Ownership and management issues in first generation and multi-generation family firms

References

• Astrachan , J. and Kolenko , T. A. 1994 . A neglected factor explaining family business success: human resource practices . Family Business Review , 7 : 251 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Astrachan , J. and Tutterbow , R. 1996 . The effect of estate tax on family businesses: survey results . Family Business Review , 9 : 303 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Barach , J. A. 1984 . Is there a cure for the paralysed family board? . Sloan Management Review , 26 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnes , L. B. and Hershon , S. A. 1976 . Transferring power in the family business . Harvard Business Review , 54 : 105 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birley , S. 1997 . The Family and the Business , London : Grant Thornton .
   Google Scholar
• Birley , S. 2000 . “ Owner-manager attitudes to family and business issues ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 18 – 32 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Birley , S. and Stockley , S. 2000 . “ Entrepreneurial teams and venture growth ” . In The Blackwell Handbook of Entrepreneurship , Edited by: Sexton , D. L. and Landstoöm , H. 287 – 307 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Birley , S. , Ng , D. and Godfrey , A. 1999 . The family and the business . Long Range Planning , 32 : 598 – 608 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondell , C. , Carlock , R. S. and Van der Heyden , L. 2000 . “ Fair process: seeking justice in family firms ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 33 – 46 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Brockhaus , R. H. Sr. 1994 . Entrepreneurship and family business research: comparisons, critique and lessons . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 19 : 25 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Bruton , G. , Fried , V. and Hisrich , R. D. 1997 . Venture capitalists and CEO dismissal . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 21 : 41 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryman , A. 1992 . Quantity and Quality in Social Research , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Bryman , A. and Cramer , D. 2001 . Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS Release 10: A Guide for Social Scientists , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Carsrud , A. L. 1994 . Meanderings of a resurrected psychologist or, lessons learned in creating a family business programme . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 19 : 39 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Casson , M. 1982 . The Entrepreneur: An Economic Theory , Oxford : Martin Robertson .
   Google Scholar
• Casson , M. 1998 . The Economics of the Family Firm: An Analysis of the Dynastic Motive , Discussion Paper in Economics and Management No. 391 Reading : University of Reading .
   Google Scholar
• Central Statistics Office . 1994 . Size Analysis of UK Businesses , Business (1994): Business Monitor PA 1003 London : Central Statistics Office .
   Google Scholar
• Chaganti , R. and Schneer , J. A. 1994 . A study of the impact of owner's mode of entry on venture performance and management patterns . Journal of Business Venturing , 9 : 243 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Chua , J. H. , Chrisman , J. J. and Sharma , P. 1999 . “ Defining the family business by behavior ” . In Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 19 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Churchill , N. C. and Hatten , K. J. 1987 . Non-market based transfers of wealth and power: a research framework for small businesses . American Journal of Small Business , 11 : 51 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Conant , J. S. , Mokwa , M. P. and Varadarajan , P. R. 1990 . Strategic types, distinctive marketing competencies and organizational performance: a multiple measures-based study . Strategic Management Journal , 11 : 365 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covin , J. G. , Slevin , D. P. and Covin , T. J. 1990 . Content and performance of growth-seeking strategies: a comparison of small firms in high- and low-technology industries . Journal of Business Venturing , 5 : 391 – 412 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromie , S. , Stephenson , B. and Monteith , D. 1995 . The management of family firms: an empirical investigation . International Small Business Journal , 13 : 11 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Daily , C. M. 1995 . An empirical examination of the relationship between CEOs and directors . Journal of Business Strategies , 12 : 50 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Daily , C. M. and Dollinger , M. J. 1992 . An empirical examination of ownership structure and family and professionally managed firms . Family Business Review , 5 : 117 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , P. S. and Harveston , P. D. 1998 . The influence of the family on the family business succession process: a multi-generational perspective . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 22 : 31 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Department for Trade and Industry [DTI] . 2001 . Opportunity for All in a World of Change: A White Paper on Enterprise, Skills and Innovation , London : DTI .
   Google Scholar
• de Vaus , D. A. 1991 . Surveys in Social Research , 3rd edn , London : Allen & Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Devins , D. 1999 . Supporting established micro businesses: policy issues emerging from an evaluation . International Small Business Journal , 18 : 86 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Donckels , R. and Fröhlich , E. 1991 . Are family businesses really different? European experiences from STRATOS . Family Business Review , 7 : 149 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , W. G. Jr. and Handler , W. 1994 . Entrepreneurship and family business: exploring the connections . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 19 : 71 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiegener , M. K. , Brown , B. M. , Prince , R. and File , K. 1994 . A comparison of successor development in family and non-family businesses . Family Business Review , 7 : 313 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiegener , M. K. , Brown , B. M. , Dreux , D. R. IV and Dennis , W. J. Jr. 2000a . CEO stakes and board composition in small, private firms . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 24 : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiegener , M. K. , Brown , B. M. , Dreux , D. R. IV and Dennis , W. J. Jr . 2000 . “ The adoption of outside boards by small private US firms ” . In Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 291 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , S. and D'Aveni , R. A. 1994 . CEO duality as a double-edged sword: how boards of directors balance entrenchment avoidance and unity of command . Academy of Management Journal , 37 : 1079 – 1108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , M. , Nilikant , V. and Hamilton , R. T. 1996 . Managing succession in family-owned businesses . International Small Business Journal , 15 : 15 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Gasson , R. , Crow , G. , Errington , A. , Hutson , J. , Marsden , T. and Winter , D. M. 1988 . The farm as a family business: a review . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 39 : 1 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatrell , J. and Kiely , J. A. 2000 . “ Developing and succeeding in a family business ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 85 – 93 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Gersick , K. E. , Davis , J. , Hampton , M. M. and Lansberg , I. 1997 . Generation to Generation: Life Cycles of The Family Business , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goffee , R. 1996 . Understanding family businesses: issues for further research . International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research , 2 : 36 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , S. D. 1996 . Research Note. Effective successors in family-owned businesses: signifi cant elements . Family Business Review , 9 : 185 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Guerreiro , M. D. 1996 . Familias na Activadade Empresarial: PME em Portugal , Oeiras, , Portugal : Celta Editora .
   Google Scholar
• Hair , J. F. Jr. , Anderson , R. E. , Tatham , R. L. and Black , W. C. 1995 . Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings , 4th edn , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall International .
   Google Scholar
• Handler , W. 1990 . Succession in family firms: a mutual adjustment between entrepreneur and next generation family members . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 15 : 37 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Handler , W. C. 1991 . Key interpersonal relationships of next-generation family members in family firms . Journal of Small Business Management , 29 : 21 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Handler , W. 1994 . Succession in family business: a review of the research . Family Business Review , 7 : 133 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoy , F. and Verser , T. G. 1994 . Emerging business, emerging field: entrepreneurship and the family firm . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 19 : 9 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Hussey , J. and Hussey , R. 1997 . Business Research: A Practical Guide for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim , A. B. , Soufani , K. and Lam , J. 2000 . “ Quebec Inc: a study of succession in a family firm ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 137 – 149 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Johannisson , B. and Huse , M. 2000 . Recruiting outside board members in the small family business: an ideological challenge . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 12 : 353 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , L. M. , Athanassiou , N. and Crittenden , W. F. 2000 . Founder centrality and strategic behavior in the family-owned firm . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 25 : 27 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon-Rouvinez , D. 2000 . “ Patterns in serial business families ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 150 – 165 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Kets de Vries , M. F. R. 1993 . The dynamics of family controlled firms . Organizational Dynamics , 21 : 59 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimhi , A. 1997 . Intergenerational succession in small family businesses: borrowing constraints and optimal timing of succession . Small Business Economics , 9 : 309 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lansberg , I. 1999 . Succeeding Generations: Realizing the Dream of Families in Business , Boston, MA : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Larsson , M. , Lindgren , H. and Nyberg , D. 2000 . “ Entrepreneurship, active ownership and succession strategies: the long-term viability of the Swedish Bonnier and Wallenberg family business groups ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 177 – 196 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Litz , R. A. 1997 . The family firm's exclusion from business school research: explaining the void . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 21 : 55 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy , A. M. and Nicholls-Nixon , C. L. 2001 . Fresh starts: Arnold Cooper on entrepreneurship and wealth creation . Academy of Management Executive , 15 : 27 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Mishra , C. S. and McConaughy , D. L. 1999 . Founding family control and capital structure: the risk of loss of control and the aversion to debt . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 23 : 53 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Morris , M. H. , Williams , R. O. , Allen , J. A. and Avila , R. A. 1997 . Correlates of success in family business transitions . Journal of Business Venturing , 12 : 385 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer , F. and Lank , A. G. 1998 . The Family Business: Its Governance for Sustainability , Basingstoke : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Nyman , S. and Silbertson , A. 1978 . The ownership and control of industry . Oxford Economic Papers , 30 : 82 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD] . 1998 . Fostering Entrepreneurship , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• Poutziouris , P. Z. 2000 . “ Venture capital and small sized family companies: an analysis from the demand perspective ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 255 – 282 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Poutziouris , P. Z. 2000b . “ Introduction: the odyssey of the family business in the new economy ” . In Tradition or Enterprise in the New Economy? , Edited by: Poutziouris , P. 1 – 3 . Manchester : The University of Manchester Business School .
   Google Scholar
• Poutziouris , P. and Chittenden , F. 1996 . Family Businesses or Business Families , Leeds : Institute for Small Business Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Ram , M. and Holliday , R. 1993 . Relative merits: family culture and kinship in small firms . Sociology , 27 : 629 – 648 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , E. D. , Carsrud , A. L. and Krueger , N. E. 1996 . Chiefdoms and family firm regimes: variations on the same anthropological theme . Family Business Review , 9 : 15 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubenson , G. C. and Gupta , A. K. 1996 . The initial succession: a contingency model for founder tenure . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 21 : 21 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Sapienza , H. J. , Korsgaard , M. A. , Goulet , P. K. and Hoogendam , J. P. 2000 . The effects of agency risks and procedural justice on board processes in venture capital-backed firms . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 12 : 331 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Seymour , K. C. 1993 . Inter-generational relationships in the family firm: the effect on leadership succession . Family Business Review , 6 : 263 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Shanker , M. C. and Astrachan , J. H. 1996 . Myths and realities: family businesses contribution to the US economy - a framework for assessing family business statistics . Family Business Review , 9 : 107 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Sharma , P. , Chrisman , J. J. and Chua , J. H. 1997 . Strategic management of the family business; past research and future challenges . Family Business Review , 10 : 251 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd , D. A. and Zacharakis , A. 2000 . Structuring family business succession -an analysis of the future leader's decision making . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 24 : 25 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , W. H. , Watson , W. E. , Carland , J. C. and Carland , J. W. 1998 . A proclivity for entrepreneurship: a comparison of entrepreneurs, small business owners, and corporate managers . Journal of Business Venturing , 14 : 189 – 214 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey , D. J. 1994 . Understanding the Small Business Sector , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , J. L. 1987 . Keeping the Family Business Healthy: How to Plan for Continued Growth, Profitability, and Family Leadership , San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Westhead , P. 1995 . New owner-managed businesses in rural and urban areas in Great Britain: a matched pairs comparison . Regional Studies , 29 : 367 – 380 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westhead , P. 1997 . Ambitions, ‘external’ environment and strategic factor diff erences between family and non-family companies . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 9 : 127 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Westhead , P. 1999 . Factors associated with the employment of non-executive directors by unquoted companies . Journal of Management and Governance , 3 : 81 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Westhead , P. and Cowling , M. 1997 . Performance contrasts between family and non-family unquoted companies in the UK . International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research , 3 : 30 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Westhead , P. and Cowling , M. 1998 . Family firm research: the need for a methodological rethink . Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 23 : 31 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynarczyk , P. , Watson , R. , Storey , D. , Short , H. and Keasey , K. 1993 . Managerial Labour Markets in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar