630
Views
30
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Combat Experiences and their Relationship to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Clusters in UK Military Personnel Deployed to Afghanistan

, , , , &

References

  • Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, Hobfoll SE, Koenen KC, Neylan TC, Hyman SE. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Nature Rev Disease Primers. 2015;1:1–22.
  • Davidson JR, Stein DJ, Shalev AY, Yehuda R. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Acquisition, recognition, course, and treatment. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neuroscience. 2004;16:135–47.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revised: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: Author; 2000.
  • Asmundson GJ, Frombach I, McQuaid J, Pedrelli P, Lenox R, Stein MB. Dimensionality of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A confirmatory factor analysis of DSM-IV symptom clusters and other symptom models. Behav Res Therapy. 2000;38:203–14.
  • Pietrzak RH, Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, Whealin JM, Southwick SM. Support for a novel five-factor model of posttraumatic stress symptoms in three independent samples of Iraq/Afghanistan veterans: A confirmatory factor analytic study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:317–22.
  • Harpaz-Rotem I, Tsai J, Pietrzak RH, Hoff R. The dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 323,903 U.S. veterans. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;49:31–6.
  • Armour C, Mullerova J, Elhai JD. A systematic literature review of PTSD's latent structure in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV to DSM-5. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;44:60–74.
  • Elhai JD, Biehn TL, Armour C, Klopper JJ, Frueh BC, Palmieri PA. Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1-D3 symptoms. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:340–5.
  • Elhai JD, Palmieri PA. The factor structure of posttraumatic stress disorder: A literature update, critique of methodology, and agenda for future research. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25:849–54.
  • Watson D. Rethinking the mood and anxiety disorders: A quantitative hierarchical model for DSM-V. J Abnormal Psychol. 2005;114:522–36.
  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P. Risk factors for PTSD-related traumatic events: A prospective analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:529–35.
  • Macmanus D, Jones N, Wessely S, Fear NT, Jones E, Greenberg N. The mental health of the UK Armed Forces in the 21st century: Resilience in the face of adversity. J R Army Med Corps. 2014;0:1–6.
  • Fear NT, Jones M, Murphy D, Hull L, Iversen AC, Coker B, Machell L, Sundin J, Woodhead C, Jones N et al. What are the consequences of deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on the mental health of the UK Armed Forces? A cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375:1783–97.
  • Woodhead C, Wessely S, Jones N, Fear NT, Hatch SL. Impact of exposure to combat during deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan on mental health by gender. Psychol Med. 2012;42:1985–96.
  • Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:13–22.
  • Osório C, Greenberg N, Jones N, Goodwin L, Fertout M, Maia A. Combat exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder among Portuguese special operation forces deployed in Afghanistan. Mil Psychol. 2013;25:70–81.
  • Grinker RR, Spiegel JP. Men under stress. Philadelphia: Blakiston; 1945.
  • Kardiner A, Spiegel HX. War stress and neurotic illness. New York: Paul B. Hoeber; 1947.
  • Weathers F, Litz BT, Keane TM. Military trauma. In: Traumatic stress: From theory to practice. JR Freedy, SE Hobfoll, Eds. New York: Plenum; 1995: 103–128.
  • Fontana A, Rosenheck R, Brett E. War zone traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1992;180:748–55.
  • King DW, King LA, Gudanowski DM, Vreven DL. Alternative representations of war zone stressors: Relationships to posttraumatic stress disorder in male and female Vietnam veterans. J Abnormal Psychol. 1995;104:184–95.
  • Fontana A, Rosenheck R. A model of war zone stressors and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1999;12:111–26.
  • Killgore WD, Cotting DI, Thomas JL, Cox AL, McGurk D, Vo AH, Castro CA, Hoge CW. Post-combat invincibility: Violent combat experiences are associated with increased risk-taking propensity following deployment. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:1112–21.
  • Guyker WM, Donnelly K, Donnelly JP, Dunnam M, Warner GC, Kittleson J, Bradshaw CB, Alt M, Meier ST. Dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the combat experiences scale. Mil Med. 2013;178:377–84.
  • Kimbrel NA, Evans LD, Patel AB, Wilson LC, Meyer EC, Gulliver SB, Morissette SB. The critical warzone experiences (CWE) scale: Initial psychometric properties and association with PTSD, anxiety, and depression. Psychiatry Res. 2014;220:1118–24.
  • Sudom KA, Watkins K, Born J, Zamorski M. Stressors experienced during deployment among Canadian Armed Forces personnel: Factor structure of two combat exposure scales. Mil Psychol. 2016;28:285–95.
  • Watkins K, Sudom KA, Zamorski M. Association of combat experiences with post-traumatic stress disorder among Canadian military personnel deployed in support of the mission in Afghanistan. Mil Behav Health. 2016;4:285–92.
  • Maguen S, Lucenko BA, Reger MA, Gahm GA, Litz BT, Seal KH, Knight SJ, Marmar CR. The impact of reported direct and indirect killing on mental health symptoms in Iraq war veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2010;23:86–90.
  • Maguen S, Madden E, Bosch J, Galatzer-Levy I, Knight SJ, Litz BT, Marmar CR, McCaslin SE. Killing and latent classes of PTSD symptoms in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. J Affect Dis. 2012;145:344–8.
  • Maguen S, Metzler TJ, Litz BT, Seal KH, Knight SJ, Marmar CR. The impact of killing in war on mental health symptoms and related functioning. J Trauma Stress. 2009;22:435–43.
  • MacManus D, Dean K, Jones M, Rona RJ, Greenberg N, Hull L, Fahy T, Wessely S, Fear NT. Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: A data linkage cohort study. Lancet. 2013;381:907–17.
  • Butler RW, Braff DL, Rausch JL, Jenkins MA, Sprock J, Geyer MA. Physiological evidence of exaggerated startle response in a subgroup of Vietnam veterans with combat-related PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 1990;147:1308–1312.
  • Clohessy S, Ehlers A. PTSD symptoms, response to intrusive memories and coping in ambulance service workers. Br J Psychol. 1999;38:251–65.
  • Jones N, Thandi G, Fear NT, Wessely S, Greenberg N. The psychological effects of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) on UK military personnel in Afghanistan. Occup Environ Med. 2014;0:1–6.
  • Ramasamy A, Hill AM, Clasper JC. Improvised explosive devices: Pathophysiology, injury profiles and current medical management. J R Army Med Corps. 2009;155:265–72.
  • Elder GA, Cristian A. Blast-related mild traumatic brain injury: Mechanisms of injury and impact on clinical care. Mount Sinai J Med. 2009;76:111–8.
  • Mulligan K, Fear NT, Jones N, Alvarez H, Hull L, Naumann U, Wessely S, Greenberg N. Postdeployment Battlemind training for the UK armed forces: A cluster randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80:331–41.
  • Hotopf M, Hull L, Fear NT, Browne T, Horn O, Iversen AC, Jones M, Murphy D, Bland D, Earnshaw M et al. The health of UK military personnel who deployed to the 2003 Iraq war: A cohort study. Lancet. 2006;367:1731–41.
  • Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. The PTSD checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. In: International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies; 1993.
  • Iversen AC, van Staden L, Hughes JH, Browne T, Hull L, Hall J, Greenberg N, Rona RJ, Hotopf M, Wessely S et al. The prevalence of common mental disorders and PTSD in the UK military: Using data from a clinical interview-based study. BMC Psychiatry. 2009;9:1–12.
  • Goldberg DP, Williams P. A user's guide to the general health questionnaire. Windsor: NFER-Nelson; 1988.
  • Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med. 1997;27:191–7.
  • Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. The alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT). Geneva: Department of mental health and substance dependence, World Health Organization; 2001.
  • Field A. Discovering statistics using SPSS, 3rd edition ( and sex, and drugs and rock' n' roll). London: SAGE Publications; 2009.
  • Jeong DH, Ziemkiewicz C, Ribarsky W, Chang R. Understanding principal component analysis using a visual analytics tool. Charlotte Visualization Center. 2009;0:1–10.
  • Ehlers A, Hackmann A, Michael T. Intrusive re-experiencing in post-traumatic stress disorder: Phenomenology, theory, and therapy. Memory. 2004;12:403–15.
  • Keane TM, Zimering RT, Caddell JM. A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Therapist. 1985;8:9–12.
  • Litz BT. Emotional numbing in combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder: A critical review and reformulation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1992;12:417–32.
  • Litz BT, Schlenger WE, Weathers FW, Caddell JM, Fairbank JA, LaVange LM. Predictors of emotional numbing in posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 1997;10:607–18.
  • Dienstbier RA. Arousal and physiological toughness: Implications for mental and physical health. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:84–100.
  • Champion HR, Holcomb JB, Young LA. Injuries from explosions: Physics, biophysics, pathology, and required research focus. J Trauma Inj Infect Critical Care. 2009;66:1468–77.
  • Neville L, Dennis P. The British army in Afghanistan 2006–14: Task Force Helmand. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Company; 2015.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg26/chapter/Key-priorities-for-implementation
  • Iversen AC, Nikolaou V, Greenberg N, Unwin C, Hull L, Hotopf M, Dandeker C, Ross J, Wessely S. What happens to British veterans when they leave the Armed Forces? Europ J Public Health. 2005;15:175–84.
  • Cawkill P, Jones M, Fear NT, Jones N, Fertout M, Wessely S, Greenberg N. Mental health of UK Armed Forces medical personnel post-deployment. Occup Med. 2015;65:157–64.
  • Thompson CV, Naumann DN, Fellows JL, Bowley DM, Suggett N. Post-traumatic stress disorder amongst surgical trainees: An unrecognised risk? Surgeon. 2015;1:1–8.
  • Armstrong EL, Bryan CJ, Stephenson JA, Bryan AO, Morrow CE. Warzone stressor exposure, unit support, and emotional distress among US Air force pararescuemen. J Spec Op Med. 2014;14:26–34.
  • Fear NT, Seddon R, Jones N, Greenberg N, Wessely S. Does anonymity increase the reporting of mental health symptoms? BMC Public Health. 2012;12:1–7.
  • Weisaeth L. Importance of high response rates in traumatic stress research. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Suppl. 1989;355:131–7.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.