Managing the Yin and Yang of family capital: a study of Chinese immigrant entrepreneurs

References

• Aldrich, H. E. , and J. E. Cliff . 2003. “The Pervasive Effects of Family on Entrepreneurship: Toward a Family Embeddedness Perspective.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (5): 573–596.10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00011-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsos, G. , S. Carter , and E. Ljunggren . 2014. “Kinship and Business: How Entrepreneurial Households Facilitate Business Growth.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 26 (1-2): 97–122.10.1080/08985626.2013.870235
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R. , and S. L. Jack . 2002. “The Articulation of Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Networks: A Glue or a Lubricant?” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 14 (3): 193–210.10.1080/08985620110112079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R. , S. Jack , and S. Dodd . 2005. “The Role of Family Members in Entrepreneurial Networks: Beyond the Boundaries of the Family Firm.” Family Business Review 18 (2): 135–154.10.1111/j.1741-6248.2005.00037.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arregle, J. , B. Batjargal , M. Hitt , J. Webb , T. Miller , and A. Tsui . 2015. “Family Ties in Entrepreneurs’ Social Networks and New Venture Growth.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 39 (2): 313–344.10.1111/etap.12044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au, K. , and H. K. Kwan . 2009. “Start-up Capital and Chinese Entrepreneurs: The Role of Family.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (4): 889–908.10.1111/etap.2009.33.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azmat, F. , and Y. Fujimoto . 2016. “Family Embeddedness and Entrepreneurship Experience: A Study of Indian Migrant Women Entrepreneurs in Australia.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 28 (9–10): 630–656.10.1080/08985626.2016.1208279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, I. , J. Hernangómez , and N. Martin-Cruz . 2016. “A Theoretical Model of Strategic Management of Family Firms. a Dynamic Capabilities Approach.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 7 (3): 149–159.10.1016/j.jfbs.2016.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T. 1997. “Financing Small Business Creation: The Case of Chinese and Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 12 (2): 109–124.10.1016/S0883-9026(96)00054-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubloz, M. 2001. “Family as Source, User, and Builder of Social Capital.” The Journal of Socio-Economics 30 (2): 129–131.10.1016/S1053-5357(00)00091-3
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, K. , and R. Quinn . 1988. “Organizational Paradox and Transformation.” In Paradox and Transformation: Toward a Theory of Change in Organization and Management , edited by R. E. Quinn and K. S. Cameron , 1–18. Cambridge, MA : Ballinger.
   Google Scholar
• Cetindamar, D. , V. Gupta , E. Karadeniz , and N. Egrican . 2012. “What the Number Tell: The Impact of Human, Family and Financial Capital on Women and Men’s Entry into Entrepreneurship in Turkey.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 24 (1–2): 29–51.10.1080/08985626.2012.637348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, E. , E. Memili , J. Chrisman , F. Kellermanns , and J. Chua . 2009. “Family Social Capital, Venture Preparedness, and Start-up Decisions.” Family Business Review 22 (3): 279–292.10.1177/0894486509332327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, J. H. , J. J. Chrisman , and E. Chang . 2004. “Are Family Firms Born or Made? An Exploratory Investigation.” Family Business Review 17 (1): 37–53.10.1111/j.1741-6248.2004.00002.x
   Google Scholar
• Chua, J. H. , J. J. Chrisman , F. W. Kellermanns , and Z. Wu . 2011. “Family Involvement and New Venture Debt Financing.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (4): 472–488.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constant, A. , and K. Zimmermann . 2006. “The Making of Entrepreneurs in Germany: Are Native Men and Immigrants Alike?” Small Business Economics 26 (3): 279–300.10.1007/s11187-005-3004-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, C. , R. Justo , and J. Castro . 2012. “Does Family Employment Enhance MSEs Performance? Integrating Socioemotional Wealth and Family Embeddedness Perspectives.” Journal of Business Venturing 27 (1): 62–76.10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danes, S. M. , and E. A. Morgan . 2004. “Family Business-owning Couples: An EFT View into Their Unique Conflict Culture.” Contemporary Family Therapy 26 (3): 241–260.10.1023/B:COFT.0000037913.20921.0e
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danes, S. M. , J. Lee , K. Stafford , and R. K. Z. Heck . 2008. “The Effects of Ethnicity, Families and Culture on Entrepreneurial Experience: An Extension of Sustainable Family Business Theory.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 13 (3): 229–268.10.1142/S1084946708001010
   Google Scholar
• Danes, S. M. , K. Stafford , G. Haynes , and S. Amarapurkar . 2009. “Family Capital of Family Firms.” Family Business Review 22 (3): 199–215.10.1177/0894486509333424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyer, W. G. , E. Nenque , and E. J. Hill . 2014. “Toward a Theory of Family Capital and Entrepreneurship: Antecedents and Outcomes.” Journal of Small Business Management 52 (2): 266–285.10.1111/jsbm.2014.52.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 532–550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, T. 2012. “Yin Yang: A New Perspective on Culture.” Management and Organization Review 8 (1): 25–50.10.1111/j.1740-8784.2011.00221.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairlie, R. , and A. Robb . 2007. “Why Are Black‐owned Businesses Less Successful than White‐owned Businesses? The Role of Families, Inheritances, and Business Human Capital.” Journal of Labor Economics 25 (2): 289–323.10.1086/510763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentry, W. M. , and R. G. Hubbard . 2004. “Entrepreneurship and Household Saving.” Advances in Economic Analysis & Policy 4 (1): 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Gephart, R. 2004. “From the Editors: Qualitative Research and the Academy of Management Journal.” Academy of Management Journal 47 (4): 454–462.10.5465/AMJ.2004.14438580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb, T. , E. Hamdon , and Z. Jamal . 2008. “Re/Claiming Agency: Learning, Liminality and Immigrant Service Organizations.” Journal of Contemporary Issues in Education 3 (1): 4–16.
   Google Scholar
• Glaser, B. G. , and A. Strauss . 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research . Chicago, IL : Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Granovetter, M. 1985. “Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness.” American Journal of Sociology 91 (3): 481–510.10.1086/228311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Mejia, L. , M. Nunez-Nickel , and I. Gutierrez . 2001. “The Role of Family Ties in Agency Contracts.” Academy of Management Journal 44 (1): 81–95.10.2307/3069338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Canada . 2018. “Immigrate through a Skilled Worker through Express Entry.” Accessed March 8. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/immigrate/skilled/
   Google Scholar
• Greve, A. , and J. Salaff . 2003. “Social Networks and Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 28 (1): 1–22.10.1111/etap.2003.28.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, V. , and N. Levenburg . 2010. “A Thematic Analysis of Cultural Variations in Family Businesses: The CASE Project.” Family Business Review 23 (2): 155–169.10.1177/089448651002300205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habbershon, T. G. 2006. “Commentary: A Framework for Managing the Familiness and Agency Advantages in Family Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 30 (6): 879–886.10.1111/etap.2006.30.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, E. , A. D. Cruz , and S. Jack . 2017. “Re-framing the Status of Narrative in Family Business Research: Towards an Understanding of Families in Business.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 8 (1): 3–12.10.1016/j.jfbs.2016.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, M. T. 2002. “Knowledge Networks: Explaining Effective Knowledge Sharing in Multiunit Companies.” Organization Science 13 (3): 232–248.10.1287/orsc.13.3.232.2771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hite, J. 2005. “Evolutionary Processes and Paths of Relationally Embedded Network Ties in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (1): 113–144.10.1111/etap.2005.29.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, J. , M. Hoelscher , and R. Sorenson . 2006. “Achieving Sustained Competitive Advantage: A Family Capital Theory.” Family Business Review 19 (2): 135–145.10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00065.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. 1991. Cultures and Organizations. Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival. Software of the Mind . London: Mcgraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hoy, F. , and P. Sharma . 2009. " Entrepreneurial Family Firms . Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Jaarzabkowski, P. , J. Le , and A. Van de Ven . 2013. “Responding to Competing Strategic Demands: How Organizing, Belonging, and Performing Paradoxes Coevolve.” Strategic Organization 1–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, J. 2013. “Navigating Paradox as a Mechanism of Change and Innovation in Hybrid Organizations.” Academy of Management Journal 56 (1): 137–159.10.5465/amj.2010.0772
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, J. , and M. McDougald . 2007. “Work-family Interface Experiences and Coping Strategies: Implications for Entrepreneurship Research and Practice.” Academy of Management Review 32 (3): 747–760.10.5465/AMR.2007.25275510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidwell, R. E. , F. Hoy , and S. Ibarreche . 2012. “Ethnic Family Business or Just Family Business? Human Resource Practices in the Ethnic Family Firm.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 3 (1): 12–17.10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.01.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, O. 1968. Chinese Family and Society . Hamden, CT : Archon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, M. 2000. “Exploring Paradox: Toward a More Comprehensive Guide.” Academy of Management Review 25 (4): 760–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P. 1998. The Chinese in Canada . Don Mills: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luscher, L. , and M. Lewis . 2008. “Organizational Change and Managerial Sensemaking: Working through Paradox.” Academy of Management Journal 51 (2): 221–240.10.5465/AMJ.2008.31767217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, D. , T. Madden , F. Kellermanns , and K. Eddleston . 2014. “Conflicts in Family Firms: The Good and the Bad.” In The Sage Handbook of Family Business , edited by L. Melin , M. Nordqvist , and P. Sharma , 514–528. London: Sage.10.4135/9781446247556
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B. , and M. A. Huberman . 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis . 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nahapiet, J. , and S. Ghoshal . 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.” Academy of Management Review 23 (2): 242–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordqvist, M. , and L. Melin . 2010. “Entrepreneurial Families and Family Firms.” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 22 (3–4): 211–239.10.1080/08985621003726119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. H. , and Y. Luo . 2001. “Guanxi and Organizational Dynamics: Organizational Networking in Chinese Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (5): 455–477.10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, A. W. , E. Bergiel , and T. Barnett . 2014. “Expanding the Study of Organizational Behaviour in Family Business: Adapting Team Theory to Explore Family Firms.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 23 (5): 657–664.10.1080/1359432X.2014.911174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, A. W. , J. C. Carr , and J. C. Shaw . 2008. “Toward a Theory of Familiness: A Social Capital Perspective.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 32 (6): 949–969.10.1111/etap.2008.32.issue-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole, M. , and A. Van de Ven . 1989. “Using Paradox to Build Management and Organization Theories.” Academy of Management Review 14 (4): 562–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A. 1998. “Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 1–24.10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ram, M. , and R. Holliday . 1993. “Relative Merits: Family Culture and Kinship in Small Firms.” Sociology 27 (4): 629–648.10.1177/0038038593027004005
   Google Scholar
• Reay, T. , and Z. Zhang . 2014. “Qualitative Methods in Family Business Research.” In The SAGE Handbook of Family Business , edited by L. Melin , M. Nordqvist , and P. Sharma , 573–593. London: Sage.10.4135/9781446247556
   Google Scholar
• Renzulli, L. , H. E. Aldrich , and J. Moody . 2000. “Family Matters: Gender, Networks, and Entrepreneurial Outcomes.” Social Forces 79 (2): 523–546.10.1093/sf/79.2.523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, P. , C. Tuggle , and S. Hackett . 2009. “An Exploratory Study of How Potential Family and Household Capital Impacts New Venture Start-up Rates.” Family Business Review 22 (3): 259–272.10.1177/0894486509335342
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogoff, E. G. , and R. Heck . 2003. “Evolving Research in Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Recognizing Family as the Oxygen That Feeds the Fire of Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (5): 559–566.10.1016/S0883-9026(03)00009-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosa, P. , C. Howorth , and A. Discua Cruz . 2014. “Habitual and Portfolio Entrepreneurship and the Family in Business.” In The Sage Handbook of Family Business , edited by L. Melin , M. Nordqvist , and P. Sharma , 364–382. London: Sage.10.4135/9781446247556
   Google Scholar
• Sanders, J. M. , and V. Nee . 1996. “Immigrant Self-employment: The Family as Social Capital and the Value of Human Capital.” American Sociological Review 61 (2): 231–249.10.2307/2096333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seet, P. S. 2010. “Conceptualising the Entrepreneurial Process Using Chinese Classics: A Paradoxical Perspective.” International Journal of Business and Systems Research 4 (5–6): 541–564.10.1504/IJBSR.2010.035074
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, P. , A. De Massis , and M. Gagne . 2014. “Family Business: A Fertile Ground for Research on Time, Teams and Positive Organizational Study.” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 23 (5): 674–679.10.1080/1359432X.2014.900046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinnar, R. S. , S. Cho , and E. G. Rogoff . 2013. “Outcomes of Family Involvement in Minority Owned Family Businesses.” Journal of Family Business Strategy 4 (1): 22–33.10.1016/j.jfbs.2012.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieger, P. , T. Zellweger , R. S. Nason , and E. Clinton . 2011. “Portfolio Entrepreneurship in Family Firms: A Resource‐based Perspective.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 5 (4): 327–351.10.1002/sej.v5.4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirmon, D. , and M. Hitt . 2003. “Managing Resources: Linking Unique Resources, Management, and Wealth Creation in Family Firms.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27 (4): 339–358.10.1111/etap.2003.27.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. 2015. “Dynamic Decision Making: A Model of Senior Leaders Managing Strategic Paradoxes.” Academy of Management Journal 1015 (1): 58–89.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, W. , and M. Lewis . 2011. “Toward a Theory of Paradox: A Dynamic Equilibrium Model of Organizing.” Academy of Management Review 36 (2): 381–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, M. 1997. “The Case of Chinese Take-away Businesses in Britain.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 20 (4): 690–716.10.1080/01419870.1997.9993985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steier, L. 2007. “New Venture Creation and Organization: A Familial Sub-Narrative.” Journal of Business Research 60 (10): 1099–1107.10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.12.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, A. 2003. “Help One Another, Use One Another: Toward an Anthropology of Family Business.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 27 (4): 383–396.10.1111/etap.2003.27.issue-4
   Google Scholar
• Stewart, A. , and Hitt, M. A. 2010. “The Yin and Yang of Kinship and Business: Complementary or Contradictory Forces? (and Can We Really Say?)” In Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth , edited by A. Stewart , G.T. Lumpkin , and J. A. Katz , Vol. 12, 243–276. Bingley: Emerald Group.
   Google Scholar
• Stinchcombe, A. L. 1965. “Social Structure and Organizations.” In Handbook of Organizations , edited by J. March , 142–193. Chicago, IL : Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Sundaramurthy, C. , and M. Lewis . 2003. “Control and Collaboration: Paradoxes of Governance.” Academy of Management Review 28 (3): 397–415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzi, B. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61 (4): 674–698.10.2307/2096399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzzi, B. 1997. “Social Structure and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness.” Administrative Science Quarterly 42 (1): 35–67.10.2307/2393808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Auken, H. , and J. Werbel . 2006. “Family Dynamic and Family Business Financial Performance: Spousal Commitment.” Family Business Review 19 (1): 49–63.10.1111/j.1741-6248.2006.00059.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter, F. 2011. “Contextualizing Entrepreneurship – Conceptual Challenges and Ways Forward.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (1): 165–184.10.1111/etap.2011.35.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werbel, J. , and S. Danes . 2010. “Work Family Conflict in New Business Ventures: The Moderating Effects of Spousal Commitment to the New Business Venture.” Journal of Small Business Management 48 (3): 421–440.10.1111/jsbm.2010.48.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, B. , B. S. McReynolds , and W. Wong . 1992. “Chinese Family Firms in the San Francisco Bay Area.” Family Business Review 5 (4): 355–372.10.1111/j.1741-6248.1992.00355.x
   Google Scholar
• Zellweger, T. M. , R. S. Nason , and M. Nordqvist . 2012. “From Longevity of Firms to Transgenerational Entrepreneurship of Families: Introducing Family Entrepreneurial Orientation.” Family Business Review 25 (2): 136–155.10.1177/0894486511423531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. , and G. Zeitz . 2002. “Beyond Survival: Achieving New Venture Growth by Building Legitimacy.” Academy of Management Review 27 (3): 414–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar