Call the midwife! Business incubators as entrepreneurial enablers in developing economies

References

• Ahlstrom, A., G. D. Bruton, and K. S. Yeh. 2008. “Private Firms in China: Building Legitimacy in an Emerging Economy.” Journal of World Business 43: 385–399. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2008.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlstrom, D. 2010. “Innovation and Growth: How Business Contributes to Society.” Academy of Management Perspectives 24: 11–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, D. N., and R. McCluskey. 1990. “Structure, Policy, Services and Performance in the Business Incubator Industry.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 15: 61–77. doi:10.1177/104225879101500207.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and B. A. Obeng. 2016. “Enterprise as Socially Situated in a Poor Fishing Community.” Journal of Rural Studies 49: 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardrey, W. J., A. Pecotich, and C. J. Shultz. 2006. “Entrepreneurial Women as Catalysts for Socioeconomic Development in Transitioning Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.” Consumption, Markets and Culture 9: 277–300. doi:10.1080/10253860600921811.
   Google Scholar
• Azmat, F., and R. Samaratunga. 2009. “Responsible Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries.” Journal of Business Ethics 90: 437–452. doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0054-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, T. 1990. “Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 72: 551–559. doi:10.2307/2109594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A. 1999. “Capitals and Capabilities: A Framework for Analyzing Peasant Viability, Rural Livelihoods and Poverty.” World Development 27: 2010–2044. doi:10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00104-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertaux, N., and E. Crable. 2007. “Learning about Women. Economic Development, Entrepreneurship and the Environment in India: A Case Study.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 12: 467–478. doi:10.1142/S1084946707000757.
   Google Scholar
• Bhagwati, J. 2007. “Why Multinationals Help Reduce Poverty.” The World Economy 211–228. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2007.00879.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird, F., and J. Smucker. 2007. “The Social Responsibilities of International Business Firms in Developing Areas.” Journal of Business Ethics 73: 1–9. doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9192-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blowfield, M. 2005. “Corporate Social Responsibility: Reinventing the Meaning of Development?” International Affairs 81: 515–524. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00466.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blowfield, M., and J. G. Frynas. 2005. “Setting New Agendas: Critical Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility in the Developing World.” International Affairs 81: 499–513. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2005.00465.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boetkke, P. J. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Responses to Poverty and Social Conflict.” Economic Affairs 2–5. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2007.00723.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, G. D., D. J. Ketchen, and R. D. Ireland. 2013. “Entrepreneurship as a Solution to Poverty.” Journal of Business Venturing 28 (6): 683–689. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.05.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C., and D. N. Allen. 1987. “The Small Business Incubator Industry: Micro-Level Economic Development.” Economic Development Quarterly 1: 178–191. doi:10.1177/089124248700100209.
   Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. 2014. Constructing Grounded Theory. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. 2007. “The Role of Human and Financial Capital in the Profitability of Women-Owned Small Firms.” Journal of Small Business Management 45 (3): 303–319. doi:10.1111/j.1540-627X.2007.00214.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, P. 2007. The Bottom Billion. Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done about It. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P., and B. Honig. 2003. “The Role of Human and Social Capital among Nascent Entrepreneurs.” Journal of Business Venturing 24: 419–435.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P., J. Recker, and F. von Briel. “External Enablement of New Venture Creation: A Framework.” Academy of Management Perspectives. forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutt, N., O. Hawn, E. Vidal, A. Chatterji, A. McGahan, and W. Mitchell. 2016. “How Open System Intermediaries Address Institutional Failures: The Case of Business Incubators in Emerging-Market Countries.” Academy of Management Journal 59 (3): 818–840. doi:10.5465/amj.2012.0463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. 2006. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done so Much Ill and so Little Good. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Building Theories from Case Study Research.” Academy of Management Review 14: 532–550. doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4308385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt, K. M. 1991. “Better Stories and Better Constructs: The Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic.” Academy of Management Review 16: 620–627. doi:10.5465/amr.1991.4279496.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eweje, G. 2006. “The Role of MNEs in Community Development Initiatives in Developing Countries.” Business and Society 45 (2): 93–129. doi:10.1177/0007650305285394.
   Google Scholar
• Fitton-Kane, V. 2008. “Measuring Outcomes of REDP.” Unpublished MBA dissertation. Judge Business School, University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Flick, U. 2009. An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, A. 2000. “NGO Futures: Beyond Aid: NGDO Values and the Fourth Position.” Third World Quarterly 21 (4): 589–603. doi:10.1080/713701065.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston: Pitman/Ballinger.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. 1988. “The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.” In Ethical Issues in Business: A Philosophical Approach, edited by T. Donaldson and P. H. Werhane, 218–219. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Frynas, J. G. 2008. “Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Critical Assessment.” Corporate Governance 16 (4): 274–281. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8683.2008.00691.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaser, B., and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. New York, NY: Aldine.
   Google Scholar
• Graebner, M. E., and K. M. Eisenhardt. 2004. “The Seller’s Side of the Story: Acquisition as Courtship and Governance as Syndicate in Entrepreneurial Firms.” Administrative Science Quarterly 49: 366–403.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimaldi, R., and A. Grandi. 2005. “Business Incubators and New Venture Creation: An Assessment of Incubating Models.” Technovation 25 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1016/S0166-4972(03)00076-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GroFin Impact Report. 2017. Available at http://www.grofin.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/GroFin-Impact-Report-2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hamann, R. 2006. “Can Business Make Decisive Contributions to Development? Towards a Research Agenda on Corporate Citizenship and Beyond.” Development Southern Africa 23 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1080/03768350600707587.
   Google Scholar
• Herrick, B., and C. P. Kindleberger. 1983. Economic Development. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hirwa, I., and D. Mahadevia. 2004. Gujarat Human Development Report. Ahmedabad: Mahatma Gandhi Labour Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hitt, M. A., R. D. Ireland, S. M. Camp, and L. Sexton. 2001. “Strategic Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial Strategies for Wealth Creation.” Strategic Management Journal 22 (6–7): 479–491. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idemudia, U. 2008. “Conceptualising the CSR and Development Debate. Bridging Existing Analytical Gaps.” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 29 (1): 91–110. doi:10.9774/GLEAF.4700.2008.sp.00011.
   Google Scholar
• Ite, U. E. 2004. “Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria.” Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management 11: 1–11. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1535-3966.
   Google Scholar
• Ite, U. E. 2005. “Poverty Reduction in Resource-Rich Developing Countries: What Have Multinational Corporations Got to Do with It?” Journal of International Development 17: 913–929. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1328.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, M. 2002. “Value Maximization, Stakeholder Theory and the Corporate Objective Function.” Business Ethics Quarterly 12: 235–256. doi:10.2307/3857812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, N. 1999. “Resources, Agency and Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30: 435–464. doi:10.1111/dech.1999.30.issue-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnani, A. G. 2007. “Employment, Not Microcredit, Is the Solution.” Journal of Corporate Citizenship 32: 23–28.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, F., R. I. Westwood, and D. M. Boje. 2010. “‘I Feel like A Foreign Agent’: NGOs and Corporate Social Responsibility Interventions into Third World Child Labor.” Human Relations 63: 1417–1438. doi:10.1177/0018726709359330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, S., H. Sintes, and M. Alemu. 2012. “Beyond Participation: Making Enterprise Development Really Work for Women.” Gender & Development 20 (1): 129–144. doi:10.1080/13552074.2012.663638.
   Google Scholar
• Kolk, A., and R. Van Tulder. 2006. “Poverty Alleviation as Business Strategy? Evaluating Commitments of Frontrunner Multinational Corporations.” World Development 34: 789–901. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, T. B., R. Suddaby, and B. Leca, Eds. 2009. Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laxmana, P., and P. Ishwara. 2008. “Entrepreneurial Promotion through EDP.” The ICFAI Journal of Entrepreneurship Development 5: 61–68.
   Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and I. Marti. 2009. “Entrepreneurship in and around Institutional Voids.” Journal of Business Venturing 24: 419–435. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margolis, J. D., and J. P. Walsh. 2003. “Misery Loves Companies: Rethinking Social Initiatives by Business.” Administrative Science Quarterly 48: 268–305. doi:10.2307/3556659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden, C. 2000. “The New Corporate Citizenship of Big Business: Part of the Solution to Sustainability.” Business and Society Review 105: 9–25. doi:10.1111/0045-3609.00062.
   Google Scholar
• Matten, D., and A. Crane. 2005. “Corporate Citizenship: Towards an Extended Theoretical Conceptualisation.” Academy of Management Review 30: 166–179. doi:10.5465/amr.2005.15281448.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayoux, L. 1996. “Alternative Vision or Utopian Fantasy: Cooperation, Empowerment and Women’s Cooperative Development in India.” International Journal of Development 8: 211–228.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, K. E. 2004. “Perspectives on Multinational Enterprises in Developing Countries.” Journal of International Business Studies 35: 259–276. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahapiet, J., and S. Ghoshal. 1998. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital and the Organizational Advantage.” Academy of Management Review 23 (2): 242–266. doi:10.5465/amr.1998.533225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naudé, W. 2010. “Entrepreneurship, Developing Countries and Development Economics: Approaches and Insights.” Small Business Economics 34: 1–12. doi:10.1007/s11187-009-9198-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naudé, W. 2010b. Promoting Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries: Policy Changes. Policy Brief 4. Helsinki: United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, P., and J. G. Frynas. 2007. “Beyond CSR? Business, Poverty and Social Justice; an Introduction.” Third World Quarterly 28: 669–681. doi:10.1080/01436590701336507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxfam. 2011. The Enterprise Development Programme. Oxford: Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Oxfam, 2016. “The Oxfam Enterprise Development Programme.” Annual Report. Available at http://edp.oxfam.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/EDP-Annual-Report-2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Phan, P. H., D. Siegel, and M. Wright. 2005. “Science Parks and Incubators: Observations, Synthesis and Future Research.” Journal of Business Venturing 20: 165–182. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2003.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prahalad, C. K. 2004. The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Press.
   Google Scholar
• SAB. 2017. “Tholoana Enterprise Programme.” Available at http://sabfoundation.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Tholoana-Enterprise-Programme-Impact-Report-2018-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• SAB. 2018. SAB Foundation Annual Report. Available at http://sabfoundation.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SAB-Foundation-Annual-Report-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sentana, E., R. Gonzàlez, J. Gascó, and J. Llopis. 2017. “The Social Profitability of Business Incubators: A Measurement Proposal.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 29 (1–2): 116–136. doi:10.1080/08985626.2016.1255436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servon, L. J. 1997. “Microenterprise Programs in U. S. Inner Cities: Economic Development or Social Welfare.” Economic Development Quarterly 11: 166–180. doi:10.1177/089124249701100205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servon, L. J., and J. P. Doshna. 2000. “Microenterprise and the Economic Development Toolkit: A Small Part of the Big Picture.” Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship 5: 183–208.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S., and S. Venkataraman. 2000. “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review 25: 217–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIDA. 1996. Aid Dependency: Causes, Symptoms and Remedies. Stockholm: Swedish International Development Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J. 2002. Globalisation and Its Discontents. New York: W. W. Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Tasavori, M., and R. R. Sinkovics. 2011. “Socially Entrepreneurial Behaviour of Multinational Corporations: Are MNCs ‘social Entrepreneurs’?” In Firm-Level Internationalization, Regionalism and Globalization, edited by E. Huston, R. R. Sinkovics, and J. Berill, 397–411. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tavory, I., and S. Timmermans. 2014. Abductive Analysis: Theorizing from Qualitative Research. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• TCSRD. 2016. “Tata Chemicals Society for Rural Development.” Annual Report 2015–2016. Available at http://www.tcsrd.org/upload/pdf/tcsrd-annual-report-2015-16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2010. The MDGs. Everyone's Business. New York: UNDP.
   Google Scholar
• Timmermans, S., and I. Tavory. 2012. “Theory Construction in Qualitative Research: From Grounded Theory to Abductive Analysis.” Sociological Theory 30 (3): 167–186. doi:10.1177/0735275112457914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. 2015. “Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.” United Nations General Assembly http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1andLang=E Accessed 29 August 2018
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2004a. Partnerships for Small ED. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2004b. Unleashing Entrepreneurship. Making Business Work for the Poor. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. 2008. Creating Value for All: Strategies for Doing Business with the Poor. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Utting, P. 2005. “Corporate Responsibility and the Movement of Business.” Development in Practice 15: 375–388. doi:10.1080/09614520500075797.
   Google Scholar
• Valente, M., and A. Crane. 2010. “Public Responsibility and Private Enterprise in Developing Countries.” California Management Review 52 (3): 52–77. doi:10.1525/cmr.2010.52.3.52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser, W. 2008. “Corporate Social Responsibility in Developing Countries.” In The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, edited by A. Crane, A. McWilliams, D. Matten, J. Moon, and D. S. Siegal, 473–502. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• WBCSD. 2004. Doing Business with the Poor. A Field Guide. Switzerland: World Business Council for Sustainable Development.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2014. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar