A Social Exchange Model of Employee Reactions to Electronic Performance Monitoring

REFERENCES

• Aiello , J. 1993 . Computer-based work monitoring: Electronic surveillance and its effects. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 23 : 499 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello , J. and Shao , Y. 1993 . “ Electronic performance monitoring and stress: The role of feedback and goal setting. ” . In Human-computer interaction: Applications and case studies , Edited by: Smith , M. J. and Savendy , G. 1011 – 1016 . Amsterdam : Elsevier Science .
   Google Scholar
• Alder , S. 1998 . Ethical issues in electronic performance monitoring: A consideration of deontological and teleological perspectives. . Journal of Business Ethics , 17 : 729 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alder , G. S. and Ambrose , M. L. 2005a . An examination of the effect of computerized performance monitoring feedback on monitoring fairness, performance, and satisfaction. . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 97 : 161 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alder , G. S. and Ambrose , M. L. 2005b . Towards understanding fairness judgments associated with computer performance monitoring: An integration of the feedback, justice and monitoring literature. . Human Resource Management Review , 15 : 43 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Alder , G. S. and Tompkins , P. 1997 . Electronic performance monitoring: An organizational justice and concertive control perspective. . Management Communication Quarterly , 10 : 259 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Alge , B. 2001 . Effects of computer surveillance on perceptions of privacy and procedural justice. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 797 – 804 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrose , M. L. and Alder , G. S. 2000 . Designing, implementing and utilizing computerized performance monitoring: Enhancing organizational justice. . Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management , 18 : 187 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Ambrose , M. , Alder , S. and Noel , T. 1998 . “ Electronic performance monitoring: A consideration of rights. ” . In Managerial ethics: Moral management of people & process , Edited by: Schminke , M. 61 – 79 . Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• American Management Association/ePolicy Institute. (2005). 2005 Electronic monitoring & surveillance survey. Retrieved December 27, 2006, from http://www.amanet.org/research/pdfs/EMS_summary05.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Arbuckle , J. L. and Wothke , W. 1999 . AMOS users' guide (Version 4.0). , Chicago : Small Waters .
   Google Scholar
• Aryee , S. , Budhwar , P. S. and Chen , Z. X. 2002 . Trust as a mediator of the relationship between organizational justice and work outcomes: Test of social exchange model. . Journal of Organizational Behavior , 23 : 267 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. A. 1988 . Negative effects of destructive criticism: Impact on conflict, self-efficacy, and task performance. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 73 : 199 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R. A. 1993 . “ Criticism (informal negative feedback) as a source of perceived unfairness in organizations: Effects, mechanisms, and counter measures. ” . In Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management , Edited by: Cropanzano , R. 155 – 170 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentler , P. M. 1990 . Comparative fit indices in structural equation modeling. . Psychological Bulletin , 107 : 238 – 246 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bies , R. J. and Moag , J. F. 1986 . “ Interactional justice: Communication criteria of fairness. ” . In Research on negotiations in organizations , Edited by: Lewicki , R. J. , Shepard , B. H. and Bazerman , M. H. Vol. 1 , 43 – 55 . Greenwich, CT : JAI .
   Google Scholar
• Bies , R. J. and Shapiro , D. L. 1987 . Interactional fairness judgments: The influence of causal accounts. . Social Justice Research , 1 : 199 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Bies , R. J. and Shapiro , D. L. 1988 . Voice and justification: Their influence on procedural fairness judgments. . Academy of Management Journal , 31 : 676 – 685 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blau , P. 1964 . Exchange and power in social life. , New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Browne , M. W. and Cudeck , R. 1993 . “ Alternative ways of assessing model fit. ” . In Testing structural equation models , Edited by: Bollen , K. A. and Long , J. S. 136 – 162 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , B. M. 1998 . Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. , Mahwah, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Chalykoff , J. and Kochan , T. A. 1989 . Computer-aided monitoring: Its influence on employee job satisfaction and turnover. . Personnel Psychology , 42 : 807 – 834 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , 2nd ed. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Colquitt , J. 2001 . On the dimensionality of organizational justice: A construct validation of a measure. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 386 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colquitt , J. , Conlon , D. , Wesson , M. , Porter , C. and Ng , K. 2001 . Justice at the millennium: A meta-analytic review of the 25 years of organizational justice research. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 425 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipboye , R. L . 1990 . “ Laboratory vs. field research in industrial and organizational psychology. ” . In International review of industrial and organizational psychology , Edited by: Cooper , C. L. and Robertson , I. T. Vol. 5 , 1 – 34 . New York : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Dirks , K. T. and Ferrin , D. L. 2002 . Trust in leadership: Meta-analytic findings and implications for research and practice. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 : 611 – 628 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douthitt , E. A. and Aiello , J. R. 2001 . The role of participation and control in the effects of computer monitoring on fairness perceptions, task satisfaction, and performance. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 86 : 867 – 874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenman , E. J. 1986 . Employee perceptions and supervisory behaviors in clerical VDT work on systems that allow electronic monitoring (OTA-CIT-333). , Washington, DC : Office of Technology Assessment .
   Google Scholar
• George , S. and Weimerskirch , A. 1998 . Total quality management: Strategies and techniques proven at today's most successful companies. , New York : Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , R. A. , Higgins , C. A. and Irving , R. H. 1988 . Computerized performance monitors: Are they costing you customers? . Sloan Management Review , 29 ( 3 ) : 39 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg , J. , Bies , R. J. and Eskew , D. E. 1990 . “ Establishing fairness in the eye of the beholder. ” . In Applied impression management , Edited by: Giacalone , R. A. and Rosenfeld , P. 111 – 132 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Griffith , T. L. 1993 . Teaching big brother to be a team player: computer monitoring and quality. . Academy of Management Executive , 7 ( 1 ) : 73 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• House , J. S. , McMichael , A. J. , Wells , J. A. , Kaplan , B. N. and Landerman , L. R. 1979 . Occupational stress and health among factory workers. . Journal of Health and Social Behaviour , 20 : 139 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu , L-T. and Bentler , P. M. 1999 . Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. . Structural Equation Modeling , 6 : 1 – 55 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jawahar , I. M. and Williams , C. R. 1997 . Where all the children are above average: The performance appraisal purpose effect. . Personnel Psychology , 50 : 905 – 925 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzell , R. A. , Thompson , D. E. and Guzzo , R. A. 1992 . “ How job satisfaction and job performance are and are not linked. ” . In Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance , Edited by: Cranny , C. J. , Smith , P. C. and Stone , E. F. 195 – 218 . Oxford, , UK : Lexington Books .
   Google Scholar
• Keeping , L. M. and Levy , P. E. 2000 . Performance appraisal reactions: Measurement, modeling, and method bias. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 85 : 708 – 723 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A. (2003). Measuring model fit. Retrieved April 17, 2007, from http://davidakenny.net/cm/fit.htm
   Google Scholar
• Kenny , D. A. , Kashy , D. A. and Bolger , N. 1998 . “ Data analysis in social psychology. ” . In The handbook of social psychology , Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. , Fiske , S. and Lindzey , G. 233 – 265 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Kernan , M. C. and Hanges , P. J. 2002 . Survivor reactions to reorganization: Antecedents and consequences of procedural, interpersonal and informational justice. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 87 ( 5 ) : 916 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell , R. and Bennett , N. 1994 . Electronic surveillance as employee control: A procedural justice interpretation. . The Journal of High Technology Management Research , 5 : 39 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick , S. A. and Locke , E. A. 1996 . Direct and indirect effects of three core charismatic leadership components on performance and attitudes. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 81 : 36 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulik , C. T. and Ambrose , M. L. 1993 . The impact of computerized performance monitoring design features on the performance appraisal process. . Journal of Managerial Issues , 5 : 182 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , P. E. and Williams , J. R. 2004 . The social context of performance appraisal: A review and framework for the future. . Journal of Management , 30 : 881 – 905 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind , E. A. and Tyler , T. R. 1988 . The social psychology of procedural justice. , New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• MacCallum , R. C. , Browne , M. W. and Sugawara , H. M. 1996 . Power analysis and determination of sample size of covariance structure modeling. . Psychological Methods , 1 : 130 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama , G. M. 1998 . Basics of structural equation modeling. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McNall , L. A. and Roch , S. G. 2007 . Effects of electronic monitoring type on perceptions of procedural justice, interpersonal justice and privacy. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 37 : 658 – 682 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nebeker , D. M. and Tatum , C. B. 1993 . The effects of computer monitoring, standards and rewards on work performance, job satisfaction and stress. . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 23 : 508 – 536 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum , K. and duRivage , V. 1986, Winter . Computer monitoring: Mismanagement by remote control. . Business and Society Review , 56 : 16 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Coffman, D. L. (2006, May). Computing power and minimum sample size for RMSEA [Computer software]. Available from http://www.quantpsy.org
   Google Scholar
• Roch , S. G. and Shanock , L. R. 2006 . Organizational justice in an exchange framework: Clarifying organizational justice distinctions. . Journal of Management , 32 : 299 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw , R. B. 1997 . Trust in the balance: Building successful organizations on results, integrity and concern. , San Francisco : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. , Carayon , P. , Sanders , K. , Lim , S-Y. and LeGrande , D. 1992 . Employee stress and health complaints in jobs with and without electronic performance monitoring. . Applied Ergonomics , 23 : 17 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , J. 2000a . Reactions to employee performance monitoring: Framework, review and research directions. . Human Performance , 13 ( 1 ) : 85 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , J. 2000b . Traditional and electronic monitoring from an organizational justice perspective. . Journal of Business and Psychology , 15 : 129 – 146 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut , J. and Walker , L. 1975 . Procedural justice: A psychological analysis. , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tucker , L. R. and Lewis , C. 1973 . A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. . Psychometrics , 38 : 1 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler , T. R. and Degoey , P. 1996 . “ Trust in organizational authorities: The influence of motive attributions on willingness to accept decisions. ” . In Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research , Edited by: Kramer , R. M. and Tyler , T. R. 331 – 356 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Viswesvaran , C. , Schmidt , F. L. and Ones , D. S. 2005 . Is there a general factor in ratings of job performance? A meta-analytic framework for disentangling substantive and error influences. . Journal of Applied Psychology , 90 : 108 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitener , E. M. , Brodt , S. E. , Korsgaard , M. A. and Werner , J. M. 1998 . Managers as initiators of trust: An exchange relationship framework for understanding managerial trustworthy behavior. . Academy of Management Review , 23 : 513 – 531 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar