X, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Liu R, Dietrich KN, Reponen T, Xie C, Sucharew H, Huo X. 2020. Birth outcomes associated with maternal exposure to metals from informal electronic waste recycling in Guiyu, China. Environ Int. 137:105580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YH, Wyrzykowska-Ceradini B, Touati A, Krantz QT, Dye JA, Linak WP, Gullett B, Gilmour MI. 2015. Characterization of size-fractionated airborne particles inside an electronic waste recycling facility and acute toxicity testing in mice. Environ Sci Technol. 49(19):11543–11550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koike E, Yanagisawa R, Takigami H, Takano H. 2014. Penta- and octa-bromodiphenyl ethers promote proinflammatory protein expression in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro. Toxicol in Vitro. 28(2):327–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan PJ, Schechter CB, Lipton JM, Fahs MC, Schwartz J. 2002. Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities. Environ Health Perspect. 110(7):721–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung AOW, Zheng J, Yu CK, Liu WK, Wong CKC, Cai Z, Wong MH. 2011. Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Surface Dust at an E-Waste Processing Site in Southeast China. Environ Sci Technol. 45(13):5775–5782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li E, Xu Z, Zhao H, Sun Z, Wang L, Guo Z, Zhao Y, Gao Z, Wang Q. 2015. Macrophages promote benzopyrene-induced tumor transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells by activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in a bionic airway chip culture and in animal models. Oncotarget. 6(11):8900–8913. Retrieved from https://www.oncotarget.com/article/3561/text/.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li F, Xiang B, Jin Y, Li C, Ren S, Wu Y, Li J, Luo Q. 2020. Hepatotoxic effects of inhalation exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on lipid metabolism of C57BL/6 mice. Environ Int. 134:105000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Achal V. 2020. Environmental and health impacts due to e-waste disposal in China - A review. Sci Total Environ. 737:139745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Xu X, Wu K, Chen G, Liu J, Chen S, Gu C, Zhang B, Zheng L, Zheng M. 2008. Monitoring of lead load and its effect on neonatal behavioral neurological assessment scores in Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling town in China. J Environ Monit. 10(10):1233–1238.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu D, Perkins JT, Petriello MC, Hennig B. 2015. Exposure to coplanar PCBs induces endothelial cell inflammation through epigenetic regulation of NF-κB subunit p65. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 289(3):457–465. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.015. 26519613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv Q-Y, Wan B, Guo L-H, Zhao L, Yang Y. 2015. In vitro immune toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers on murine peritoneal macrophages: Apoptosis and immune cell dysfunction. Chemosphere. 120:621–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majkova Z, Smart E, Toborek M, Hennig B. 2009. Up-regulation of endothelial monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by coplanar PCB77 is caveolin-1-dependent. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 237(1):1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Market Business News 2021. Informal sector – definition and meaning. https://marketbusinessnews.com/financial-glossary/informal-sector-definition-meaning/
   Google Scholar
• Moeckel C, Breivik K, Nøst TH, Sankoh A, Jones KC, Sweetman A. 2020. Soil pollution at a major West African E-waste recycling site: Contamination pathways and implications for potential mitigation strategies. Environ Int. 137:105563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalbano AM, Albano GD, Anzalone G, Moscato M, Gagliardo R, Di Sano C, Bonanno A, Ruggieri S, Cibella F, Profita M. 2020. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of the flame retardants (PBDE-47, PBDE-99 and PBDE-209) in human bronchial epithelial cells. Chemosphere. 245:125600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuwematsiko R, Oporia F, Nabirye J, Halage AA, Musoke D, Buregyeya E. 2021. Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices of Electronic Waste Management among Consumers in Kampala, Uganda. J Environ Public Health. 2021:3846428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD 2001. Informal Sector – ILO. https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=1350
   Google Scholar
• Ohajinwa CM, van Bodegom PM, Vijver MG, Olumide AO, Osibanjo O, Peijnenburg WJGM. 2018. Prevalence and injury patterns among electronic waste workers in the informal sector in Nigeria. Inj Prev. 24(3):185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeme JO, Arrandale VH. 2019. Electronic Waste Recycling: Occupational Exposures and Work-Related Health Effects. Curr Environ Health Rep. 6(4):256–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orisakwe OE, Frazzoli C, Ilo CE, Oritsemuelebi B. 2019. Public health burden of E-waste in Africa. J Health Pollut. 9(22):190610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkins DN, Brune Drisse MN, Nxele T, Sly PD. 2014. E-waste: a global hazard. Ann Glob Health. 80(4):286–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petriello MC, Brandon JA, Hoffman J, Wang C, Tripathi H, Abdel-Latif A, Ye X, Li X, Yang L, Lee E. 2018. Dioxin-like PCB 126 Increases Systemic Inflammation and Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Lean LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice. Toxicol Sci. 162(2):548–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips MC, Dheer R, Santaolalla R, Davies JM, Burgueño J, Lang JK, Toborek M, Abreu MT. 2018. Intestinal exposure to PCB 153 induces inflammation via the ATM/NEMO pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 339:24–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter NA, Meltzer GY, Avenbuan ON, Raja A, Zelikoff JT. 2021. Particulate matter and associated metals: a link with neurotoxicity and mental health. Atmosphere. 12(4):425. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/4/425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seith R, Arain AL, Nambunmee K, Adar SD, Neitzel RL. 2019. Self-reported health and metal body burden in an electronic waste recycling community in Northeastern Thailand. J Occup Environ Med. 61(11):905–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahid A, Ali R, Ali N, Hasan SK, Bernwal P, Afzal SM, Vafa A, Sultana S. 2016. Modulatory effects of catechin hydrate against genotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis induced by benzo(a)pyrene in mice. Food Chem Toxicol. 92:64–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shmarakov IO, Lee YJ, Jiang H, Blaner WS. 2019. Constitutive androstane receptor mediates PCB-induced disruption of retinoid homeostasis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 381:114731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh M, Thind PS, John S. 2018. Health risk assessment of the workers exposed to the heavy metals in e-waste recycling sites of Chandigarh and Ludhiana, Punjab, India. Chemosphere. 203:426–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipka S, Eum S-Y, Son KW, Xu S, Gavalas VG, Hennig B, Toborek M. 2008. Oral administration of PCBs induces proinflammatory and prometastatic responses. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 25(2):251–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tue NM, Matsushita T, Goto A, Itai T, Asante KA, Obiri S, Mohammed S, Tanabe S, Kunisue T. 2019. Complex Mixtures of Brominated/Chlorinated Diphenyl Ethers and Dibenzofurans in Soils from the Agbogbloshie E-Waste Site (Ghana): Occurrence, Formation, and Exposure Implications. Environ Sci Technol. 53(6):3010–3017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahlang B, Song M, Beier JI, Cameron Falkner K, Al-Eryani L, Clair HB, Prough RA, Osborne TS, Malarkey DE, States JC. 2014. Evaluation of Aroclor 1260 exposure in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 279(3):380–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Petriello MC, Zhu B, Hennig B. 2019. PCB 126 induces monocyte/macrophage polarization and inflammation through AhR and NF-κB pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 367:71–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Liu J, Kong Q, Li L, Gao J, Fang L, Liu Z, Fan X, Li C, Lu Q. 2021. Cytotoxicity and inflammatory effects in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons mixture. J Appl Toxicol. 41(11):1803–1815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Niu X, Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Shen Z, Zhang Q, Xu H, Li X, Zhang R. 2020. Source profiles of PM2.5 emitted from four typical open burning sources and its cytotoxicity to vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Total Environ. 715:136949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Hou M, An J, Zhong Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Wu M, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J. 2011. The cytotoxic and genetoxic effects of dust and soil samples from E-waste recycling area on L02 cells. Toxicol Ind Health. 27(9):831–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannomai T, Matsukami H, Uchida N, Takahashi F, Tuyen LH, Viet PH, Takahashi S, Kunisue T, Suzuki G. 2021. Inhalation bioaccessibility and health risk assessment of flame retardants in indoor dust from Vietnamese e-waste-dismantling workshops. Sci Total Environ. 760:143862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widmer R, Oswald-Krapf H, Sinha-Khetriwal D, Schnellmann M, Böni H. 2005. Global perspectives on e-waste. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 25(5):436–458.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams E, Kahhat R, Bengtsson M, Hayashi S, Hotta Y, Totoki Y. 2013. Linking Informal and Formal Electronics Recycling via an Interface Organization. Challenges. 4(2):136–153.
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Zhang Y, Yekeen TA, Li Y, Zhuang B, Huo X. 2014. Increase male genital diseases morbidity linked to informal electronic waste recycling in Guiyu, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 21(5):3540–3545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang H, Huo X, Yekeen TA, Zheng Q, Zheng M, Xu X. 2013. Effects of lead and cadmium exposure from electronic waste on child physical growth. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 20(7):4441–4447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng X, Xu X, Zheng X, Reponen T, Chen A, Huo X. 2016. Heavy metals in PM2.5 and in blood, and children's respiratory symptoms and asthma from an e-waste recycling area. Environ Pollut. 210:346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Huo X, Li M, Hou R, Cong X, Xu X. 2020. Oral antimicrobial activity weakened in children with electronic waste lead exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 27(13):14763–14770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Huo X, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Zheng X, Xu X. 2019. Ambient fine particulate matter inhibits innate airway antimicrobial activity in preschool children in e-waste areas. Environ Int. 123:535–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Xu X, Yekeen TA, Zhang Y, Chen A, Kim SS, Kim N. Dietrich KND, Ho S-M, Lee S-A, Reponen T. 2016. Ambient Air Heavy Metals in PM2.5 and Potential Human Health Risk Assessment in an Informal Electronic-Waste Recycling Site of China. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 16(2):388–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar