MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE RETENTION AND CLEARANCE OF LOW-TOXICITY PARTICLES IN THE LUNG

References

• Adamson, I. Y. R., and Bowden, D. H. 1978. Adaptive responses of the pulmonary macrophagic sys-tem to carbon. II. Morphologic studies. Lab. Invest. 38:430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson, I. Y. R., and Hedgecock, C. 1995. Patterns of particle deposition and retention after instil-lation to mouse lung during acute injury and fibrotic repair. Exp. Lung Res. 21:695–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashgarian, B., and Yu, C. P. 1989. Deposition of fibres in the rat lung.]. Aerosol Sci. 20:355–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellmann, B., Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, 0., Dasenbrock, C., Kilpper, R., MacKenzie, J. C., Morrow, P. E., and Mermelstein, R. 1991. Lung clearance and retention of toner, utilizing a tracer tech-nique, during chronic inhalation exposure in rats. Fundam. Appl. ToxicoL 17:300–313.
   Google Scholar
• Berube, K. A., Quinlan, T. R., Fung, H., Magae, J., Vacek, P., Taatjes, D. J., and Mossman, B. T. 1996. Apoptosis is observed in mesothelial cells after exposure to crocidolite asbestos. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 16:141–147.
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, R. E., Vincent, J. H., Jones, A. D., Addison, J., and Beckett, S. T. 1983. An overload hypoth-esis for pulmonary clearance of UICC amosite fibres inhaled by rats. Br. J. Ind. Med. 40:264–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brain, J. D. 1988. Lung macrophages: How many kinds are there? What do they do? Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137:507–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dethloff, L. A., and Lehnert, B. E. 1988. Pulmonary interstitial macrophages: Isolation and flow cyto-metric comparisons with alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes. J. Leukocyte BioL 43:80–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson, K., Bolton, R. E., Jones, A. D., Brown, G. M., Robertson, M. D., Slight, J., Cowie, H., and Davis, J. M. G. 1988. Kinetics of the bronchoalveolar leukocyte response in rats during expo-sure to equal airborne mass concentration of quartz, chrysotile asbestos or titanium dioxide. Thorax 43:159–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, K. E., Hassenbein, D. G., Carter, J., Poynter, J., Asquith, T. N., Grant, R. A., Whitten, J., Purdon, M. P., and Takigiku, R. 1993. Macrophage inflammatory proteins 1 and 2: Expression by rat alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts and epithelial cells and in rat lung after mineral dust exposure. Am.]. Respir. Cell. MoL Biol. 8:311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driscoll, K. E., Carter, J. M., Howard, B. W., Hassenbein, D. G., Pepelko, W., Baggs, R. B., and Oberdörster, G. 1996. Pulmonary inflammatory, cytokine, and mutagenic responses in rats after subchronic inhalation of carbon-black. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 136: 372–380.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, M. J., Cabral, L. J., Stephens, R. J., and Freeman, G. 1975. Transformation of alveolar type II cells to type I cells following exposure to NO2. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 22:142–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, J. N., Johnston, C., Barret, T., and Oberdörster, G. 1997. Particulate-cell interactions and pulmonary cytokine expression. Environ. Health Perspect. 105: 1179–1182.
   Google Scholar
• Gilmour, P. S., Beswick, P. H., Brown, D. M., and Donaldson, K. 1995. Detection of surface free radical activity of respirable industrial fibres using supercoiled OX174 RF1 plasmid DNA. Carcinogenesis16:2973–2979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R. L., and Timbrell, V. 1977. The influence of fibre shape in the lung deposition. Mathe-matical estimates. In Inhaled particles IV, ed. W. H. Walton, pp. 75–89. Oxford: Pergammon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Iyer, O.R., Hamilton, R. F., Li, L., and Holian, A. 1996. Silica induced apoptosis mediated via a scavenger receptor in human alveolar macrophages. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141: 84–92.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. D. 1993. Respirable industrial fibres: Deposition, clearance and dissolution in animal models. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 37:211–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, A. D., McMillan, C., Johnston, A. M., McIntosh, C., Cowie, H., Parker, I., and Donaldson, K. 1988. Animal Studies to Investigate the Deposition and Clearance of Inhaled Mineral Dusts. Final Report on CEC Contract 7248/33/026. Edinburgh: Institute of Occupational Medicine (10M Report TM/88/05).
   Google Scholar
• Katsnelson, B. A., Konysheva, L. K., Privalova, L. I., and Morosova, K. I. 1992. Development of a multicompartmental model of the kinetics of quartz dust in the pulmonary region of the lung during chronic inhalation exposure in rats. Sr.]. Ind. Med. 49:172–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, K. P., Trochimiwicz, H. J., and Reinhardt, C. F. 1985. Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide for two years. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79:179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehnert, B. E. 1993. Defence mechanisms against inhaled particles and associated particle-cell inter-actions. In Health effects of mineral dusts, eds. G. D. Guthrie, Jr., and B. T. Mossman, vol. 28, pp. 427–469. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America.
   Google Scholar
• Lehnert, B. E., Ortiz, J. B., Steinkamp, J. A., Tietjen, G. L., Sebring, R. J., and Oberdörster, G. 1992. Mechanisms underlying the "particle redistribution phenomenon."]. Aerosol Med. 5: 261–277.
   Google Scholar
• Ménache, M. G., Raabe, 0. G., and Miller, F. J. 1996. An empirical dosimetric model of aerodynamic particle deposition in the rat respiratory tract. Inhal. Toxicol. 8: 539–578.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, P. E. 1988. Possible mechanisms to explain dust overloading of the lungs. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10:369–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow, P. E. 1992. Dust overloading of the lungs: Update and appraisal. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 113:1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhle, H., Creutzenberg, 0., Bellmann, B., Heinrich, U., and Mermelstein, R. 1990. Dust overload-ing of the lung: Investigations of various materials, species differences and irreversibility of effects.]. Aerosol Med. 3\(suppl. 1):111–128.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., Morrow, P. E., and Spurny, K. 1988. Size dependent lymphatic clearance of amosite fibres in the lung. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32: 149–156.
   Google Scholar
• Oberdörster, G., Ferin, J., and Morrow, P. E. 1992. Volumetric loading of alveolar macrophages (AM): A possible basis for diminished AM-mediated particle clearance. Exp. Lung Res. 18:87–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, W., and McClellan, R. 0.1997. Pulmonary retention and clearance of inhaled biopersistent aerosol particles: data reducing models and models of physiologically based systems-A review of recent progress and remaining problems. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 27:539–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöber, W., Morrow, P. E., and Hoover, M. D. 1989. Compartmental modeling of the long-term retention of insoluble particles deposited in the alveolar region of the lung. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 13: 823–842.
   Google Scholar
• Stöber, W., Morrow, P. E., and Morawietz, G. 1990a. Alveolar retention and clearance of insoluble particles in rats simulated by a new physiology-oriented compartmental kinetics model. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 15: 329–349.
   Google Scholar
• Stöber, W., Morrow, P. E., Morawietz, G., Koch, W., and Hoover, M. 1990b. Developments in mod-elling alveolar retention of inhaled insoluble particles in rats.]. Aerosol Med. 3\(suppl. 1):129–154.
   Google Scholar
• Strom, K. A., Chan, T. L., and Johnson, I. N. 1988. Pulmonary retention of inhaled submicron parti-cles in rats: Diesel exhaust exposures and lung retention model. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 32:645–657.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, C. L., Jones, A. D., and Donaldson, K. 1994. Development of a Dosimetric Model for Assessing the Health Risk Associated With Inhaling Coalmine Dusts. Edinburgh: Institute of Occupational Medicine (10M Report TM/94/01):1–59.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, C. L., Jones, A. D., Cullen, R. T., and Donaldson, K. 1997. Overloading of clearance of parti-cles and fibres. Proc. Conf Inhaled Particles VIII, Cambridge, August 1996, eds. N. Cherry and T. Ogden, pp. 237–243. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, C. L., Jones, A. D., Cullen, R. T., and Donaldson, K. 1999. Exploration of the mechanisms of retention and clearance of nontoxic particles in the rat lung using a mathematical model. Inhal. Toxicol. 11:1077–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallyathan, V., Shi, X., Dalai, N. S., Irr, W., and Castranova, J. 1988. Generation of free radicals from freshly fractured silica dust. Potential role in acute silica-induced lung injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 136:1213–1219.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, J. H., Johnston, A. M., Jones, A. D., Bolton, R. E., and Addison, J. 1985. Kinetics of deposi-tion and clearance of inhaled mineral dusts during chronic exposure. Br.]. Ind. Med. 42:707–715.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vincent, J. H., Jones, A. D., Johnston, McMillan, C. H., Bolton, R. E., and Cowie, H. 1987. Accumulation of inhaled mineral dust in the lung and associated lymph nodes: Implications to exposure and dose in occupational lung disease. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 31: 375–393.
   Google Scholar
• Warheit, D. B., Overby, L. H., George, G., and Brody, A. R. 1988. Pulmonary macrophages attracted to inhaled particles through complement activation. Exp. Lung Res. 14:51–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, C. P., and Yoon, K. A. 1990. Retention Modelling of Diesel Exhaust Particles in Rats and Humans. Cambridge, MA: Health Effects Institute, Research Report Number 40:1–33.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C. P., Morrow, P. E., Chan, T. L., Strom, K. A., and Yoon, K. J. 1988. A nonlinear model of alveo-lar clearance of insoluble particles from the lung. Inhal. Toxicol. Premier Issue:97-107.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C. P., Zhang, L., Oberdörster, G., Mast, R. W., Glass, L. R., and Utell, M. J. 1994. Clearance of refractory ceramic fibres (RCF) from the rat lung: Development of a model. Environ. Res. 65: 243–253.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, C. P., Ding, Y. J., Zhang, L., Oberdörster, G., Mast, R. W., Maxim, D., and Utell, M. J. 1996. A clearance model of refractory ceramic fibres (RCF) in the rat lung including fibre dissolution and breakage.]. Aerosol Sci. 27: 151–159.
   Google Scholar