4,776
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The geography of starts-ups in Sweden. The role of human capital, social capital and agglomeration

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 735-754 | Received 12 Apr 2016, Accepted 12 Dec 2018, Published online: 04 Feb 2019

References

  • Acs, Z. 2006. “How Is Entrepreneurship Good for Economic Growth?” Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization 1 (1): 97–107. doi:10.1162/itgg.2006.1.1.97.
  • Andersson, M., and S. Koster. 2010. “Sources of Persistence in Regional Start-Up Rates—Evidence from Sweden.” Journal of Economic Geography 11 (1): 179–201. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp069.
  • Armington, C., and Z. J. Acs. 2002. “The Determinants of Regional Variation in New Firm Formation.” Regional Studies 36 (1): 33–45. doi:10.1080/00343400120099843.
  • Beaudry, C., and A. Schiffauerova. 2009. “Who’s Right, Marshall or Jacobs? The Localization versus Urbanization Debate.” Research Policy 38 (2): 318–337. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.11.010.
  • Bleakley, H., and J. Lin. 2012. “Thick-Market Effects and Churning in the Labor Market: Evidence from US Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 72 (2–3): 87–103. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2012.04.003.
  • Borggren, J., R. H. Eriksson, and U. Lindgren. 2016. “Knowledge Flows in High-Impact Firms: How Does Relatedness Influence Survival, Acquisition and Exit?” Journal of Economic Geography 16 (3): 637–665. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbv014.
  • Boschma, R. 2015. “Towards an Evolutionary Perspective on Regional Resilience.” Regional Studies 49 (5): 733–751. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.959481.
  • Boschma, R., R. H. Eriksson, and U. Lindgren. 2014. “Labour Market Externalities and Regional Growth in Sweden: The Importance of Labour Mobility between Skill-Related Industries.” Regional Studies 48 (10): 1669–1690. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.867429.
  • Bosma, N., and R. Sternberg. 2014. “Entrepreneurship as an Urban Event? Empirical Evidence from European Cities.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 1016–1033. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.904041.
  • Brouder, P., and R. H. Eriksson. 2013. “Staying Power: What Influences Micro-Firm Survival in Tourism?” Tourism Geographies 15 (1): 125–144. doi:10.1080/14616688.2011.647326.
  • Bublitz, E., M. Fritsch, and M. Wyrwich. 2015. “Balanced Skills and the City: An Analysis of the Relationship between Entrepreneurial Skill Balance, Thickness, and Innovation.” Economic Geography 91 (4): 475–508. doi:10.1111/ecge.2015.91.issue-4.
  • Caliendo, M., and A. Kritikos. 2009. ‘I Want To, but I Also Need To’ - Start-Ups Resulting from Opportunity and Necessity. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1592904
  • Carson, D. B., D. A. Carson, R. Porter, C. Y. Ahlin, and P. Sköld. 2017. “Decline, Adaptation or Transformation: New Perspectives on Demographic Change in Resource Peripheries in Australia and Sweden.” Comparative Population Studies 41 (3–4). http://www.comparativepopulationstudies.de/index.php/CPoS/article/view/245
  • Castaldi, C., K. Frenken, and B. Los. 2015. “Related Variety, Unrelated Variety and Technological Breakthroughs: An Analysis of US State-Level Patenting.” Regional Studies 49 (5): 767–781. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.940305.
  • Coleman, J. S. 1988. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” The American Journal of Sociology 94. doi:10.1086/228943.
  • Cortinovis, N., J. Xiao, R. Boschma, and F. G. van Oort. 2017. “Quality of Government and Social Capital as Drivers of Regional Diversification in Europe.” Journal of Economic Geography 17 (6): 1179–1208. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbx001.
  • Crescenzi, R., L. Gagliardi, and M. Percoco. 2013. “The ‘Bright’ Side of Social Capital: How ‘Bridging’ Makes Italian Provinces More Innovative.” In Geography, Institutions and Regional Economic Performance Advances in Spatial Science, 143–164. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-33395-8_8
  • Donner, J., and M. X. Escobari. 2010. “A Review of Evidence on Mobile Use by Micro and Small Enterprises in Developing Countries.” Journal of International Development 22 (5): 641–658. doi:10.1002/jid.v22:5.
  • Duranton, G., and H. Jayet. 2011. “Is the Division of Labour Limited by the Extent of the Market? Evidence from French Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 69 (1): 56–71. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2010.08.004.
  • Elert, N. 2014. “What Determines Entry? Evidence from Sweden.” The Annals of Regional Science 53 (1): 55–92. doi:10.1007/s00168-014-0617-1.
  • Eliasson, K., and H. Westlund. 2013. “Attributes Influencing Self-Employment Propensity in Urban and Rural Sweden.” The Annals of Regional Science 50 (2): 479–514. doi:10.1007/s00168-012-0501-9.
  • Eliasson, K., H. Westlund, and S. Fölster. 2013. “Does Social Capital Contribute to Regional Economic Growth? Swedish Experiences.” In Westlund, H. and K. Kobayashi (Eds) Social Capital and Rural Development in the Knowledge Society 113–126. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
  • Eriksson, R. H., and F. Forslund. 2013. “How Do Universities Contribute to Employment Growth? The Role of Human Capital and Knowledge Bases.” European Planning Studies 22 (12): 2584–2604. doi:10.1080/09654313.2013.849227.
  • Eriksson, R. H., and E. Hane-Weijman. 2017. “How Do Regional Economies Respond to Crises? The Geography of Job Creation and Destruction in Sweden (1990–2010).” European Urban and Regional Studies 24 (1): 87–103. doi:10.1177/0969776415604016.
  • Eriksson, R. H., and H. K. Hansen. 2013. “Industries, Skills, and Human Capital: How Does Regional Size Affect Uneven Development?” Environment and Planning A 45 (3): 593–613. doi:10.1068/a45186.
  • Eriksson, R. H., H. K. Hansen, and U. Lindgren. 2014. “The Importance of Business Climate and People Climate on Regional Performance.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 1135–1155. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.770140.
  • European Commision. 2013. Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan Reigniting the entrepreneurial spirit in Europe.
  • European Commission. 2003. “Commission Recommendation of 6 May 2003 Concerning the Definition of Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises.” Official Journal of the European Union, L 124: 36–41.
  • Florida, R., P. Adler, and C. Mellander. 2017. “The City as Innovation Machine.” Regional Studies 51 (1): 86–96. doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1255324.
  • Foretagsklimat.se. http://www.foretagsklimat.se/om/metodenkat
  • Fritsch, M. 2013. “New Business Formation and Regional Development: A Survey and Assessment of the Evidence.” Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship 9 (3): 249–364. doi:10.1561/0300000043.
  • Fritsch, M., and P. Mueller. 2007. “The Persistence of Regional New Business Formation-Activity over Time – Assessing the Potential of Policy Promotion Programs.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17 (3): 299–315. doi:10.1007/s00191-007-0056-6.
  • Fritsch, M., and M. Wyrwich. 2014. “The Long Persistence of Regional Levels of Entrepreneurship: Germany, 1925–2005.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 955–973. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.816414.
  • Fritsch, M., and M. Wyrwich. 2016. “The Effect of Entrepreneurship on Economic Development—An Empirical Analysis Using Regional Entrepreneurship Culture.” Journal of Economic Geography 17 (1): 157–189. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbv049.
  • Furdas, M., and K. Kohn, 2011. “Why Is Startup Survival Lower among Necessity Entrepreneurs? A Decomposition Approach.” http://www.iza.org/conference_files/EntreRes2011/kohn_k2086.pdf
  • Gelman, A., and J. Hill. 2006. Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Glaeser, E. L., H. D. Kallal, J. A. Scheinkman, and A. Shleifer. 1992. “Growth in Cities.” Journal of Political Economy 100 (6): 1126–1152. doi:10.1086/261856.
  • Glaeser, E. L., S. P. Kerr, and W. R. Kerr. 2015. “Entrepreneurship and Urban Growth: An Empirical Assessment with Historical Mines.” Review of Economics and Statistics 97 (2): 498–520. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00456.
  • Goldstein, H., and P. Noden. 2003. “Modelling Social Segregation.” Oxford Review of Education 29 (2): 225–237. doi:10.1080/0305498032000080693.
  • Granovetter, M. S. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 1360–1380. doi:10.1086/225469.
  • Grek, J., C. Karlsson, and J. Klaesson. 2011. “Determinants of Entry and Exit: The Significance of Demand and Supply Conditions at the Regional Level”. In Drivers of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Regional Dynamics, edited by K. Kourtit, P. Nijkamp, and R. R. Stough, 121–141. Advances in Spatial Science. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-17940-2_7
  • Hedlund, M. 2016. “Mapping the Socioeconomic Landscape of Rural Sweden: Towards a Typology of Rural Areas.” Regional Studies 50 (3): 460–474. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.924618.
  • Heebels, B., and R. Boschma. 2011. “Performing in Dutch Book Publishing 1880–2008: The Importance of Entrepreneurial Experience and the Amsterdam Cluster.” Journal of Economic Geography 11 (6): 1007–1029. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbq048.
  • Helliwell, J. F., and R. D. Putnam. 1995. “Economic Growth and Social Capital in Italy.” Eastern Economic Journal 21 (3): 295–307.
  • Izraeli, O., and K. J. Murphy. 2003. “The Effect of Industrial Diversity on State Unemployment Rate and per Capita Income.” Annals of Regional Science 37 (1): 1. doi:10.1007/s001680200100.
  • Kelley, D., S. Singer, and M. Herrington. 2016. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2015/16. Global report.
  • Kemeny, T., and M. Storper. 2015. “Is Specialization Good for Regional Economic Development?” Regional Studies 49 (6): 1003–1018. doi:10.1080/00343404.2014.899691.
  • Kim, P. H., H. E. Aldrich, and L. A. Keister. 2006. “Access (Not) Denied: The Impact of Financial, Human, and Cultural Capital on Entrepreneurial Entryin the United States.” Small Business Economics 27 (1): 5–22. doi:10.1007/s11187-006-0007-x.
  • Klepper, S. 1997. “Industry Life Cycles.” Industrial and Corporate Change 6 (1): 145–182. doi:10.1093/icc/6.1.145.
  • Klepper, S. 2002. “The Capabilities of New Firms and the Evolution of the US Automobile Industry.” Industrial and Corporate Change 11 (4): 645–666. doi:10.1093/icc/11.4.645.
  • Kloosterman, R., and J. Rath. 2001. “Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies: Mixed Embeddedness Further Explored.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27 (2): 189–201. doi:10.1080/13691830020041561.
  • Kloosterman, R. C. 2010. “Matching Opportunities with Resources: A Framework for Analysing (Migrant) Entrepreneurship from a Mixed Embeddedness Perspective.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 22 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1080/08985620903220488.
  • Le, A. T. 1999. “Empirical Studies of Self-Employment.” Journal of Economic Surveys 13 (4): 381–416. doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00088.
  • Malecki, E. J. 2012. “Regional Social Capital: Why It Matters.” Regional Studies 46 (8): 1023–1039. doi:10.1080/00343404.2011.607806.
  • McCann, P., and R. Ortega-Argilés. 2016. “Smart Specialisation, Entrepreneurship and SMEs: Issues and Challenges for a Results-Oriented EU Regional Policy.” Small Business Economics 46 (4): 537–552. doi:10.1007/s11187-016-9707-z.
  • Mead, D. C., and C. Liedholm. 1998. “The Dynamics of Micro and Small Enterprises in Developing Countries.” World Development 26 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10010-9.
  • Parker, S. C. 2018. The Economics of Entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press, Cambrige.
  • Poschke, M. 2013. “Who Becomes an Entrepreneur? Labor Market Prospects and Occupational Choice.” Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 37 (3): 693–710. doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2012.11.003.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon and Schuster, New York.
  • Putnam, R. D. 2007. “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century the 2006 Johan Skytte Prize Lecture.” Scandinavian Political Studies 30 (2): 137–174. doi:10.1111/scps.2007.30.issue-2.
  • Rabe-Hesketh, S., and A. Skrondal. 2005. Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling Using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
  • Rauch, J. E. 1993. “Productivity Gains from Geographic Concentration of Human Capital: Evidence from the Cities.” Journal of Urban Economics 34 (3): 380–400. doi:10.1006/juec.1993.1042.
  • Reynolds, P. D., S. M. Camp, W. D. Bygrave, E. Autio, and M. Hay, 2001. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. Executive Report.
  • Rutten, R. 2017. “Beyond Proximities: The Socio-Spatial Dynamics of Knowledge Creation.” Progress in Human Geography 41 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1177/0309132516629003.
  • Rutten, R., and J. Gelissen. 2010. “Social Values and the Economic Development of Regions.” European Planning Studies 18 (6): 921–939. doi:10.1080/09654311003701456.
  • Scott, A. J., and M. Storper. 1995. “The Wealth of Regions: Market Forces and Policy Imperatives in Local and Global Context.” Futures 27 (5): 505–526. doi:10.1016/0016-3287(95)00020-W.
  • Shearmur, R. 2011. “Innovation, Regions and Proximity: From Neo-Regionalism to Spatial Analysis.” Regional Studies 45 (9): 1225–1243. doi:10.1080/00343404.2010.484416.
  • Singer, S., J. E. Amoros, and D. M. Arreola, 2015. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014. Global Report.
  • Stuetzer, M., M. Obschonka, D. B. Audretsch, M. Wyrwich, P. J. Rentfrow, M. Coombes, L. Shaw-Taylor, and M. Satchell. 2016. “Industry Structure, Entrepreneurship, and Culture: An Empirical Analysis Using Historical Coalfields.” European Economic Review 86: 52–72. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.08.012.
  • Svaleryd, H. 2015. “Self-Employment and the Local Business Cycle.” Small Business Economics 44 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1007/s11187-014-9592-2.
  • Tillvaxtanalys. 2013. Regional tillväxt 2013– en rapport om regional tillväxt och utveckling.
  • Tura, T., and V. Harmaakorpi. 2005. “Social Capital in Building Regional Innovative Capability.” Regional Studies 39 (8): 1111–1125. doi:10.1080/00343400500328255.
  • Unger, J. M., A. Rauch, M. Frese, and N. Rosenbusch. 2011. “Human Capital and Entrepreneurial Success: A Meta-Analytical Review.” Journal of Business Venturing 26 (3): 341–358. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2009.09.004.
  • Westlund, H., and F. Adam. 2010. “Social Capital and Economic Performance: A Meta-Analysis of 65 Studies.” European Planning Studies 18 (6): 893–919. doi:10.1080/09654311003701431.
  • Westlund, H., and R. Bolton. 2003. “Local Social Capital and Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 21 (2): 77–113. doi:10.1023/A:1025024009072.
  • Westlund, H., J. P. Larsson, and A. R. Olsson. 2014. “Start-Ups and Local Entrepreneurial Social Capital in the Municipalities of Sweden.” Regional Studies 48 (6): 974–994. doi:10.1080/00343404.2013.865836.