3,040
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Entrepreneurship and the determinants of firm survival within regions: human capital, growth motivation and locational conditions

, &
Pages 357-389 | Received 11 Mar 2015, Accepted 09 Dec 2016, Published online: 03 Jan 2017

References

  • Acs, Z. J., C. Armington, and T. Zhang. 2007. “The Determinants of New-firm Survival across Regional Economies: The Role of Human Capital Stock and Knowledge Spillover.” Papers in Regional Science 86 (3): 368–392. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00129.x.
  • Agarwal, R. 1996. “Technological Activity and Survival of Firms.” Economics Letters 52 (1): 101–108. doi:10.1016/0165-1765(96)00837-3.
  • Agarwal, R. 1998. “Small Firms Survival and Technological Activity.” Small Business Economics 11 (3): 215–224. doi:10.1023/A:1007955428797.
  • Agarwal, R., and D. B. Audretsch. 1999. “The Two Views of Small Firms in Industry Dynamics: A Reconciliation.” Economics Letters 62 (2): 245–251. doi:10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00234-1.
  • Amin, A., A. Cameron, and R. Hudson. 2002. Placing the Social Economy. London: Routledge.
  • Amorós, J. E., C. Felzensztein, and E. Gimmon. 2013. “Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Peripheral versus Core Regions in Chile.” Small Business Economics 40 (1): 119–139. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9349-0.
  • Anderson, A. R., and R. Smith. 2007. “The Moral Space in Entrepreneurship: An Exploration of Ethical Imperatives and the Moral Legitimacy of Being Enterprising.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19 (6): 479–497. doi:10.1080/08985620701672377.
  • Anderson, A. R., C. Wallace, and L. Townsend. 2016. “Great Expectations or Small Country Living? Enabling Small Rural Creative Businesses with ICT.” Sociologia Ruralis 56 (3): 450–468. doi:10.1111/soru.12104.
  • Andersson, M., and S. Koster. 2011. “Sources of Persistence in Regional Start-up Rates – Evidence from Sweden.” Journal of Economic Geography 11 (1): 179–201. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbp069.
  • Andersson Joona, P. 2010. “Exits from Self-employment: Is There a Native-immigrant Difference in Sweden?” International Migration Review 44 (3): 539–559. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2010.00817.x.
  • Arbuthnott, A., and Y. von Friedrichs. 2013. “Entrepreneurial Renewal in a Peripheral Region: The Case of a Winter Automotive-testing Cluster in Sweden.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 25 (5/6): 371–403. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.748095.
  • Arenius, P., and D. De Clercq. 2005. “A Network-based Approach on Opportunity Recognition.” Small Business Economics 24 (3): 249–265. doi:10.1007/s11187-005-1988-6.
  • Audretsch, D. B., and D. Dohse. 2007. “Location: A Neglected Determinant of Firm Growth.” Review of World Economics 143 (1): 79–107. doi:10.1007/s10290-007-0099-7.
  • Audretsch, D. B., M. Hülsbeck, and E. E. Lehmann. 2012. “Regional Competitiveness, University Spillovers and Entrepreneurial Activity.” Small Business Economics 39 (3): 587–601. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9332-9.
  • Audretsch, D. B., and A. R. Thurik. 2001. “What is New about the New Economy: Sources of Growth in the Managed and Entrepreneurial Economies.” Industrial and Corporate Change 10 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1093/icc/10.1.267.
  • Barringer, B., F. Jones, and D. Neubaum. 2005. “A Quantitative Content Analysis of the Characteristics of Rapid-Growth Firms and Their Founders.” Journal of Business Venturing 20 (5): 663–687.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2004.03.004
  • Bartelsman, E., S. Scarpetta, and F. Schivardi. 2003. “Comparative Analysis of Firm Demographics and Survival: Micro-level Evidence for the OECD Countries.” OECD Economics Department Working Papers #348. OECD Publishing.
  • Bastesen, J., and E. Vatne. 2014. “Rapid-growth Firms: Exploring the Role and Location of Entrepreneurial Ventures.” In Agglomeration, Clusters and Entrepreneurship: Studies in Regional Economic Development, edited by C. Karlsson, B. Johansson, and R. R. Stough, 159–198. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Bates, T. 1990. “Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 72 (4): 551–559.10.2307/2109594
  • Baumgartner, D., M. Pütz, and I. Seidl. 2013. “What Kind of Entrepreneurship Drives Regional Development in European Non-core Regions? A Literature Review on Empirical Entrepreneurship Research.” European Planning Studies 21 (8): 1095–1127. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.722937.
  • Becker, G. 1965. “A Theory of the Allocation of Time.” The Economic Journal 75 (299): 493–517.10.2307/2228949
  • Becker, G. 1975. Human Capital. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Benneworth, P. 2004. “In What Sense ‘regional development?’: Entrepreneurship, Underdevelopment and Strong Tradition in the Periphery.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16 (6): 439–458. doi:10.1080/0898562042000249786.
  • Bergmann, H., and R. Sternberg. 2007. “The Changing Face of Entrepreneurship in Germany.” Small Business Economics 28 (2/3): 205–221. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-9016-z.
  • Besser, T. L., and N. J. Miller. 2013. “Community Matters: Successful Entrepreneurship in Remote Rural US Locations.” The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 14 (1): 15–27. doi:10.5367/ijei.2013.0104.
  • Birley, S., and P. Westhead. 1992. “A Comparison of New Firms in Assisted and Non-assisted Areas in Great Britain.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 4 (4): 299–338. doi:10.1080/08985629200000018.
  • Blackburn, R. A., M. Hart, and T. Wainwright. 2013. “Small Business Performance: Business, Strategy and Owner-Manager Characteristics.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 20 (1): 8–27. doi:10.1108/14626001311298394.
  • Blackburn, R., and M. Ram. 2006. “Fix or Fixation? The Contributions and Limitations of Entrepreneurship and Small Firms to Combating Social Exclusion.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 18 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1080/08985620500419566.
  • Blanchflower, D. G. 2004. “Self-employment: More May Not Be Better.” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper #10286. National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Blanchflower, D. G., and A. J. Oswald. 1990. “Self-employment and the Enterprise Culture.” British Social Attitudes 7: 127–143.
  • Block, J. H., and M. Wagner. 2010. “Necessity and Opportunity Entrepreneurs in Germany: Characteristics and Earnings Differentials.” Schmalenbach Business Review 62 (2): 154–174.
  • Boden, R. J., and A. R. Nucci. 2000. “On the Survival Prospects of Men’s and Women’s New Business Ventures.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (4): 347–362. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00004-4.
  • Boschma, R. 2005. “Proximity and Innovation: A Critical Assessment.” Regional Studies 39 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1080/0034340052000320887.
  • Bosma, N., J. Hessels, V. Schutjens, M. van Praag, and I. Verheul. 2012. “Entrepreneurship and Role Models.” Journal of Economic Psychology 33 (2): 410–424. doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.004.
  • Bosma, N., M. van Praag, R. Thurik, and G. de Wit. 2004. “The Value of Human and Social Capital Investments for the Business Performance of Startups.” Small Business Economics 23 (3): 227–236. doi:10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032032.21192.72.
  • Boso, N., V. M. Story, and J. W. Cadogan. 2013. “Entrepreneurial Orientation, Market Orientation, Network Ties, and Performance: Study of Entrepreneurial Firms in a Developing Economy.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (6): 708–727. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.04.001.
  • Brooksbank, D. J., P. Thompson, and R. Williams. 2008. “Entrepreneurial Attitudes, Intentions and Activities – A Comparison of Urban and Rural Areas in Wales.” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 6 (3): 421–436. doi:10.1504/IJESB.2008.019136.
  • Brüderl, J., P. Preisendörfer, and R. Ziegler. 1992. “Survival Chances of Newly Founded Business Organisations.” American Sociological Review 57 (2): 227–242.10.2307/2096207
  • Burger, M. J., F. G. van Oort, and O. Raspe. 2011. “Agglomeration and New Establishment Survival: A Mixed Hierarchical and Cross-Classified Model.” In Drivers of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Regional Dynamics, edited by K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp, and R. R. Stough, 45–63. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.10.1007/978-3-642-17940-2
  • Burdack, J., M. Kriszan, and R. Nadler. 2016. “Towards a Sustainable Regional Economy? The Oberlausitz Region in Transformation.” In Globalization and Europe’s Rural Regions, edited by J. McDonagh, B. Nienaber, and M. Woods, 143–164. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Caliendo, M., F. M. Fossen, and A. S. Kritikos. 2009. “Risk Attitudes of Nascent Entrepreneurs – New Evidence from an Experimentally Validated Survey.” Small Business Economics 32 (2): 153–167. doi:10.1007/s11187-007-9078-6.
  • Caliendo, M., F. Fossen, and A. Kritikos. 2010. “The Impact of Risk Attitudes on Entrepreneurial Survival.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 76 (1): 45–63. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.02.012.
  • Capelleras, J.-L., I. Contín-Pilart, M. Larraza-Kintana, and V. Martin-Sanchez. 2016. “Unemployment and Growth Aspirations: The Moderating Role of Education.” Strategic Change 25 (2): 171–185.10.1002/jsc.2054
  • Carter, N. M., W. B. Gartner, K. G. Shaver, and E. J. Gatewood. 2003. “The Career Reasons of Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (1): 13–39. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00078-2.
  • Cefis, E., and O. Marsili. 2005. “A Matter of Life and Death: Innovation and Firm Survival.” Industrial and Corporate Change 14 (6): 1167–1192. doi:10.1093/icc/dth081.
  • Chatterji, M., and J. H. L. L. Dewhurst. 1996. “Convergence Clubs and Relative Economic Performance in Great Britain: 1977–1991.” Regional Studies 30 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1080/00343409612331349458.
  • Clifton, N., R. Huggins, B. Morgan, and P. Thompson. 2015. “An Appropriate Tool for Entrepreneurial Learning in SMEs? The Case of the 20Twenty Leadership Programme.” Local Economy 30 (5): 534–556. doi:10.1177/0269094215589310.
  • Coad, A., J. Frankish, R. G. Roberts, and D. J. Storey. 2013. “Growth Paths and Survival Chances: An Application of Gambler’s Ruin Theory.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (5): 615–632. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.06.002.
  • Coad, A., J. S. Frankish, R. G. Roberts, and D. J. Storey. 2016. “Predicting New Venture Survival and Growth: Does the Fog Lift?” Small Business Economics 47 (1): 217–241. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9713-1.
  • Coeurderoy, R., M. Cowling, G. Licht, and G. Murray. 2012. “Young Firm Internationalization and Survival: Empirical Tests on a Panel of ‘adolescent’ New Technology-based Firms in Germany and the UK.” International Small Business Journal 30 (5): 472–492. doi:10.1177/0266242610388542.
  • Combes, P.-P., and H. G. Overman. 2004. “The Spatial Distribution of Economic Activities in the European Union.” In Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, vol. 4, edited by J. V. Henderson and J. F. Thisse, 2845–2909. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Congregado, E., A. A. Golpe, and S. C. Parker. 2012. “The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Hysteresis, Business Cycles and Government Policy.” Empirical Economics 43 (3): 1239–1261. doi:10.1007/s00181-011-0516-6.
  • Cooke, G. B., J. K. Burns, S. L. Mann, K. W. J. Vardy, and B. L. Cass. 2016. “The Case of Ireland’s County Donegal: Stimulating Rural Labour Markets via Training, Tourism and Nurturing Social Enterprise and Entrepreneurship.” E-Journal of International and Comparative Labour Studies 5 (1). Accessed September 30, 2016. http://www.adapt.it/EJCLS/index.php/ejcls_adapt/article/view/340
  • Cressy, R. 1993. “Loan Commitments and Business Starts: An Empirical Investigation on UK Data.” CSME Working Paper #12. Warwick Business School.
  • Criaco, G., T. Minola, P. Migliorini, and C. Serarols-Tarrés. 2014. “‘To have and have not’: Founders’ Human Capital and University Start-up Survival.” The Journal of Technology Transfer 39 (4): 567–593. doi:10.1007/s10961-013-9312-0.
  • Davidsson, P., and B. Honig. 2003. “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (3): 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.
  • Delmar, F., and J. Wiklund. 2008. “The Effect of Small Business Managers’ Growth Motivation on Firm Growth: A Longitudinal Study.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (3): 437–457. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2008.00235.x.
  • Delmar, F., A. McKelvie, and K. Wennberg. 2013. “Untangling the Relationships among Growth, Profitability and Survival in New Firms.” Technovation 33 (8/9): 276–291. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2013.02.003.
  • De Silva, D. G., and R. P. McComb. 2012. “Geographic Concentration and High Tech Firm Survival.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 42 (4): 691–701. doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.03.001.
  • DeTienne, D. R., and M. S. Cardon. 2012. “Impact of Founder Experience on Exit Intentions.” Small Business Economics 38 (4): 351–374. doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9284-5.
  • Dinis, A. 2006. “Marketing and Innovation: Useful Tools for Competitiveness in Rural and Peripheral Areas.” European Planning Studies 14 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1080/09654310500339083.
  • Douglas, E. J. 2013. “Reconstructing Entrepreneurial Intentions to Identify Predisposition for Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (5): 633–651. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2012.07.005.
  • Drinkwater, S. J., and N. C. O’Leary. 1997. “Unemployment in Wales: Does Language Matter?” Regional Studies 31 (6): 583–591. doi:10.1080/00343409750131712.
  • Etzioni, A. 1987. “Entrepreneurship, Adaptation and Legitimation: A Macro-behavior Perspective.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 8 (2): 175–189. doi:10.1016/0167-2681(87)90002-3.
  • Eurostat. 2009. ‘High-technology’ and ‘knowledge based services’ Aggregations Based on NACE Rev. 2. Luxemburg: Eurostat.
  • Evans, D. S., and L. S. Leighton. 1989. “Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship.” American Economic Review 79 (3): 519–535.
  • Felzensztein, C., E. Gimmon, and C. Aqueveque. 2013. “Entrepreneurship at the Periphery: Exploring Framework Conditions in Core and Peripheral Locations.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (4): 815–835. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00515.x.
  • Findlay, A., C. Mason, D. Houston, D. McCollum, and R. Harrison. 2009. “Escalators, Elevators and Travelators: The Occupational Mobility of Migrants to South-East England.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 35 (6): 861–879. doi:10.1080/13691830902957676.
  • Forslid, R., and G. I. P. Ottaviano. 2003. “An Analytically Solvable Core-periphery Model.” Journal of Economic Geography 3 (3): 229–240. doi:10.1093/jeg/3.3.229.
  • Fotopoulos, G., and H. Louri. 2000. “Location and Survival of New Entry.” Small Business Economics 14 (4): 311–321. doi:10.1023/A:1008180522759.
  • Frankish, J. S., R. G. Roberts, and D. J. Storey. 2010. “Enterprise Profiles in Deprived Areas: Are They Distinctive?” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 9 (2): 127–142. doi:10.1504/IJESB.2010.030616.
  • Fritsch, M., U. Brixy, and O. Falck. 2006. “The Effect of Industry, Region, and Time on New Business Survival – A Multi-dimensional Analysis.” Review of Industrial Organisation 28 (3): 285–306. doi:10.1007/s11151-006-0018-4.
  • Fritsch, M., and M. Wyrwich. 2014. “The Long Persistence of Regional Levels of Entrepreneurship: Germany, 1925–2005.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 955–973. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.816414.
  • Fuzi, A. 2015. “Co-working Spaces for Promoting Entrepreneurship in Sparse Regions: The Case of South Wales.” Regional Studies, Regional Science 2 (1): 461–468. doi:10.1080/21681376.2015.1072053.
  • Ganotakis, P. 2012. “Founders’ Human Capital and the Performance of UK New Technology Based Firms.” Small Business Economics 39 (2): 495–515. doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9309-0.
  • Gardiner, B., R. Martin, P. Sunley, and P. Tyler. 2013. “Spatially Unbalanced Growth in the British Economy.” Journal of Economic Geography 13 (6): 889–928. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbt003.
  • Geroski, P. A., J. Mata, and P. Portugal. 2010. “Founding Conditions and the Survival of New Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 31 (5): 510–529. doi:10.1002/smj.823.
  • Gibrat, R. 1931. Les inégalités économiques [Economic Inequalities]. Paris: Recueil Sirey.
  • Gicheva, D., and L. N. Link. 2013. “Leveraging Entrepreneurship through Private Investments: Does Gender Matter?” Small Business Economics 40 (2): 199–210. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9411-y.
  • Gimeno, J., T. B. Folta, A. C. Cooper, and C. Y. Woo. 1997. “Survival of the Fittest? Entrepreneurial Human Capital and the Persistence of Underperforming Firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (4): 750–783. doi:10.2307/2393656.
  • Gimmon, E., and J. Levie. 2010. “Founder’s Human Capital, External Investment, and the Survival of New High-technology Ventures.” Research Policy 39 (9): 1214–1226. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.05.017.
  • Gorton, M. 1999. “Spatial Variations in Markets Served by UK-based Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 11 (1): 39–55. doi:10.1080/089856299283281.
  • Gray, C. 1990. “Some Economic – Psychological Considerations on the Effects of the Enterprise Allowance Scheme (EAS).” Piccola Impresa 1: 111–124. doi:10.1177/026624269100900410.
  • Gray, C. 2000. “Formality, Intentionality, and Planning: Features of Successful Entrepreneurial SMEs in the Future?” Paper presented at the ICSB World Conference, Brisbane, Australia, June 7–10.
  • Grenadier, S. R., and N. Wang. 2007. “Investment under Uncertainty and Time-inconsistent Preferences.” Journal of Financial Economics 84 (1): 2–39. doi:10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.01.002.
  • Grilli, L. 2011. “When the Going Gets Tough, Do the Tough Get Going? The Pre-Entry Work Experience of Founders and High-Tech Start-up Survival during an Industry Crisis.” International Small Business Journal 29 (6): 626–647. doi:10.1177/0266242610372845.
  • Haapanen, M., and H. Tervo. 2009. “Self-employment Duration in Urban and Rural Locations.” Applied Economics 41 (19): 2449–2461. doi:10.1080/00036840802360278.
  • Hannan, M. T., and J. Freeman. 1977. “The Population Ecology of Organizations.” American Journal of Sociology 82 (5): 929–964.10.1086/226424
  • Hansen, B., and R. T. Hamilton. 2011. “Factors Distinguishing Small Firm Growers and Non-growers.” International Small Business Journal 29 (3): 278–294. doi:10.1177/0266242610381846.
  • Hart, M., J. Levie, K. Bonner, and C.-C. Drews. 2015. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: United Kingdom 2014 Monitoring Report. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde.
  • Helmers, C., and M. Rogers. 2008. “Innovation and the Survival of New Firms Across British Regions.” Oxford University Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series #416. Oxford University.
  • Henderson, A. D., M. E. Raynor, and M. Ahmed. 2012. “How Long Must a Firm Be Great to Rule out Chance? Benchmarking Sustained Superior Performance Without Being Fooled by Randomness.” Strategic Management Journal 33 (4): 387–406. doi:10.1002/smj.1943.
  • Herslund, L. 2012. “The Rural Creative Class: Counterurbanisation and Entrepreneurship in the Danish Countryside.” Sociologia Ruralis 52 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.2011.00560.x.
  • Hindle, K., J. Yencken, and A. O’Connor. 2011. “An Entrepreneurship Policy Framework for High-growth Firms: Navigating between Policies for Picking Winners and Market Failure.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing 3 (4): 324–343. doi:10.1504/IJEV.2011.043381.
  • Holmes, T. J., and J. A. Schmitz. 1996. “Managerial Tenure, Business Age, and Small Business Turnover.” Journal of Labour Economics 14 (1): 79–99.10.1086/209804
  • Holtz-Eakin, D., D. Joulfaian, and H. S. Rosen. 1994. “Sticking it Out: Entrepreneurial Survival and Liquidity Constraints.” Journal of Political Economy 102 (1): 53–75.10.1086/261921
  • Honjo, Y., and N. Harada. 2006. “SME Policy, Financial Structure and Firm Growth: Evidence from Japan.” Small Business Economics 27 (4/5): 289–300. doi:10.1007/s11187-005-6703-0.
  • Huggins, R., and P. Thompson. 2014. “Culture, Entrepreneurship and Uneven Development: A Spatial Analysis.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 26 (9–10): 726–752. doi:10.1080/08985626.2014.985740.
  • Huggins, R., and P. Thompson. 2015. “Culture and Place-based Development: A Socio-economic Analysis.” Regional Studies 49 (1): 130–159. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.889817.
  • Huggins, R., and N. Williams. 2011. “Entrepreneurship and Regional Competitiveness: The Role and Progression of Policy.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (9/10): 907–932. doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.577818.
  • Iammarino, S., and E. Marinelli. 2011. “Is the Grass Greener on the Other Side of the Fence? Graduate Mobility and Job Satisfaction in Italy.” Environment and Planning a 43 (11): 2761–2777. doi:10.1068/a44126.
  • Irvine, W., and A. R. Anderson. 2008. “ICT (Information Communication Technology), Peripherality and Smaller Hospitality Businesses in Scotland.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 14 (4): 200–218. doi:10.1108/13552550810887381.
  • Jack, S. L., and A. R. Anderson. 2002. “The Effects of Embeddedness on the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (5): 467–487. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3.
  • Jones, P., and A. Colwill. 2013. “Entrepreneurship Education: An Evaluation of the Young Enterprise Wales Initiative.” Education and Training 55 (8/9): 911–925. doi:10.1108/ET-04-2013-0052.
  • Jones, M. K., and A. Henley. 2008. “Welsh Economic Performance: Recent Experience and Future Challenges.” Contemporary Wales 21 (1): 150–173.
  • Jones-Evans, D. 2015. “Access to Finance to SMEs at a Regional Level – The Case of Finance Wales.” Venture Capital 17 (1–2): 27–41. doi:10.1080/13691066.2015.1052624.
  • Jones-Evans, D., P. Thompson, and S. Hill. 2008. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2007 Wales Executive Summary Report. Pontypridd: University of Glamorgan.
  • Jones-Evans, D., P. Thompson, and C. Kwong. 2011. “Entrepreneurship amongst Minority Language Speakers: The Case of Wales.” Regional Studies 45 (2): 219–238. doi:10.1080/00343400903241493.
  • Jovanovic, B. 1982. “Selection and the Evolution of Industry.” Econometrica 50 (3): 649–670. doi:10.2307/1912606.
  • Kaufmann, D., and M. Malul. 2015. “The Dynamic Brain Drain of Entrepreneurs in Peripheral Regions.” European Planning Studies 23 (7): 1345–1356. doi:10.1080/09654313.2014.929639.
  • Keeble, D., P. L. Owens, and C. Thompson. 1982. “Regional Accessibility and Economic Potential in the European Community.” Regional Studies 16 (6): 419–432. doi:10.1080/09595238200185421.
  • Keeble, D., and P. Tyler. 1995. “Enterprising Behaviour and the Urban–Rural Shift.” Urban Studies 32 (6): 975–997. doi:10.1080/00420989550012753.
  • Kelly, R., C. Mulvey, and P. E. T. Lewis. 2002. “Self-employment Programs and Outcomes for Disadvantaged Jobseekers.” Australian Bulletin of Labour 28 (4): 247–271.
  • Kibler, E., T. Kautonen, and M. Fink. 2014. “Regional Social Legitimacy of Entrepreneurship: Implications for Entrepreneurial Intention and Start-up Behaviour.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 995–1015. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.851373.
  • Kim, G. 2007. “The Analysis of Self-Employment Levels over the Life-cycle.” The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 47 (3): 397–410. doi:10.1016/j.qref.2006.06.004.
  • Kosanovich, W. T., H. Fleck, B. Yost, W. Armon, and S. Siliezar. 2001. Comprehensive Assessment of Self-Employment Assistance Programs – Final Report. Arlington, VA: DTI Associates.
  • Koster, S., and A. van Stel. 2014. “The Relationship between Start-ups, Market Mobility and Employment Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Dutch Regions.” Papers in Regional Science 93 (1): 203–217. doi:10.1111/pirs.12000.
  • Krugman, P. 1991. “Increasing Returns and Economic Geography.” Journal of Political Economy 99 (3): 483–499.10.1086/261763
  • Kwong, C., and P. Thompson. 2016. “The When and Why: Student Entrepreneurial Aspirations.” Journal of Small Business Management 54 (1): 299–318. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12146.
  • Lawton Smith, H., J. Glasson, S. Romeo, R. Waters, and A. Chadwick. 2013. “Entrepreneurial Regions: Evidence from Oxfordshire and Cambridgeshire.” Social Science Information 52 (4): 653–673. doi:10.1177/0539018413499978.
  • Lee, S. Y., R. Florida, and Z. J. Acs. 2004. “Creativity and Entrepreneurship: A Regional Analysis of New Firm Formation.” Regional Studies 38 (8): 879–891. doi:10.1080/0034340042000280910.
  • Lee, H., D. Kelley, J. Lee, and S. Lee. 2012. “SME Survival: The Impact of Internationalization, Technology Resources, and Alliances.” Journal of Small Business Management 50 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2011.00341.x.
  • Lejpras, A., and A. Stephan. 2011. “Locational Conditions, Cooperation, and Innovativeness: Evidence from Research and Company Spin-offs.” The Annals of Regional Science 46 (3): 543–575. doi:10.1007/s00168-009-0356-x.
  • Lévesque, M., and M. Minniti. 2006. “The Effect of Aging on Entrepreneurial Behavior.” Journal of Business Venturing 21 (2): 177–194. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.04.003.
  • Levie, J., and M. Hart. 2013. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: United Kingdom 2012 Monitoring Report. Glasgow: University of Strathclyde Business School/Aston Business School.
  • Levinthal, D. 1991. “Random Walks and Organizational Mortality.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36 (3): 397–420. doi:10.2307/2393202.
  • Maki, K., and T. Pukkinen. 2000. “Barriers to Growth and Employment in Finnish Small Enterprises.” Paper presented at the ICSB World Conference, Brisbane, Australia, June.
  • Malecki, E. J. 1990. “New Formation in the USA: Corporate Structure, Venture Capital, and Local Environment.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 2 (3): 247–266. doi:10.1080/08985629000000016.
  • Malul, M. 2015. “The Process of Brain Drain in Peripheral Regions.” Applied Economic Letters 22 (17): 1419–1423. doi:10.1080/13504851.2015.1037429.
  • Manning, A., and J. Swaffield. 2008. “The Gender Gap in Early-Career Wage Growth.” The Economic Journal 118 (530): 983–1024. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02158.x.
  • Martin, B. R. 2012. “Are Universities and University Research under Threat? Towards an Evolutionary Model of University Speciation.” Cambridge Journal of Economics 36 (3): 543–565. doi:10.1093/cje/bes006.
  • Martin, R. 2012. “Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks.” Journal of Economic Geography 12 (1): 1–32. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbr019.
  • Mason, C. M., and R. Brown. 2013. “Creating Good Public Policy to Support High-growth Firms.” Small Business Economics 40 (2): 211–225. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9369-9.
  • McAdam, R., R. Reid, and M. Shevlin. 2014. “Determinants for Innovation and Implementation at SME and Inter SME Levels within Peripheral Regions.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 20 (1): 66–90. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-02-2012-0025.
  • Millán, J. M., E. Congregado, and C. Román. 2012. “Determinants of Self-employment Survival in Europe.” Small Business Economics 38 (2): 231–258. doi:10.1007/s11187-010-9260-0.
  • Millán, J. M., E. Congregado, C. Román, M. van Praag, and A. van Stel. 2014. “The Value of an Educated Population for an Individual’s Entrepreneurship Success.” Journal of Business Venturing 29 (5): 612–632. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.09.003.
  • Mochrie, R., L. Galloway, and E. Donnelly. 2006. “Attitudes to Growth and Experience of Growth among Scottish SMEs.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 12 (1): 7–20. doi:10.1108/13552550610644454.
  • Moen, Ø., A. G. Heggeseth, and O. Lome. 2016. “The Positive Effect of Motivation and International Orientation on SME Growth.” Journal of Small Business Management 54 (2): 659–678. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12163.
  • Morgan, K., and A. Price. 2011. The Collective Entrepreneur: Social Enterprise and the Smart State. Cardiff: Cymru Group.
  • Morin, R. A., and A. F. Suarez. 1983. “Risk Aversion Revisited.” The Journal of Finance 38 (4): 1201–1216. doi:10.2307/2328020.
  • Morrison, A., J. Breen, and S. Ali. 2003. “Small Business Growth: Intention, Ability, and Opportunity.” Journal of Small Business Management 41 (4): 417–425. doi:10.1111/1540-627X.00092.
  • Mueller, S. L., and M. Conway Dato-on. 2013. “A Cross Cultural Study of Gender-role Orientation and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 9 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1007/s11365-011-0187-y.
  • Mueller, E., and J. N. Morgan. 1962. “Location Decisions of Manufacturers.” American Economic Review 52 (2): 204–217.
  • Murphy, L., R. Huggins, and P. Thompson. 2015. Social Capital and Innovation: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Policies. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy. doi:10.1177/0263774X15597448.
  • North, D., R. Leigh, and D. Smallbone. 1992. “A Comparison of Surviving and Non-surviving Small and Medium Sized Manufacturing Firms in London during the 1980s.” In Small Enterprise Development: Policy and Practice in Action, edited by K. Caley, E. Chell, F. Chittenden, and C. Mason, 12–27. London: Paul Chapman Publishing.
  • North, D., and D. Smallbone. 2000. “Innovative Activity in SMEs and Rural Economic Development: Some Evidence from England.” European Planning Studies 8 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1080/096543100110947.
  • North, D., and D. Smallbone. 2006. “Developing Entrepreneurship and Enterprise in Europe's Peripheral Rural Areas: Some Issues Facing Policy-makers.” European Planning Studies 14 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1080/09654310500339125.
  • North, D., D. Smallbone, F. Lyon, and G. Potts. 2003. Business-Led Regeneration of Deprived Areas: A Review of the Evidence Base – Office of the Deputy Prime Minister Research Report 5. London: Office of Deputy Prime Minister.
  • ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2004. Rural and Urban Classification 2004. London: HMSO.
  • ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2011. Business Demography – 2010: Enterprise Births, Deaths, and Survivals. Newport: Office for National Statistics.
  • Pe’er, A., I. Vertinsky, and T. Keil. 2016. “Growth and Survival: The Moderating Effects of Local Agglomeration and Local Market Structure.” Strategic Management Journal 37 (3): 541–564. doi:10.1002/smj.2331.
  • Philpott, K., L. Dooley, C. O’Reilly, and G. Lupton. 2011. “The Entrepreneurial University: Examining the Underlying Academic Tensions.” Technovation 31 (4): 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2010.12.003.
  • Piergiovanni, R., M. A. Carree, and E. Santarelli. 2012. “Creative Industries, New Business Formation, and Regional Economic Growth.” Small Business Economics 39 (3): 539–560. doi:10.1007/s11187-011-9329-4.
  • Politis, D. 2005. “The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (4): 399–424. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00091.x.
  • Politis, D. 2008. “Does Prior Start-up Experience Matter for Entrepreneurs’ Learning?: A Comparison between Novice and Habitual Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 15 (3): 472–489. doi:10.1108/14626000810892292.
  • Quadrini, V. 1999. “The Importance of Entrepreneurship for Wealth Concentration and Mobility.” Review of Income and Wealth 45 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1999.tb00309.x.
  • Rae, D. 2010. “Universities and Enterprise Education: Responding to the Challenges of the New Era.” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 17 (4): 591–606. doi:10.1108/14626001011088741.
  • Ramos-Rodríguez, A.-R., J.-A. Medina-Garrido, J.-D. Lorenzo-Gómez, and J. Ruiz-Navarro. 2010. “What You Know or Who You Know? The Role of Intellectual and Social Capital in Opportunity Recognition.” International Small Business Journal 28 (6): 566–582. doi:10.1177/0266242610369753.
  • Raspe, O., and F. van Oort. 2011. “Growth of New Firms and Spatially Bounded Knowledge Externalities.” The Annals of Regional Science 46 (3): 495–518. doi:10.1007/s00168-009-0357-9.
  • Rauch, A., and S. A. Rijsdijk. 2013. “The Effects of General and Specific Human Capital on Long-term Growth and Failure of Newly Founded Businesses.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (4): 923–941. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2011.00487.x.
  • Reid, G. C. 1991. “Staying in Business.” International Journal of Industrial Organisation 9 (4): 545–556. doi:10.1016/0167-7187(91)90064-R.
  • Reid, G. C., and J. A. Smith. 2000. “What Makes a New Business Start-up Successful?” Small Business Economics 14 (3): 165–182. doi:10.1023/A:1008168226739.
  • Renski, H. 2008. “New Firm Entry, Survival, and Growth in the United States: A Comparison of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas.” Journal of the American Planning Association 75 (1): 60–77. doi:10.1080/01944360802558424.
  • Renski, H. 2011. “External Economies of Localization, Urbanization and Industrial Diversity and New Firm Survival.” Papers in Regional Science 90 (3): 473–502. doi:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2010.00325.x.
  • Renski, H. 2015. “Externalities or Experience? Localization Economies and Start-up Business Survival.” Growth and Change 46 (3): 458–480. doi:10.1111/grow.12099.
  • Rérat, P. 2014. “Highly Qualified Rural Youth: Why Do Young Graduates Return to Their Home Region?” Children’s Geographies 12 (1): 70–86. doi:10.1080/14733285.2013.850849.
  • Rerup, C. 2005. “Learning from past Experience: Footnotes on Mindfulness and Habitual Entrepreneurship.” Scandinavian Journal of Management 21 (4): 451–472. doi:10.1016/j.scaman.2005.09.010.
  • Rhisiart, M., and D. Jones-Evans. 2016. “The Impact of Foresight on Entrepreneurship: The Wales 2010 Case Study.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 102: 112–119. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.010.
  • Rotar, L. J. 2014. “Youth Unemployment and Entrepreneurship.” Ekonomika 60 (4): 43–56.
  • Rouse, J., and D. Jayawarna. 2006. “The Financing of Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs: Are Enterprise Programmes Overcoming the Finance Gap?” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 12 (6): 388–400. doi:10.1108/13552550610710162.
  • Santarelli, E., M. Carree, and I. Verheul. 2009. “Unemployment and Firm Entry and Exit: An Update on a Controversial Relationship.” Regional Studies 43 (8): 1061–1073. doi:10.1080/00343400801968361.
  • Santarelli, E., and M. Vivarelli. 2007. “Entrepreneurship and the Process of Firms’ Entry, Survival and Growth.” Industrial and Corporate Change 16 (3): 455–488. doi:10.1093/icc/dtm010.
  • Sapienza, H. J., E. Autio, G. George, and S. A. Zahra. 2006. “A Capabilities Perspective on the Effects of Early Internationalization on Firm Survival and Growth.” Academy of Management Review 31 (4): 914–933. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.22527465.
  • Saridakis, G., J. Mole, and D. J. Storey. 2008. “New Small Firm Survival in England.” Empirica 35 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s10663-007-9049-9.
  • Shane, S. 2009. “Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs is Bad Public Policy.” Small Business Economics 33 (2): 141–149. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5.
  • Simon, M., S. M. Houghton, and K. Aquino. 2000. “Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Venture Formation: How Individuals Decide to Start Companies.” Journal of Business Venturing 15 (2): 113–134. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00003-2.
  • Singh, J. V., and C. L. Lumsden. 1990. “Theory and Research in Organizational Ecology.” Annual Review of Sociology 16 (1): 161–195.10.1146/annurev.so.16.080190.001113
  • Skuras, D., K. Tsegenidi, and K. Tsekouras. 2008. “Product Innovation and the Decision to Invest in Fixed Capital Assets: Evidence from an SME Survey in Six European Union Member States.” Research Policy 37 (10): 1778–1789. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.08.013.
  • Smallbone, D., R. Leigh, and D. North. 1995. “The Characteristics and Strategies of High Growth SMEs.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 1 (3): 44–62. doi:10.1108/13552559510100657.
  • Sorensen, O., and P. G. Audia. 2000. “The Social Structure of Entrepreneurial Activity: Geographical Concentration of Footwear Production in the United States 1940-1989.” American Journal of Sociology 106 (2): 224–262. doi:10.1086/316962.
  • Starr, J. A., and W. D. Bygrave. 1992. “The Second Time around: The Outcomes, Assets, and Liabilities of Prior Start-up Experience.” In International Perspectives on Entrepreneurship Research, edited by S. Birley and I. MacMillan, 340–363. Amsterdam: North Holland.
  • Stearns, T. M., N. M. Carter, and P. Reynolds. 1995. “New Firm Survival: Industry, Strategy, and Location.” Journal of Business Venturing 10 (1): 23–42. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(94)00016-N.
  • Stephan, A. 2011. “Locational Conditions and Firm Performance: Introduction to the Special Issue.” The Annals of Regional Science 46 (3): 487–494. doi:10.1007/s00168-009-0358-8.
  • Stephens, H. M., and M. D. Partridge. 2011. “Do Entrepreneurs Enhance Economic Growth in Lagging Regions?” Growth and Change 42 (4): 431–465. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2257.2011.00563.x.
  • Stephens, H. M., M. D. Partridge, and A. Faggian. 2013. “Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Lagging Regions.” Journal of Regional Science 53 (5): 778–812. doi:10.1111/jors.12019.
  • Stuart, T., and O. Sorenson. 2003. “The Geography of Opportunity: Spatial Heterogeneity in Founding Rates and the Performance of Biotechnology Firms.” Research Policy 32 (2): 229–253. doi:10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00098-7.
  • Taylor, M. P. 1996. “Earnings, Independence or Unemployment: Why Become Self-employed?” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 58 (2): 253–266. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.1996.mp58002003.x.
  • Taylor, M. P. 1999. “Survival of the Fittest? An Analysis of Self-employment Duration in Britain.” The Economic Journal 109 (454): C140–C155. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00422.
  • Thompson, P., D. Jones-Evans, and C. Kwong. 2012. “Entrepreneurship in Deprived Urban Communities: The Case of Wales.” Entrepreneurship Research Journal 2 (1). Accessed September 30, 2015. https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/erj.2012.2.issue-1/2157-5665.1033/2157-5665.1033.xml. doi:10.2202/2157-5665.1033.
  • Tödtling, F., and M. Trippl. 2005. “One Size Fits All? Towards a Differentiated Regional Innovation Policy Approach.” Research Policy 34 (8): 1203–1219. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.018.
  • Townroe, P., and K. Mallalieu. 1993. “Founding a New Business in the Countryside.” In Small Firms in Urban and Rural Locations, edited by J. Curran and D. J. Storey, 17–53. London: Routledge.
  • Unger, J. M., A. Rauch, M. Frese, and N. Rosenbusch. 2011. “Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-analytical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (3): 341–358. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004.
  • Vaessen, P., and D. Keeble. 1995. “Growth-oriented SMEs in Unfavourable Regional Environments.” Regional Studies 29 (6): 489–505. doi:10.1080/00343409512331349133.
  • Van der Sluis, J., M. Van Praag, and W. Vijverberg. 2008. “Education and Entrepreneurship Selection and Performance: A Review of the Empirical Literature.” Journal of Economic Surveys 22 (5): 795–841. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6419.2008.00550.x.
  • Van Looy, B., P. Landoni, J. Callaert, B. van Pottelsberghe, E. Sapsalis, and K. Debackere. 2011. “Entrepreneurial Effectiveness of European Universities: An Empirical Assessment of Antecedents and Trade-offs.” Research Policy 40 (4): 553–564. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.001.
  • Vernon, R. 1960. Metropolis 1985: Interpretation of the Findings of the New York Metropolitan Region Study. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.10.4159/harvard.9780674366213
  • Warren-Smith, I., and C. Jackson. 2004. “Women Creating Wealth through Rural Enterprise.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 10 (6): 369–383. doi:10.1108/13552550410564707.
  • Wennberg, K., and G. Lindqvist. 2010. “The Effect of Clusters on the Survival and Performance of New Firms.” Small Business Economics 34 (3): 221–241. doi:10.1007/s11187-008-9123-0.
  • Wennberg, K., J. Wiklund, D. R. DeTienne, and M. S. Cardon. 2010. “Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurial Exit: Divergent Exit Routes and Their Drivers.” Journal of Business Venturing 25 (4): 361–375. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.01.001.
  • Weterings, A., and O. Marsili. 2015. “Spatial Concentration of Industries and New Firm Exits: Does This Relationship Differ between Exits by Closure and by M&A?” Regional Studies 49 (1): 44–58. doi:10.1080/00343404.2012.726708.
  • Wiklund, J., and D. Shepherd. 2003. “Aspiring for, and Achieving Growth: The Moderating Role of Resources and Opportunities.” Journal of Management Studies 40 (8): 1919–1941. doi:10.1046/j.1467-6486.2003.00406.x.
  • Williams, D. R. 2004. “Youth Self Employment: Its Nature and Consequences.” Small Business Economics 23 (4): 323–336. doi:10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000032035.30738.01.
  • Williams, R., G. P. Packham, B. C. Thomas, and P. Thompson. 2009. “Small Business Sales Growth and Internationalization Links to Website Functions in the United Kingdom.” In E-Commerce Adoption and Small Business in the Global Marketplace: Tools for Optimization, edited by B. C. Thomas and G. Simmons, 139–173. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Williams, N., and C. C. Williams. 2011. “Tackling Barriers to Entrepreneurship in a Deprived Urban Neighbourhood.” Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 26 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1177/0269094210391166.
  • Williams, N., and C. C. Williams. 2014. “Beyond Necessity versus Opportunity Entrepreneurship: Some Lessons from English Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods.” International Entrepreneurship Management Journal 10 (1): 23–40. doi:10.1007/s11365-011-0190-3.
  • van Witteloostuijn, A. 1998. “Bridging Behavioral and Economic Theories of Decline: Organizational Inertia, Strategic Competition and Chronic Failure.” Management Science 44 (4): 502–519.
  • Yoo, S.-J., N. G. Mackenzie, and D. Jones-Evans. 2012. “Public Sector Support and Technology-based SMEs in Peripheral Areas – The Case Of North Wales.” Journal of Enterprising Culture 20 (1): 83–104. doi:10.1142/S0218495812500045.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.