Toxic Triads: Supervisor Characteristics, Subordinate Self-Esteem, and Supervisor Stressors in Relation to Perceptions of Abusive Supervision

References

• Abramis, D. J. (1994). Relationship of job stressors to job performance: Linear or an inverted-u? Psychological Reports, 75(1), 547–558. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.1.547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino, K., Reed, A., Thau, S., & Freeman, D. (2007). A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 385–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino, K., & Thau, S. (2009). Workplace victimization: Aggression for the target’s perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 717–741. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: Test of a trickle-down model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbour, K. A., Eckhardt, C. I., Davison, G. C., & Kassinove, H. (1998). The experience and expression of anger in martially violent and martially discordant-nonviolent men. Behavior Therapy, 29(2), 173–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(98)80001-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 610–620. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F. (1993). Self-esteem. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8956-9
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz, L. (2003). Affect, aggression, and antisocial behavior. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 804–823). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brees, J., Martinko, M., & Harvey, P. (2016). Abusive supervision: Subordinate personality or supervisor behavior? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 405–419. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-04-2014-0129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, J. P., & Hoobler, J. M. (2006). Subordinate self-esteem and abusive supervision. Journal of Managerial Issues, 18, 340–355. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40604544
   Google Scholar
• Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Phillips, C. M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.81.1.17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, P. Y., & Spector, P. E. (1991). Negative affectivity as the underlying cause of correlations between stressors and strains. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(3), 398–407. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.76.3.398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, D., & Nisbett, R. E. (1994). Self-protection and the culture of honor: Explaining southern violence. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167294205012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, K. A., & Somberg, D. R. (1987). Hostile attributional biases among aggressive boys are exacerbated under conditions of threats to the self. Child Development, 58(1), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, S. C., Kiewitz, C., Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Kim, Y., & Chun, J. U. (2008). Cognitions, emotions, and evaluations: An elaboration likelihood model for workplace aggression. Academy of Management Review, 33(2), 425–451. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.31193490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, S. C., & Martinko, M. J. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.4.547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A social context model of envy and social undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55(3), 643–666. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.0804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy, M. K., Tepper, B. J., & O’Leary-Kelly, A. (2002). Moral disengagement and antisocial behavior at work. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern Management Association, Atlanta, GA.
   Google Scholar
• Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 299–309. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, T., Tian, A. W., Lee, A., & Hughes, D. J. (2021). Abusive supervision: A systematic review and fundamental rethink. The Leadership Quarterly, 32(6), 101540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, D. E., & Callister, R. R. (2010). Anger in organizations: Review and integration. Journal of Management, 36(1), 66–93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309348060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri, V. N. (2003). Associations of self-esteem with communication style. Psychological Reports, 92(3_suppl), 1089–1090. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.92.3c.1089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, K. A., Mawritz, M. B., Dust, S. B., Greenbaum, R. L., & Ziegert, J. C. (2019). Too many cooks in the kitchen: The effects of dominance incompatibility on relationship conflict and subsequent abusive supervision. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(3), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, A. M., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Good soldiers and good actors: Prosocial and impression management motives as interactive predictors of affiliative citizenship behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(4), 900–912. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., & Eissa, G. (2012). Bottom-line mentality as an antecedent of social undermining and the moderating roles of core self-evaluations and conscientiousness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(2), 343–359. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidon, M. H. (2002). Toward accountability in the use of the self-esteem construct. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guthier, C., Dormann, C., & Voekle, M. C. (2020). Reciprocal effects between job stressors and burnout: A continuous time meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 146(12), 1146–1173. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepworth, W., & Towler, A. (2004). The effects of individual differences and charismatic leadership on workplace aggression. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9(2), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.9.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershcovis, S. M. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying…oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32(3), 499–519. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershcovis, S. M., & Rafferty, A. (2012). Predicting abusive supervision. In J. Houdmont, S. Leka, & R. Sinclair, Eds. Contemporary occupational health psychology: Global perspectives on research and practice (Vol. 2). Wiley-Blackwell. (pp. 92–108). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119942849.ch6
   Google Scholar
• Hershcovis, S. M., Turner, N., Barling, J., Arnold, K. A., Dupré, K. E., Inness, M., … Sivanathan, N. (2007). Predicting workplace aggression: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 228. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., & Bono, J. E.(1997). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits—self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability—with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.80
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, A. J., Payne, B. K., Jacoby, L. L., Shaffer, L. M., Chasteen, A. L., & Khan, S. R. (2003). Stereotypes as dominant responses: On the “social facilitation” of prejudice in anticipated public contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R. (1990). Responses to social exclusion: Social anxiety, jealousy, loneliness, depression, and low self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9(2), 221–229. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518–530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.518
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang, L. H., Lian, H., Brown, D. B., Ferris, D. L., Hanig, S., & Keeping, L. (2016). Why are abusive supervisors abusive? A dual-system of self-control model. Academy of Management Journal, 59(4), 1385–1406. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lievens, F., Chasteen, C. S., Day, E. A., & Christiansen, N. D. (2006). Large-scale investigation of the role of trait activation theory for understanding assessment center convergent and discriminant validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 247–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey, J. D., Frieder, R. E., Brees, J. R., & Martinko, M. J. (2017). Abusive supervision: A meta-analysis and empirical review. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1940–1965. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206315573997
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Brees, J. R., & Mackey, J. (2013). A review of abusive supervision research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S120–S137. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawritz, M. B., Dust, S. B., & Resick, C. J. (2014). Hostile climate, abusive supervision, and employee coping: Does conscientiousness matter? Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(4), 737–747. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawritz, M. B., Greenbaum, R. L., Butts, M. M., & Graham, K. A. (2017). I just can’t control myself: A self-regulation perspective on the abuse of deviant employees. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1482–1503. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0409
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mawritz, M. B., Mayer, D. M., Hoobler, J. M., Wayne, S. J., & Marinova, S. V. (2012). A trickle‐down model of abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 65(2), 325–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2012.01246.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, M. S., & Ambrose, M. L. (2007). Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1159–1168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padilla, A., Hogan, R., & Kaiser, R. (2007). The toxic triangle: Destructive leaders, susceptible followers, and conducive environments. Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 76–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolo, R. F., Greenbaum, R. L., Den Hartog, D., & Folger, R. (2010). The relationship between ethical leadership and core job characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(2–3), 259–278. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, N. P., LePine, J. A., & LePine, M. A. (2007). Differential challenge stressor-hindrance stressor relationships with job attitudes, turnover intentions, turnover, and withdrawal behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 438–454. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin, X., Dust, S. B., DiRenzo, M. S., & Wang, S. (2020). Negative creativity in leader-follower relations: A daily investigation of leaders’ creative mindset, moral disengagement, and abusive supervision. Journal of Business and Psychology, 35(5), 665–682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-019-09646-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restubog, S. L. D., Scott, K. L., & Zagenczyk, T. J. (2011). When distress hits home: The role of contextual factors and psychological distress in predicting employees’ responses to abusive supervision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 713–729. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, S. J. (2008). Moral attentiveness: Who pays attention to the moral aspects of life? Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(5), 1027–1041. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.5.1027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press Dependence. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400876136
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, T. P. (1997). Modern regression methods. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, B. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Paddock, E. L. (2009). An actor-focused model of justice rule adherence and violation: The role of managerial motives and discretion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(3), 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, B. A., Garza, A. S., Conlon, D. E., & Kim, Y. J. (2014). Why do managers act fairly in the first place? A daily investigation of “hot” and “cold” motives and discretion. Academy of Management Journal, 57(6), 1571–1591. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2012.0644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, P. E., & Jex, S. M. (1998). Development of four self-report measures of job stressors and strain: Interpersonal conflict at work scale, organizational constraints scale, quantitative workload inventory, and physical symptoms inventory. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 3(4), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.3.4.356
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Speilberger, C. D. (1988). Professional manual for the state-trait anger expression inventory (STAXI) (Research ed.). Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Sypher, B. D., & Zorn, T. E. (1988). Individual differences and construct system content in descriptions of liked and disliked co-workers. International Journal of Personal Construct Psychology, 1(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720538808412763
   Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, J. T., & Felson, R. B. (1994). Violence, aggression, and coercive actions. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10160-000
   Google Scholar
• Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178. https://doi.org/10.2307/1556375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper, B. J., Carr, J. C., Breaux, D. M., Geider, S., Hu, C., & Hua, W. (2009). Abusive supervision, intentions to quit, and employees’ workplace deviance: A power/dependence analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 156–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2009.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59(1), 101–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2006.00725.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., & Duffy, M. K. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision: Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54(2), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2011.60263085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tett, R. P., & Guterman, H. A. (2000). Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(4), 397–423. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thau, S., Bennett, R. J., Mitchell, M. S., & Marrs, M. B. (2009). How management style moderates the relationship between abusive supervision and workplace deviance: An uncertainty management theory perspective. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 108(1), 79–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2008.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thau, S., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Self-gain or self-regulation impairment? Tests of competing explanations of the supervisor abuse and employee deviance relationship through perceptions of distributive justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(6), 1009–1031. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treviño, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. The Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.2307/258313
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, F., Lam, C. K., van der Vegt, G. S., Huang, X., & Miao, Q. (2015). Abusive supervision and subordinate performance: Instrumentality considerations in the emergence and consequences of abusive supervision. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(4), 1056–1072. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1984). Negative affectivity: The disposition to experience aversive emotional states. Psychological Bulletin, 96(3), 465–490. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.96.3.465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2007). Keeping one’s cool: Trait anger, hostile thoughts, and the recruitment of limited capacity control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(9), 1201–1213. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkowski, B. M., & Robinson, M. D. (2010). The anatomy of anger: An integrative cognitive model of trait anger and reactive aggression. Journal of Personality, 78(1), 9–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00607.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, T., & Hu, C. (2009). Abusive supervision and employee emotional exhaustion: Dispositional antecedents and boundaries. Group & Organization Management, 34(2), 143–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601108331217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, L., Duffy, M. K., & Tepper, B. J. (2018). Consequences of downward envy: A model of self-esteem threat, abusive supervision, and supervisory leader self-improvement. Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2296–2318. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajonc, R. B. (1966). Social psychology: An experimental approach. Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., & Bednall, T. C. (2016). Antecedents of abusive supervision: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(3), 455–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2657-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., Huani, M. Y., & Xie, Y. H. (2015). Paternalistic leadership and employee voice in China: A dual process model. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar