Is Smoking-related Attentional Bias a Useful Marker for Treatment Effects?

REFERENCES

• Cox , W M , Fadardi , J S and Pothos , E M . 2006 . The addiction-stroop test: theoretical considerations and procedural recommendations . Psychol Bull. , 132 : 443 – 476 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins , S J and Ehrman , R N . 2004 . The role of attentional bias in substance abuse . Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev. , 3 : 243 – 260 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiamulera , C . 2005 . Cue reactivity in nicotine and tobacco dependence: a “multiple-action” model of nicotine as a primary reinforcement and as an enhancer of the effects of smoking-associated stimuli . Brain Res Rev. , 48 : 74 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robinson , T E and Berridge , K C . 1993 . The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction . Brain Res Rev. , 18 : 247 – 291 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C , Mathews , A and Tata , P . 1986 . Attentional bias in emotional disorders . J Abnorm Psychol. , 95 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , J M , Mathews , A and MacLeod , C . 1996 . The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology . Psychol Bull. , 120 : 3 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrman , R N , Robbins , S J , Bromwell , M A , Lankford , M E , Monterosso , J R and O’Brien , C P . 2002 . Comparing attentional bias to smoking cues in current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers using a dot-probe task . Drug Alcohol Depend. , 67 : 185 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A J , Shiffman , S , Bradley , B P and Mogg , K . 2003 . Attentional shifts to smoking cues in smokers . Addiction. , 98 : 1409 – 1417 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B P , Mogg , K , Wright , T and Field , M . 2003 . Attentional bias in drug dependence: vigilance for cigarette-related cues in smokers . Psychol Addict Behav. , 17 : 66 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K , Bradley , B P , Field , M and De Houwer , J . 2003 . Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence . Addiction. , 98 : 825 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B , Field , M , Mogg , K and De Houwer , J . 2004 . Attentional and evaluative biases for smoking cues in nicotine dependence: component processes of biases in visual orienting . Behav Pharmacol. , 15 : 29 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B P , Garner , M , Hudson , L and Mogg , K . 2007 . Influence of negative affect on selective attention to smoking-related cues and urge to smoke in cigarette smokers . Behav Pharmacol. , 18 : 255 – 263 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , B P , Field , M , Healy , H and Mogg , K . 2008 . Do the affective properties of smoking-related cues influence attentional and approach biases in cigarette smokers? . J Psychopharmacol. , 22 : 737 – 745 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross , T M , Jarvik , M E and Rosenblatt , M R . 1993 . Nicotine abstinence produces content-specific Stroop interference . Psychopharmacology. , 110 : 333 – 336 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnsen , B H , Thayer , J F , Laberg , J C and Asbjornsen , A E . 1997 . Attentional bias in active smokers, abstinent smokers, and nonsmokers . Addict Behav. , 22 : 813 – 817 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertz , J M and Sayette , M A . 2001 . Effects of smoking opportunity on attentional bias in smokers . Psychol Addict Behav. , 15 : 268 – 271 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munafo , M , Mogg , K , Roberts , S , Bradley , B P and Murphy , M . 2003 . Selective processing of smoking-related cues in current smokers, ex-smokers and never-smokers on the modified Stroop task . J Psychopharmacol. , 17 : 310 – 316 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr , T , Wiedenmann , P and Herrmann , M . 2006 . Nicotine Stroop and addiction memory–an ERP study . Int J Psychophysiol. , 62 : 224 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A J , Sayette , M and Wertz , J . 2003 . Carry-over effects can modulate emotional stroop effects . Cognition Emotion. , 17 : 501 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A J , Shiffman , S , Sayette , M A , Paty , J A , Gwaltney , C J and Balabanis , M H . 2003 . Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation . Health Psychol. , 22 : 378 – 387 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead , L F and Lancaster , T . 2005 . Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation . Cochrane DB Syst Rev. ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster , T and Stead , L F . 2005 . Self-help interventions for smoking cessation . Cochrane DB Syst Rev. ,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attwood , A S , O’Sullivan , H , Leonards , U , Mackintosh , B and Munafo , M R . 2008 . Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers . Addiction. , 103 : 1875 – 1882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Fourth edition. Text revision , Washington, DC : APA .
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan , D V , Lecrubier , Y Sheehan , K H . 1998 . The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10 . J Clin Psychiatry. , 59 : 22 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruoff , A . 1990 . Häufigkeitswörterbuch gesprochener Sprache , Tübingen : Niemeyer .
   Google Scholar
• Heatherton , T F , Kozlowski , L T , Frecker , R C and Fagerstrom , K O . 1991 . The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire . Br J Addict. , 86 : 1119 – 1127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiffany , S T and Drobes , D J . 1991 . The development and initial validation of a questionnaire on smoking urges . Br J Addict. , 86 : 1467 – 1476 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beck , A T and Steer , R A . 1987 . Beck Depression Inventory , San Antonio : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Hautzinger , M , Bailer , M , Worall , H and Keller , F . 1994 . “ Beck-Depressions-Inventar (BDI) Handbuch ” . Bern : Huber .
   Google Scholar
• Spielberger , C D . 1983 . Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) , Palo Alto, CA : Consulting Psychologists Press .
   Google Scholar
• Batra , A and Buchkremer , G . 2004 . Tabakabhängigkeit—Ein Leitfaden für Therapeuten , Stutgart : Kohlhammer .
   Google Scholar
• Felten , D , Raupach , T , Sessler , C , Luthje , L , Hasenfuss , G and Andreas , S . 2006 . [Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral program with pharmacological support to achieve smoking cessation] . Deut Med Wochenschr. , 131 : 197 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , C M . 1991 . Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review . Psychol Bull. , 109 : 163 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters , A J , Sayette , M A , Franken , I H and Schwartz , J E . 2005 . Generalizability of carry-over effects in the emotional Stroop task . Behav Res Ther. , 43 : 715 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz , S , Fischer , B K , Hottenrott , B , Kellner , M , Fricke , S , Randjbar , S and Jelinek , L . 2008 . Words may not be enough! No increased emotional Stroop effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder . Behav Res Ther. , 46 : 1101 – 1104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salo , R , Henik , A and Robertson , L C . 2001 . Interpreting Stroop interference: an analysis of differences between task versions . Neuropsychology. , 15 : 462 – 471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , G P , Allen , D N , Jorgensen , M L and Cramer , S L . 2005 . Test-retest reliability of standard and emotional stroop tasks: an investigation of color-word and picture-word versions . Assessment. , 12 : 330 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg , K , Bradley , B P , Dixon , C , Fisher , S , Twelftree , H and McWilliams , A . 2000 . Trait anxiety, defensiveness and selective processing of threat: an investigation using two measures of attentional bias . Pers Indiv Differ. , 28 : 1063 – 1077 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duka , T and Townshend , J M . 2004 . The priming effect of alcohol pre-load on attentional bias to alcohol-related stimuli . Psychopharmacology. , 176 : 353 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmundson , G J , Wright , K D and Hadjistavropoulos , H D . 2005 . Hypervigilance and attentional fixedness in chronic musculoskeletal pain: consistency of findings across modified stroop and dot-probe tasks . J Pain. , 6 : 497 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsesser , K , Heuschen , I , Pundt , I and Sartory , G . 2006 . Attentional bias and evoked heart-rate response in specific phobia . Cognition Emotion. , 20 : 1092 – 1107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heim-Dreger , U , Kohlmann , C W , Eschenbeck , H and Burkhardt , U . 2006 . Attentional biases for threatening faces in children: vigilant and avoidant processes . Emotion. , 6 : 320 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar