386
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

COVID-19-Related Household Job Loss and Mental Health in a Nationwide United States Sample of Sexual Minority Adolescents

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 62-71 | Received 11 Mar 2021, Accepted 01 Sep 2021, Published online: 08 Nov 2021

References

  • Brand JE. The far-reaching impact of job loss and unemployment. Annu Rev Sociol. 2015;41:359–375. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043237.
  • Maitoza R. Family challenges created by unemployment. J Fam Soc Work. 2019;22(2):187–205. doi:10.1080/10522158.2018.1558430.
  • Ström S. Unemployment and families: a review of research. Soc Serv Rev. 2003;77(3):399–430. doi:10.1086/375791.
  • DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith JC. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United states: 2012. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports, P60-245. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Hoynes H, Miller DL, Schaller J. Who suffers during recessions? J Econ Perspect. 2012;26(3):27–48. doi:10.1257/jep.26.3.27.
  • Kalil A. Effects of the great recession on child development. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 2013;650(1):232–250. doi:10.1177/0002716213500453.
  • Blumberg LJ, Simpson M, Holahan J, Buettgens M, Pan C. Potential eligibility for medicaid, CHIP, and marketplace subsidies among workers losing jobs in industries vulnerable to high levels of COVID-19-related unemployment. Urban Institute, Washington, DC. 2020;1–23.
  • Benfer EA, Mohapatra S, Wiley LF, Yearby R. Health justice strategies to combat the pandemic: Eliminating discrimination, poverty, and health disparities during and after COVID-19. Yale J. Health Pol’y L. & Ethics. 2020;19(3):122–171.
  • Johnson RC, Kalil A, Dunifon RE. Mothers’ Work and Children’s Lives: Low-Income Families after Welfare Reform. Kalamazoo, MI: WE Upjohn Institute; 2010.
  • Golberstein E, Gonzales G, Meara E. How do economic downturns affect the mental health of children? Evidence from the National Health Interview Survey. Health Econ. 2019;28(8):955–970. doi:10.1002/hec.3885.
  • Milligan K, Stabile M. Do child tax benefits affect the well-being of children? Evidence from Canadian child benefit expansions. Am Econ J Econ Policy. 2011;3(3):175–205. doi:10.1257/pol.3.3.175.
  • Conger RD, Conger KJ, Martin MJ. Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(3):685–704. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x.
  • Conger RD, Conger KJ. Resilience in Midwestern families: selected findings from the first decade of a prospective, longitudinal study. J Marriage Fam. 2002;64(2):361–373. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00361.x.
  • Masarik AS, Conger RD. Stress and child development: a review of the Family Stress Model. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;13:85–90. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.05.008.
  • Conger RD, Elder GH. Families in troubled times: adapting to change in rural America. Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, New York. 1994.
  • Conger RD, Donnellan MB. An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007;58:175–199. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551.
  • Conger RD, Elder GH, Jr, Lorenz FO, et al. Linking economic hardship to marital quality and instability. J Marriage Fam. 1990;52(3):643–656. doi:10.2307/352931.
  • Brown D, De Cao E. The Impact of Unemployment on Child Maltreatment in the United States. ISER Working Paper Series; Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom; 2018.
  • Schenck-Fontaine A, Gassman-Pines A, Gibson-Davis CM, Ananat EO. Local job losses and child maltreatment: the importance of community context. Soc Serv Rev. 2017;91(2):233–263. doi:10.1086/692075.
  • Stephens-Davidowitz S. Unreported victims of an economic downtown. 2013. Unpublished paper, Harvard University, Department of Economics, Cambridge, MA. Retrieved from Seth Stephens-Davidowitz Website https://static1.squarespace.com/static/51d894bee4b01caf88ccb4f3/t/51e22f38e4b0502fe211fab7/1373777720363/childabusepaper13.pdf.
  • Harland P, Reijneveld S, Brugman E, Verloove-Vanhorick S, Verhulst F. Family factors and life events as risk factors for behavioural and emotional problems in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;11(4):176–184. doi:10.1007/s00787-002-0277-z.
  • Schliebner CT, Peregoy JJ. Unemployment effects on the family and the child: interventions for counselors. J Couns Dev. 1994;72(4):368–372. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb00951.x.
  • Adams M, Adams J. Life events, depression, and perceived problem solving alternatives in adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1991;32(5):811–820. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01904.x.
  • Ge X, Conger RD, Lorenz FO, Simons RL. Parents’ stressful life events and adolescent depressed mood. J Health Soc Behav. 1994;35(1):28–44. doi:10.2307/2137333.
  • McLoyd VC, Jayaratne TE, Ceballo R, Borquez J. Unemployment and work interruption among African American single mothers: effects on parenting and adolescent socioemotional functioning. Child Dev. 1994;65(2 Spec No):562–589.
  • Lawson M, Piel MH, Simon M. Child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic: consequences of parental job loss on psychological and physical abuse towards children. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;110:104709. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104709.
  • Brown SM, Doom JR, Lechuga-Peña S, Watamura SE, Koppels T. Stress and parenting during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;110(Pt 2):104699. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104699.
  • Calvano C, Engelke L, Di Bella J, Kindermann J, Renneberg B, Winter SM. Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences—results of a representative survey in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021:1–13. doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01816-4.
  • Fish JN, McInroy LB, Paceley MS, et al. “I’m kinda stuck at home with unsupportive parents right now”: LGBTQ youths’ experiences with COVID-19 and the importance of online support. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(3):450–452. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.002.
  • Branje S. Development of parent–adolescent relationships: conflict interactions as a mechanism of change. Child Dev Perspect. 2018;12(3):171–176. doi:10.1111/cdep.12278.
  • Bouris A, Guilamo-Ramos V, Pickard A, et al. A systematic review of parental influences on the health and well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: time for a new public health research and practice agenda. J Prim Prev. 2010;31(5–6):273–309. doi:10.1007/s10935-010-0229-1.
  • D’Augelli AR, Hershberger SL, Pilkington NW. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth and their families: disclosure of sexual orientation and its consequences. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 1998;68(3):361–371. doi:10.1037/h0080345.
  • D’augelli AR, Grossman AH, Starks MT. Families of gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: what do parents and siblings know and how do they react? J GLBT Fam Stud. 2008;4(1):95–115. doi:10.1080/15504280802084506.
  • Ryan C, Huebner D, Diaz RM, Sanchez J. Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics. 2009;123(1):346–352. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3524.
  • Guz S, Kattari SK, Atteberry-Ash B, Klemmer CL, Call J, Kattari L. Depression and suicide risk at the cross-section of sexual orientation and gender identity for youth. J Adolesc Health. 2020.
  • Willoughby BLB, Doty ND, Malik NM. Victimization, family rejection, and outcomes of gay, lesbian, and bisexual young people: the role of negative GLB identity. J GLBT Fam Stud. 2010;6(4):403–424. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2010.511085.
  • Detrie PM, Lease SH. The relation of social support, connectedness, and collective self-esteem to the psychological well-being of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. J Homosex. 2007;53(4):173–199. doi:10.1080/00918360802103449.
  • Pollitt AM, Muraco JA, Grossman AH, Russell ST. Disclosure stress, social support, and depressive symptoms among cisgender bisexual youth. J Marriage Fam. 2017;79(5):1278–1294. doi:10.1111/jomf.12418.
  • Rothman EF, Sullivan M, Keyes S, Boehmer U. Parents’ supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: results from a population-based survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. J Homosex. 2012;59(2):186–200. doi:10.1080/00918369.2012.648878.
  • McConnell EA, Birkett MA, Mustanski B. Typologies of social support and associations with mental health outcomes among LGBT youth. LGBT Health. 2015;2(1):55–61. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2014.0051.
  • Salerno JP, Williams ND, Gattamorta KA. LGBTQ populations: psychologically vulnerable communities in the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S239–S242. doi:10.1037/tra0000837.
  • Gonzales G, de Mola EL, Gavulic KA, McKay T, Purcell C. Mental health needs among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(5):645–648. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.006.
  • Qualtrics 2020. Qualtrics Survey Software. Provo, UT; 2020.
  • Goldbach JT, Schrager SM, Mamey MR. Criterion and divergent validity of the sexual minority adolescent stress inventory. Front Psychol. 2017;8:2057.
  • Schrager SM, Goldbach JT, Mamey MR. Development of the sexual minority adolescent stress inventory. Front Psychol. 2018;9:319.
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–1097. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
  • Melchior LA, Huba G, Brown VB, Reback CJ. A short depression index for women. Educ Psychol Meas. 1993;53(4):1117–1125. doi:10.1177/0013164493053004024.
  • Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3):879–891. doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879.
  • Rucker DD, Preacher KJ, Tormala ZL, Petty RE. Mediation analysis in social psychology: current practices and new recommendations. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2011;5(6):359–371. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00355.x.
  • Zhao X, Lynch JG, Jr, Chen Q. Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: myths and truths about mediation analysis. J Consum Res. 2010;37(2):197–206. doi:10.1086/651257.
  • Rosseel Y. Lavaan: an R package for structural equation modeling and more. Version 0.5–12 (BETA). J Stat Softw. 2012;48(2):1–36.
  • R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing (Version 3.6.0) [Computer software]. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2019.
  • Montoya AK, Hayes AF. Two-condition within-participant statistical mediation analysis: a path-analytic framework. Psychol Methods. 2017;22(1):6–27. doi:10.1037/met0000086.
  • Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6(1):1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
  • Bubonya M, Cobb-Clark DA, Wooden M. A family affair: job loss and the mental health of spouses and adolescents. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) Discussion Papers. 2014; No. 8588.
  • Rudolph KD, Flynn M. Childhood adversity and youth depression: influence of gender and pubertal status. Dev Psychopathol. 2007;19(2):497.
  • Thapar A, Collishaw S, Pine DS, Thapar AK. Depression in adolescence. The Lancet. 2012;379(9820):1056–1067. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60871-4.
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Promise of Adolescence: Realizing Opportunity for All Youth. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2019.
  • Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):813–821. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069.
  • Link BG, Phelan J. Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;35:80–94. doi:10.2307/2626958.
  • Hill J, Pickles A, Rollinson L, Davies R, Byatt M. Juvenile- versus adult-onset depression: multiple differences imply different pathways. Psychol Med. 2004;34(8):1483–1493. doi:10.1017/s0033291704002843.
  • Chen F, Zheng D, Liu J, Gong Y, Guan Z, Lou D. Depression and anxiety among adolescents during COVID-19: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:36–38.
  • Durso LE, Gates GJ. Serving our youth: findings from a national survey of service providers working with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless. The Williams Institute with True Colors Fund and The Palette Fund, Los Angeles, CA. 2012.
  • Page M. Forgotten youth: homeless LGBT youth of color and the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act. Northwest J Law Soc Policy. 2017;12(2):17.
  • Fehbaum A. Parents, families, and friends of lesbians and gays (PFLAG). Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Ryan C, Russell ST, Huebner D, Diaz R, Sanchez J. Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. J Child Adolesc Psychiatr Nurs. 2010;23(4):205–213. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00246.x.
  • Gallant J, Kroft K, Lange F, Notowidigdo MJ. Temporary unemployment and labor market dynamics during the COVID-19 recession. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series, Cambridge, MA. 2020. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w27924/w27924.pdf. Accessed March 1, 2021.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.