2,317
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Issue Articles

Effects of structural, relational and cognitive social capital on resource acquisition: a study of entrepreneurs residing in multiply deprived areas

, , &
Pages 534-554 | Received 09 Dec 2014, Accepted 06 Nov 2018, Published online: 19 Nov 2018

References

  • Adler, P., and S. Kwon. 2002. “Social Capital: Prospects for a New Concept.” Academy of Management Review 27: 17–40. doi:10.5465/amr.2002.5922314.
  • Adler, S. 2001. “Market, Hierarchy, and Trust: The Knowledge Economy and the Future of Capitalism.” Organization Science 12: 215–234. doi:10.1287/orsc.12.2.215.10117.
  • Aldrich, H., and C. Zimmer. 1986. “Entrepreneurship Through Networks.” In The Art of Science Entrepreneurship, edited by D. L. Sexton and R. W. Smilor, pp 3–23. Ballinger: Cambridge.
  • Anderson, A., and C. Miller. 2003. “Class Matters: Human and Social Capital in the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Socio-Economics 32: 17–36. doi:10.1016/S1053-5357(03)00009-X.
  • Anderson, A., J. Park, and S. Jack. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Social Capital: Conceptualizing Social Capital in New High-Tech Firms.” International Small Business Journal 25 (3): 245–272. doi:10.1177/0266242607076526.
  • Anderson, A., C. Wallace, and L. Townsend. 2016. “Great Expectations or Small Country Living? Enabling Small Rural Creative Businesses with ICT.” Sociologia Ruralis 56 (3): 450–468. doi:10.1111/soru.2016.56.issue-3.
  • Anderson, A. R. 2000. “Paradox in the Periphery: An Entrepreneurial Reconstruction?” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 12 (2): 91–109. doi:10.1080/089856200283027.
  • Anderson, A. R., and S. L. Jack. 2002. “The Articulation of Social Capital in Entrepreneurial Networks: A Glue or a Lubricant?” Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 14: 193–210. doi:10.1080/08985620110112079.
  • Anderson, J. C., and D. W. Gerbing. 1988. “Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach.” Psychological Bulletin 103: 441. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411.
  • Araujo, L., and G. Easton. 2012. “Temporality in Business Networks: The Role of Narratives and Management Technologies.” Industrial Marketing Management 41: 312–318. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2012.01.014.
  • Audretsch, D., T. Aldridge, M. Sanders, P. H. Thornton, D. Ribeiro-Soriano, and D. Urbano. 2011. “Social Capital Building and New Business Formation: A Case Study in Silicon Valley.” International Small Business Journal 29: 152–169. doi:10.1177/0266242610391939.
  • Bagozzi, R. P., and Y. Yi. 1988. “On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models.” Academy of Marketing Science 16: 74–94. doi:10.1007/BF02723327.
  • Barbieri, P. 2003. “Social Capital and Self-Employment: A Network Analysis Experiment and Several Considerations.” International Sociology 18 (4): 681–701. doi:10.1177/0268580903184003.
  • Batjargal, B. 2006. “The Dynamics of Entrepreneurs Networks in a Transitioning Economy: The Case of Russia.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 18: 305–320. doi:10.1080/08985620600717448.
  • Bauernschuster, S., O. Falck, and S. Heblich. 2010. “Social Capital Access and Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 76: 821–833. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2010.09.014.
  • Bennett, R. 2014. Entrepreneurship, Small Business and Public Policy: Evolution and Revolution. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Benneworth, P. 2004. “In What Sense ‘Regional Development?’: Entrepreneurship, Underdevelopment and Strong Tradition in the Periphery.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16 (6): 439–458. doi:10.1080/0898562042000249786.
  • Besser, T., and N. Miller. 2011. “The Structural, Social, and Strategic Factors Associated with Successful Business Networks.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (3–4): 113–133. doi:10.1080/08985620903183728.
  • Beugelsdijk, S., and T. V. Schaik. 2005. “Differences in Social Capital between 54 Western European Regions.” Regional Studies 39: 1053–1064. doi:10.1080/00343400500328040.
  • Birley, S. 1985. “The Role of Networks in the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 1: 107–118. doi:10.1016/0883-9026(85)90010-2.
  • Bizri, R. 2017. “Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Social Capital Perspective.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 29 (9–10): 847–868. doi:10.1080/08985626.2017.1364787.
  • Blackburn, R., and A. Kovalainen. 2009. “Researching Small Firms and Entrepreneurship: Past, Present and Future.” International Journal of Management Reviews 11 (2): 127–148. doi:10.1111/ijmr.2009.11.issue-2.
  • Blackburn, R., and M. Ram. 2006. “Fix or Fixation? the Contributions and Limitations of Entrepreneurship and Small Firms to Combating Social Exclusion.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 18: 73–89. doi:10.1080/08985620500419566.
  • Blackburn, R., and D. Smallbone. 2014. Sustaining Self-Employment for Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs. OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development, 1–41.
  • Boon, B., and J. Farnsworth. 2011. “Social Exclusion and Poverty: Translating Social Capital into Accessible Resources.” Social Policy and Administration 45 (5): 507–524.
  • Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson, pp 241-258. Greenwood: New York.
  • Bowey, J. L., and G. Easton. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Social Capital Unplugged: An Activity-Based Analysis.” International Small Business Journal 25 (3): 273–303. doi:10.1177/0266242607076528.
  • Bretherton, J., and N. Pleace. 2011. “A Difficult Mix: Issues in Achieving Socioeconomic Diversity in Deprived UK Neighbourhoods.” Urban Studies 48 (16): 3433–3447. doi:10.1177/0042098010396233.
  • Burt, R. S. 1992. Structural Holes. The Social Structure of Competition. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Callois, J. M., and F. Aubert. 2007. “Towards Indicators of Social Capital for Regional Development Issues: The Case of French Rural Areas.” Regional Studies 41: 809–821. doi:10.1080/00343400601142720.
  • Camps, S., and P. Marques. 2014. “Exploring How Social Capital Facilitates Innovation: The Role of Innovation Enablers.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 88: 325–348. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.10.008.
  • Carter, N. M., C. G. Brush, P. G. Greene, E. Gatewood, and M. M. Hart. 2003. “Women Entrepreneurs Who Break through to Equity Financing: The Influence of Human, Social and Financial Capital.” Venture Capital 5: 1–28. doi:10.1080/1369106032000082586.
  • Casson, M., and M. Della Giusta. 2007. “Entrepreneurship and Social Capital: Analysing the Impact of Social Networks on Entrepreneurial Activity from a Rational Action Perspective.” International Small Business Journal 25 (3): 220–242. doi:10.1177/0266242607076524.
  • Castro, I., and J. Roldan. 2013. “A Mediation Model between Dimensions of Social Capital.” International Business Review 22 (6): 1034–1050. doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.02.004.
  • Cattell, V. 2001. “Poor People, Poor Places, and Poor Health: The Mediating Role of Social Networks and Social Capital.” Social Science and Medicine 52: 1501—16.
  • Chiu, C. M., M. H. Hsu, and E. T. Wang. 2006. “Understanding Knowledge Sharing in Virtual Communities: An Integration of Social Capital and Social Cognitive Theories.” Decision Support Systems 42: 1872–1888. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2006.04.001.
  • Chou, T. C., J. R. Chen, and S. L. Pan. 2006. “The Impacts of Social Capital on Information Technology Outsourcing Decisions: A Case Study of A Taiwanese High-Tech Firm.” International Journal of Information Management 26: 249–256. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2006.02.002.
  • Chua, A. 2002. “The Influence of Social Interaction on Knowledge Creation.” Journal of Intellectual Capital 3: 375–392. doi:10.1108/14691930210448297.
  • Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” The American Journal of Sociology: Supplement, Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure 94: 95–120.
  • Cooke, P., N. Clifton, and M. Oleaga. 2005. “Social Capital, Firm Embeddedness and Regional Development.” Regional Studies 39: 1065–1077. doi:10.1080/00343400500328065.
  • Cooke, P., and D. Wills. 1999. “Small Firms, Social Capital and the Enhancement of Business Performance through Innovation Programmes.” Small Business Economics 13: 219–234. doi:10.1023/A:1008178808631.
  • Crisp, R. 2013. “‘Communities with Oomph? Exploring the Potential for Stronger Social Ties to Revitalize Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 31: 324–339. doi:10.1068/c11122.
  • Dakhli, M., and D. De Clercq. 2004. “Human Capital, Social Capital, and Innovation: A Multi-Country Study.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16: 107–128. doi:10.1080/08985620410001677835.
  • Daly, M., and H. Silver. 2008. “Social Exclusion and Social Capital: A Comparison and Critique.” Theory and Society 37: 537–566. doi:10.1007/s11186-008-9062-4.
  • Dana, L. P., and I. Light. 2011. “Two Forms of Community Entrepreneurship in Finland: Are There Differences between Finnish and Sami Reindeer Husbandry Entrepreneurs?” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (5–6): 331–352. doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.580163.
  • Davenport, S., and U. Daellenbach. 2011. “Belonging to a Virtual Research Centre: Exploring the Influence of Social Capital Formation Processes on Member Identification in a Virtual Organization.” British Journal of Management 22 (11): 54–76. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2010.00713.x.
  • Davidsson, P., and B. Honig. 2003. “The Role of Social and Human Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 18: 301–331. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00097-6.
  • Deakins, D., M. Ishaq, D. Smallbone, G. Whittam, and J. Wyper. 2007. “Ethnic Minority Businesses in Scotland and the Role of Social Capital.” International Small Business Journal 25 (3): 307–324. doi:10.1177/0266242607076530.
  • DeCarolis, D. M., and P. Saparito. 2006. “Social Capital, Cognition, and Entrepreneurial Opportunities: A Theoretical Framework.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice January: 41–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00109.x.
  • DeClercq, D., and B. Honig. 2011. “Entrepreneurship as an Integrating Mechanism for Disadvantaged Persons.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23: 353–372. doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.580164.
  • Department for Communities and Local Government. DCLG. 2008. The English Indices of Deprivation 2007. Department for Communities and Local Government Publications: Crown Copyright.
  • Department for Communities and Local Government. DCLG. 2011. The English Indices of Deprivation 2010. Department for Communities and Local Government Publications: Crown Copyright.
  • Department for Education and Skills. DfES. 2003. Assessing the Effectiveness of New Entrepreneur Scholarships Report – RR410. DfES Publications.
  • Down, S. 2012. “Evaluating the Impacts of Government Policy through the Long View of Life History.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 24 (7–8): 619–639. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710269.
  • Drucker, P. 1985. Innovation and Entrepreneurship. London: Heinemann.
  • Edelman, L. F., M. Bresnan, S. Newell, H. Scarborough, and J. Swan. 2004. “The Benefits and Pitfalls of Social Capital: Empirical Evidence from Two Organizations in the United Kingdom.” British Journal of Management 15: 59–69. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.2004.00406.x.
  • Elfring, T., and W. Hulsink. 2003. “Networks in Entrepreneurship: The Case of High-Technology Firms.” Small Business Economics 21: 409–422. doi:10.1023/A:1026180418357.
  • European Commission. EC. 2013. Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0795:FIN:EN:PDF
  • Foley, D., and A. J. O’Connor. 2013. “Social Capital and the Networking Practices of Indigenous Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Small Business Management 51 (2): 276–296. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12017.
  • Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312.
  • Frankish, J. S., R. G. Roberts, A. Coad, and D. J. Storey. 2014. “Is Entrepreneurship a Route Out of Deprivation?” Regional Studies 48 (6): 1090–1107. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.871384.
  • Freitag, M., and A. Kirchner. 2011. “Social Capital and Unemployment: A Macro-Quantitative Analysis of the European Regions.” Political Studies 59: 389–410. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2010.00876.x.
  • Fryxell, G. E., R. S. Dooley, and W. S. Li. 2004. “The Role of Trustworthiness in Maintaining Employee Commitment during Restructuring in China.” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 21: 515–533. doi:10.1023/B:APJM.0000048716.43075.58.
  • Fukuyama, F. 1995. “Social Capital and the Global Economy.” Foreign Affairs 74: 89–104. doi:10.2307/20047302.
  • Gao, S., M. Sung, and J. Zhang. 2011. “Risk Management Capability Building in SMEs: A Social Capital Perspective.” International Small Business Journal 31 (6): 677–700. doi:10.1177/0266242611431094.
  • Garcia-Villaverde, P., J. Rodrigo-Alarcon, G. Parra-Requena, and M. Ruiz-Ortega. 2018. “Technological Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Heterogeneous Effects of Social Capital.” Journal of Business Research 83: 51–64. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.004.
  • Gedajlovic, E., B. Honig., C. Moore., T. Payne, and M. Wright. 2013. “Social Capital and Entrepreneurship: A Schema and Research Agenda.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (3): 455–478. doi:10.1111/etap.2013.37.issue-3.
  • Grabher, G. 1993. “The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Lock-In of Regional Development in the Ruhr Area.” In The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks, edited by G. Grabher, pp 255–257. London: Routledge.
  • Granovetter, M. 1992. “Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology.” In Networks and Organisations, edited by N. Nohria. and R. G. Eccles, pp 25-56. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.
  • Greene, F. J., K. F. Mole, and D. J. Storey. 2008. Three Decades of Enterprise Culture: Entrepreneurship, Economic Regeneration and Public Policy. London: Palgrave.
  • Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1998. Multivariate Data Analysis, 5th Ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Hernandez-Carrion, C., C. Camarero-Izquierdo, and J. Gutierrez-Cillan. 2017. “Entrepreneurs’ Social Capital and the Economic Performance of Small Businesses: The Moderating Role of Competitive Intensity and Entrepreneur’s Experience.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 11 (1): 61–89. doi:10.1002/sej.1228.
  • Hite, J. M. 2005. “Evolutionary Processes and Paths of Relationally Embedded Network Ties in Emerging Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 29 (1): 113–144.
  • Hoang, H., and B. Antoncic. 2003. “Network-Based Research in Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 18 (2): 165–187. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(02)00081-2.
  • Hsu, J. S., and Y. W. Hung. 2013. “Exploring the Interaction Effects of Social Capital.” Information and Management 50 (7): 415–430. doi:10.1016/j.im.2013.06.001.
  • Huggins, R., D. Prokop, and P. Thompson. 2017. “Entrepreneurship and the Determinants of Firm Survival within Regions: Human Capital, Growth Motivation and Locational Conditions.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 29 (3–4): 357–389. doi:10.1080/08985626.2016.1271830.
  • Huggins, R., and N. Williams. 2009. “Enterprise and Public Policy: A Review of Labour Government Intervention in the United Kingdom.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 27: 19–41. doi:10.1068/c0762b.
  • Huggins, R., and N. Williams. 2011. “Entrepreneurship and Regional Competitiveness: The Role and Progression of Policy.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (9–10): 907–932. doi:10.1080/08985626.2011.577818.
  • Inkpen, A. C., and E. W. K. Tsang. 2005. “Social Capital, Networks, and Knowledge Transfer.” Academy of Management Review 30: 146–165. doi:10.5465/amr.2005.15281445.
  • Iyer, S., M. Kitson, and B. Toh. 2005. “Social Capital, Economic Growth and Regional Development.” Regional Studies 39: 1015–1040. doi:10.1080/00343400500327943.
  • Izquierdo, C., C. Hernandez Carion, and S. Martin Gutierrez. 2008. “Developing Relationships within the Framework of Local Economic Development in Spain.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 20 (1): 41–65. doi:10.1080/08985620701552462.
  • Jack, S. 2005. “The Role, Use and Activation of Strong and Weak Network Ties: A Qualitative Analysis.” Journal of Management Studies 42 (6): 1233–1259. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2005.00540.x.
  • Jack, S., and A. Anderson. 2002. “The Effects of Embeddedness on the Entrepreneurial Process.” Journal of Business Venturing 17 (5): 467–487. doi:10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00076-3.
  • Jayawarna, D., O. Jones, and A. Macpherson. 2011. “New Business Creation and Regional Development: Enhancing Resource Acquisition in Areas of Social Deprivation.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (9–10): 735–761. doi:10.1080/08985626.2010.520337.
  • Johannisson, B., M. Ramirez-Pasillas, and G. Karlsson. 2002. “The Institutional Embeddedness of Local Inter-Firm Networks: A Leverage for Business Creation.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 14: 297–315. doi:10.1080/08985620210142020.
  • Johnstone, H., and D. Lionais. 2004. “Depleted Communities and Community Business Entrepreneurship: Revaluing Space through Place.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16 (3): 217–233. doi:10.1080/0898562042000197117.
  • Jones, O., and D. Jayawarna. 2010. “Resourcing New Businesses: Social Networks, Bootstrapping and Firm Performance.” Venture Capital 12: 127–152. doi:10.1080/13691061003658886.
  • Jonsson, S. 2015. “Entrepreneurs’ Network Evolution – The Relevance of Cognitive Social Capital.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 21 (2): 197–223. doi:10.1108/IJEBR-09-2013-0147.
  • Jonsson, S., and J. Lindbergh. 2013. “The Development of Social Capital and Financing of Entrepreneurial Firms: From Financial Bootstrapping to Bank Funding.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (4): 661–686. doi:10.1111/etap.2013.37.issue-4.
  • Kalantaridis, C., and Z. Bika. 2006. “Local Embeddedness and Rural Entrepreneurship: Case-Study Evidence from Cumbria.” Environment and Planning A 38: 1561–1579. doi:10.1068/a3834.
  • Karner, C., and D. Parker. 2008. “Religion versus Rubbish: Deprivation and Social Capital in Inner-City Birmingham.” Social Compass 55 (4): 517–531. doi:10.1177/0037768608097236.
  • Kerr, K., and A. Dyson. 2016. “Networked Social Enterprises: A New Model of Community Schooling for Disadvantaged Neighbourhoods Facing Challenging Times.” Education Science 16 (3): 1–16.
  • Kirsch, L. J., D. G. Ko, and M. H. Haney. 2010. “Investigating the Antecedents of Team-Based Clan Control: Adding Social Capital as a Predictor.” Organization Science 21 (2): 469–489. doi:10.1287/orsc.1090.0458.
  • Kitching, J. 2006. “Can Small Businesses Help Reduce Employment Exclusion?” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 24 (6): 869–884. doi:10.1068/c0530.
  • Klyver, K., and D. Foley. 2012. “Networking and Culture in Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 24 (7–8): 561–588. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710257.
  • Kwon, S., and P. Adler. 2014. “Social Capital: Maturation of a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review 39 (4): 412–422. doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0210.
  • Kwon, S., and P. Arenius. 2010. “Nations of Entrepreneurs: A Social Capital Perspective.” Journal of Business Venturing 25: 315–330. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.10.008.
  • Kwon, S., C. Heflin, and M. Ruef. 2013. “Community Social Capital and Entrepreneurship.” American Sociological Review 78 (6): 980–1008. doi:10.1177/0003122413506440.
  • Landry, R., N. Amara, and M. Lamari. 2002. “Does Social Capital Determine Innovation? to What Extent?” Technological Forecasting & Social Change 69: 681–701. doi:10.1016/S0040-1625(01)00170-6.
  • Larson, A., and J. A. Starr. 1993. “A Network Model of Organization Formation.” Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 17: 5–16.
  • Lechner, C., and M. Dowling. 2003. “Firm Networks: External Relations as Sources for the Growth and Competitiveness of Entrepreneurial Firms.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 15 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1080/08985620210159220.
  • Lee, N., and M. Cowling. 2012. “Place, Sorting Effects and Barriers to Enterprise in Deprived Areas: Different Problems or Different Firms?” International Small Business Journal 31 (8): 914–937. doi:10.1177/0266242612445402.
  • Lee, N., and E. Drever. 2014. “Do SMEs in Deprived Areas Find It Harder to Access Finance? Evidence from the UK Small Business Survey.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 26 (3–4): 337–356. doi:10.1080/08985626.2014.911966.
  • Lee, R. 2009. “Social Capital and Business and Management: Setting a Research Agenda.” International Journal of Management Reviews 11: 247–273. doi:10.1111/ijmr.2009.11.issue-3.
  • Lee, R., and O. Jones. 2008. “Networks, Communication, and Learning during Business Start-Up: The Creation of Cognitive Social Capital.” International Small Business Journal 26: 559–594. doi:10.1177/0266242608094030.
  • Lee, R., H. Tuselmann, D. Jayawarna, and J. Rouse. 2011. “Investigating the Social Capital and Resource Acquisition of Entrepreneurs Residing in Deprived Areas of England.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29: 1054–1072. doi:10.1068/c1188b.
  • Levin, D. Z., and R. Cross. 2004. “The Strength of Weak Ties You Can Trust: The Mediating Role of Trust in Effective Knowledge Transfer.” Management Science 50: 1477–1490. doi:10.1287/mnsc.1030.0136.
  • Liao, J., and H. Welsch. 2005. “Roles of Social Capital in Venture Creation: Key Dimensions and Research Implications.” Journal of Small Business Management 43: 345–362. doi:10.1111/jsbm.2005.43.issue-4.
  • Light, I., and L. P. Dana. 2013. “Boundaries of Social Capital in Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice May 2013: 603–624. doi:10.1111/etap.12016.
  • Lin, N. 1999. “Building a Network Theory of Social Capital.” Connections 22: 28–51.
  • Lin, N. 2000. “Inequality in Social Capital.” Contemporary Sociology 29 (6): 785–795. doi:10.2307/2654086.
  • Lin, N. 2001. Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Lorenzen, M. 2007. “Social Capital and Localized Learning: Proximity and Place in Technological and Institutional Dynamics.” Urban Studies 44: 799–817. doi:10.1080/00420980601184752.
  • Lounsbury, M., and M. Glynn. 2001. “Cultural Entrepreneurship: Stories, Legitimacy and the Acquisition of Resources.” Strategic Management Journal 22: 545–564. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Lyon, F., L. Sepulveda, and S. Syrett. 2007. “Enterprising Refugees: Contributions and Challenges in Deprived Urban Areas.” Local Economy 22 (4): 362–375. doi:10.1080/02690940701736769.
  • Malecki, E. 2012. “Regional Social Capital: Why It Matters.” Regional Studies 46: 1023–1039. doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.607806.
  • Martens, M. L., J. E. Jennings, and D. Jennings. 2007. “Do the Stories They Tell Get Them the Money They Need? the Role of Entrepreneurial Narratives in Resource Acquisition.” Academy of Management Journal 50 (5): 1107–1132. doi:10.5465/amj.2007.27169488.
  • Martinez, M. A., and H. E. Aldrich. 2011. “Networking Strategies for Entrepreneurs: Balancing Cohesion and Diversity.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 17 (1): 1355–2554. doi:10.1108/13552551111107499.
  • Mason, C., and C. Harvey. 2013. “Entrepreneurship: Contexts, Opportunities and Processes.” Business History 55 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1080/00076791.2012.687542.
  • McEvily, B., and A. Zaheer. 1999. “Bridging Ties: A Source of Firm Heterogeneity in Competitive Capabilities.” Strategic Management Journal 20: 1133–1156. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • McKeever, E., A. Anderson, and S. Jack. 2014. “Entrepreneurship and Mutuality: Social Capital in Processes and Practices.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 26 (5–6): 453–477. doi:10.1080/08985626.2014.939536.
  • McKeever, E., S. Jack, and A. Anderson. 2015. “Embedded Entrepreneurship in the Creative Re-Construction of Place.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (1): 50–65. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.002.
  • Miles, N., and J. Tully. 2007. “Regional Development Agency Policy to Tackle Economic Exclusion? the Role of Social Capital in Distressed Communities.” Regional Studies 41 (6): 855–866. doi:10.1080/00343400601120312.
  • Molina-Morales, F. X., and M. T. Martinez-Fernandez. 2006. “Industrial Districts: Something More than a Neighbourhood.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 18: 503–524. doi:10.1080/08985620600884750.
  • Moran, P. 2005. “Structural Vs Relational Embeddedness: Social Capital and Managerial Performance.” Strategic Management Journal 26: 1129–1151. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Mosey, S., and M. Wright. 2007. “From Human Capital to Social Capital: A Longitudinal Study of Technology-Based Academic Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship, Theory and Practice 2007 (November): 909–935. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00203.x.
  • Muller, S., and S. Korsgaard. 2018. “Resources and Bridging: The Role of Spatial Context in Rural Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 30 (1–2): 224–255. doi:10.1080/08985626.2017.1402092.
  • Nahapiet, J., and S. Ghoshal. 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.” Academy of Management Review 23: 242–266. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533225.
  • Navis, C., and M. A. Glynn. 2011. “Legitimate Distinctiveness And The Entrepreneurial Identity: Influence On Investor Judgments Of New Venture Plausibility.” Academy of Management Review 36 (3): 479–499.
  • Neergaard, H. 2005. “Networking Activities in Technology-Based Entrepreneurial Teams.” International Small Business Journal 23 (3): 257–278. doi:10.1177/0266242605052073.
  • North, D., and S. Syrett. 2008. “Making the Links: Economic Deprivation, Neighbourhood Renewal and Scales of Governance.” Regional Studies 42: 133–148. doi:10.1080/00343400601147273.
  • Nunnally, J. C. 1978. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • O’Brien, D. J., J. L. Phillips, and V. V. Patsiorkovsky. 2005. “Linking Indigenous Bonding and Bridging Social Capital.” Regional Studies 39 (8): 1041–1051. doi:10.1080/00343400500327984.
  • O’Connor, K., and E. Gladstone. 2015. “How Social Exclusion Distorts Social Network Perceptions.” Social Networks 40: 123–128. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2014.09.002.
  • Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. ODPM. 2004. The Social Exclusion Unit, available at: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/media/cabinetoffice/social_exclusion_task_force/assets/publications_1997_to_2006/seu_leaflet.pdf
  • Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development OECD. 2015. The Missing Entrepreneurs – Policies for Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship, available at: http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/employment/the-missing-entrepreneurs-2015_9789264226418-en#page1
  • Parker, A., D. Halgin, and S. Borgatti. 2016. “Dynamics of Social Capital: Effects of Performance Feedback on Network Change.” Organization Studies 37: 375–397. doi:10.1177/0170840615613371.
  • Patulny, R. V., and G. Svendsen. 2007. “Exploring the Social Capital Grid: Bonding, Bridging, Qualitative, Quantitative.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 27: 32–51. doi:10.1108/01443330710722742.
  • Payne, G., C. Moore, S. Griffis, C. Autry, H. Aguinis, B. K. Boyd, C. A. Pierce, and J. C. Short. 2011. “Multilevel Challenges and Opportunities in Social Capital Research.” Journal of Management 37 (2): 491–520. doi:10.1177/0149206310372413.
  • Percy-Smith, J. 2000. Policy Responses to Social Exclusion – Towards Inclusion? Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Phillips, N., P. Tracey, and N. Karra. 2013. “Building Entrepreneurial Tie Portfolios through Strategic Homophily: The Role of Narrative Identity Work in Venture Creation and Early Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing 28: 134–150. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2011.12.002.
  • Pirolo, L., and M. Presutti. 2010. “The Impact of Social Capital on the Start-Ups’ Performance Growth.” Journal of Small Business Management 48 (2): 197–227. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1540-627X.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., S. B. MacKenzie, and N. P. Podsakoff. 2012. “Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It.” Annual Review of Psychology 63 (1): 539–569. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452.
  • Podsakoff, P. M., and D. W. Organ. 1986. “Self-Reports in Organizational Research: Problems and Prospects.” Journal of Management 12: 531–544. doi:10.1177/014920638601200408.
  • Portes, A., and P. Landolt. 2000. “Social Capital: Promise and Pitfalls of Its Role in Development.” Journal of Latin American Studies 32: 529–547. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00005836.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2000. Bowling Alone. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2015. Our Kids – The American Dream in Crisis. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
  • Putnam, R. D., L. W. Feldstein, and D. Cohen. 2003. Better Together – Restoring the American Community. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.
  • Ring, J. K., A. M. Peredo, and J. J. Chrisman. 2010. “Business Networks and Economic Development in Rural Communities in the United States.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 171–195. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00307.x. January 2010.
  • Robert, L. P., A. R. Dennis, and M. K. Ahuja. 2008. “Social Capital and Knowledge Integration in Digitally Enabled Teams.” Information Systems Research 19 (3): 314–334. doi:10.1287/isre.1080.0177.
  • Rost, K. 2011. “The Strength of Strong Ties in the Creation of Innovation.” Research Policy 40: 588–604. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2010.12.001.
  • Rouse, J., and D. Jayawarna. 2006. “The Financing of Disadvantaged Entrepreneurs – Are Enterprise Programmes Overcoming the Finance Gap?” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research 12 (6): 388–400. doi:10.1108/13552550610710162.
  • Rouse, J., and D. Jayawarna. 2011. “Structures of Exclusion from Enterprise Finance.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29: 659–676. doi:10.1068/c0761b.
  • Runyan, R. C., P. Huddlestone, and J. Swinney. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Orientation and Social Capital as Small Firm Strategies: A Study of Gender Differences from A Resource Based View.” Entrepreneurship Management 2: 455–477. doi:10.1007/s11365-006-0010-3.
  • Schnur, O. 2005. “Exploring Social Capital as an Urban Neighbourhood Resource: Empirical Findings and Strategic Conclusions of a Case Study in Berlin-Moabit.” Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie – Royal Dutch Geographical Society 96 (5): 488–505. doi:10.1111/tesg.2005.96.issue-5.
  • Scholten, V., O. Omta, R. Kemp, and T. Elfring. 2015. “Bridging Ties and the Role of Research and Start-Up Experience on the Early Growth of Dutch Academic Spin-Offs.” Technovation 45/46: 40–51. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2015.05.001.
  • Semrau, T., and A. Werner. 2014. “How Exactly Do Network Relationships Pay Off? the Effects of Network Size and Relationship Quality on Access to Start-Up Resources.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 501–525. doi:10.1111/etap.12011. May 2014.
  • Shane, S. 2009. “Why Encouraging More People to Become Entrepreneurs Is Bad Public Policy.” Small Business Economics 33: 141–149. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9215-5.
  • Shortall, S. 2008. “Are Rural Development Programmes Socially Inclusive? Social Inclusion, Civic Engagement, Participation, and Social Capital: Exploring the Differences.” Journal of Rural Studies 24 (4): 450–457. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.01.001.
  • Slack, J. 2005. “The New Entrepreneur Scholarships: Self-Employment as a Means to Tackle Social Deprivation.” Education and Training 47 (6): 447–455. doi:10.1108/00400910510617060.
  • Smith, C., J. Brock Smith, and E. Shaw. 2017. “Embracing Digital Networks: Entrepreneurs’ Social Capital Online.” Journal of Business Venturing 32: 18–34. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2016.10.003.
  • Southern, A. 2011. “Introduction: Enterprise and Deprivation.” In Enterprise, Deprivation and Social Exclusion, edited by A. Southern, pp 1-15. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Stam, W., S. Arzlanian, and T. Elfring. 2014. “Social Capital of Entrepreneurs and Small Firm Performance: A Meta-Analysis of Contextual and Methodological Moderators.” Journal of Business Venturing 29: 152–173. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.01.002.
  • Starkey, K., and S. Tempest. 2004. “Bowling Along: Strategic Management and Social Capital.” European Management Review 1: 78–83. doi:10.1057/palgrave.emr.1500007.
  • Tanas, J. K., and J. Saee. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Cognition and Its Linkage to Social Capital.” Journal of American Academy of Business 11 (1): 179–190.
  • Taylor, D. W., O. Jones, and K. Boles. 2004. “Building Social Capital through Action Learning: An Insight into the Entrepreneur.” Education and Training 46 (5): 226–235. doi:10.1108/00400910410549805.
  • Trettin, L., and F. Welter. 2011. “Challenges for Spatially Oriented Entrepreneurship Research.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 23 (7–8): 575–602. doi:10.1080/08985621003792988.
  • Tsai, W., and S. Ghoshal. 1998. “Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks.” The Academy of Management Journal 41: 464–476.
  • Tura, T., and V. Harmaakorpi. 2005. “Social Capital in Building Regional Innovative Capability.” Regional Studies 39: 1111–1125. doi:10.1080/00343400500328255.
  • Turner, S., and P. Nguyen. 2005. “Young Entrepreneurs, Social Capital and Doi Moi in Hanoi, Vietnam.” Urban Studies 52 (14): 2515–2550.
  • UK Commission for Employment and Skills UKCES. 2011. Skills for self-employment – Evidence Report 31. available at: www.ukces.org.uk/publications/er31-skills-for-employment
  • Upton, C. 2008. “Social Capital, Collective Action and Group Formation: Development Trajectories in Post-Socialist Mongolia.” Human Ecology 36: 175–188. doi:10.1007/s10745-007-9158-x.
  • Uzzi, B. 1996. “The Sources and Consequences of Embeddedness for the Economic Performance of Organizations: The Network Effect.” American Sociological Review 61: 674–698. doi:10.2307/2096399.
  • Welter, F. 2011. “Contextualizing Entrepreneurship – Conceptual Challenges and Way Forward.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 165–184. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00427.x. January 2011.
  • Welter, F., and D. Smallbone. 2006. “Exploring the Role of Trust in Entrepreneurial Activity.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 465–475. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00130.x. July 2006.
  • Welter, F., L. Trettin, and U. Neumann. 2008. “Fostering Entrepreneurship in Distressed Urban Neighborhoods.” International Entrepreneurship Management Journal 4: 109–128. doi:10.1007/s11365-007-0069-5.
  • Westerlund, M., and S. Svahn. 2008. “A Relationship Value Perspective of Social Capital in Networks of Software SMEs.” Industrial Marketing Management 37: 492–501. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2008.04.003.
  • Westlund, H., and R. Bolton. 2003. “Local Social Capital and Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 21: 77–113. doi:10.1023/A:1025024009072.
  • Widen-Wulff, G., and M. Ginman. 2004. “Explaining Knowledge Sharing in Organizations through the Dimensions of Social Capital.” Journal of Information Science 30 (5): 448–458. doi:10.1177/0165551504046997.
  • Williams, N., and R. Huggins. 2013. “Supporting Entrepreneurship in Deprived Communities: A Vision Too Far?” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development 20 (1): 165–180. doi:10.1108/14626001311298466.
  • Williams, N., R. Huggins, and P. Thompson. 2017. “Social Capital and Entrepreneurship: Does the Relationship Hold in Deprived Urban Neigbourhoods.” Growth & Change 48 (4): 719–743. doi:10.1111/grow.12197.
  • Williams, N., and C. C. Williams. 2011. “Tackling Barriers to Entrepreneurship in a Deprived Urban Neighbourhood.” Local Economy 26 (1): 30–42. doi:10.1177/0269094210391166.
  • Williams, N., and C. C. Williams. 2012. “Evaluating the Socio-Spatial Contingency of Entrepreneurial Motivations: A Case Study of English Deprived Urban Neighbourhoods.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 24 (7–8): 661–684. doi:10.1080/08985626.2012.710259.
  • Witt, P. 2004. “Entrepreneurs’ Networks and the Success of Start-Ups.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 16: 391–412. doi:10.1080/0898562042000188423.
  • Woolcock, M., and D. Narayan. 2000. “Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy.” The World Bank Research Observer 15: 225–249. doi:10.1093/wbro/15.2.225.
  • Wu, W. 2007. “Dimensions of Social Capital and Firm Competitiveness Improvement: The Mediating Role of Information Sharing.” Journal of Management Studies 45 (1): 122–146.
  • Yli-Renko, H., E. Autio, and H. J. Sapienza. 2001. “Social Capital, Knowledge Acquisition, And Knowledge Exploitation In Young Technology-Based Firms.” Strategic Management Journal 22: 587–613. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
  • Zahra, S., and M. Wright. 2011. “Entrepreneurship’s Next Act.” Academy of Management Perspectives 25 (4): 67–83. doi:10.5465/amp.2010.0149.
  • Zahra, S., M. Wright, and S. Abdelgawad. 2014. “Contextualisation and the Advancement of Entrepreneurship Research.” International Small Business Journal 32 (5): 479–500. doi:10.1177/0266242613519807.
  • Zheng, W. 2010. “A Social Capital Perspective of Innovation from Individuals to Nations: Where Is Empirical Literature Directing Us?” International Journal of Management Reviews 12 (2): 151–183. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00247.x.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.