Narrating the ‘social’: the evolving stories of Pakistan’s social entrepreneurs

References

• Alexander, J. A., and B. J. Weiner. 1998. “The Adoption of the Corporate Governance Model by Nonprofit Organizations.” Nonprofit Management and Leadership 8 (3): 223–242. doi:10.1002/nml.8302.
   Google Scholar
• Amine, L. S., and K. M. Staub. 2009. “Women Entrepreneurs in sub-Saharan Africa: An Institutional Theory Analysis from a Social Marketing Point of View.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 21 (2): 183–211. doi:10.1080/08985620802182144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R. 2005. “Enacted Metaphor: The Theatricality of the Entrepreneurial Process.” International Small Business Journal 23 (6): 587–603. doi:10.1177/0266242605057654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and R. Smith. 2007. “The Moral Space in Entrepreneurship: An Exploration of Ethical Imperatives and the Moral Legitimacy of Being Enterprising.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 19 (6): 479–497. doi:10.1080/08985620701672377.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and L. Warren. 2011. “The Entrepreneur as Hero and Jester: Enacting the Entrepreneurial Discourse.” International Small Business Journal 29 (6): 589–609. doi:10.1177/0266242611416417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., S. D. Dodd, and S. L. Jack. 2012. “Entrepreneurship as Connecting: Some Implications for Theorising and Practice.” Management Decision 50 (5): 958–971. doi:10.1108/00251741211227708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R. 2015. “Conceptualising Entrepreneurship as Economic “Explanation” and the Consequent Loss of “Understanding”.” International Journal of Business and Globalisation 14 (12): 145–157. doi:10.1504/IJBG.2015.067432.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and S. L. Jack. 2015. “An Introduction to the Constant Comparative Technique.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research Techniques and Analysis in Entrepreneurship, edited by H. Neergaard and C. Leitch, 15–20, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and M. D. Lent. 2017. “Enterprising the Rural: Creating a Social Value Chain.” Journal of Rural Studies 70: 96–103. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.08.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., and B.A. Obeng. 2017. “Enterprise as Socially Situated in a Rural Poor Fishing Community.” Journal of Rural Studies 49: 23–31. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.11.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, A. R., S. Younis, H. Hashim, and C. Air. 2019. “Social Enterprising Informing Our Concept; Exploring Informal Micro Social Enterprise.” Social Enterprise Journal 15 (1): 94–110. doi:10.1108/SEJ-04-2018-0034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson, F. O. 2011. “Social Entrepreneurship as Fetish.” The Nonprofit Quarterly 18 (2): 64–68.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R. 2002. “The Life Story Interview.” In Handbook of Interview Research, edited by J. F. Gubrium and J. A. Holstein, 121–140. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Austin, J. E. 2006. “Three Avenues for Social Entrepreneurship Research.” In Social Entrepreneurship, edited by J. Mair, J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts, 22–33. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Boje, D. M. 2001. Narrative Methods for Organizational and Communication Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bornstein, D. 2004. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurship and the Power of Ideas. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Bull, M. 2008. “Challenging Tensions: Critical, Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives on Social Enterprise.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 14 (5): 268–275. doi:10.1108/13552550810897641.
   Google Scholar
• Cajaiba-Santana, G. 2014. “Social Innovation: Moving the Field Forward. A Conceptual Framework.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 82: 42–51. doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2013.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calás, M. B., L. Smircich, and K. A. Bourne. 2009. “Extending the Boundaries: Reframing “Entrepreneurship as Social Change” through Feminist Perspectives.” Academy of Management Review 34 (3): 552–569. doi:10.5465/amr.2009.40633597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprotti, F., and I. Bailey. 2014. “Making Sense of the Green Economy.” Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography 96 (3): 195–200. doi:10.1111/geob.12045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke, J., and R. Holt. 2010. “The Mature Entrepreneur: A Narrative Approach to Entrepreneurial Goals.” Journal of Management Inquiry 19 (1): 69–83. doi:10.1177/1056492609343030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B., B. Smith, and R. Mitchell. 2008. “Toward a Sustainable Conceptualization of Dependent Variables in Entrepreneurship Research.” Business Strategy and the Environment 17 (2): 107–119. doi:10.1002/bse.505.
   Google Scholar
• Cope, J. 2005. “Researching Entrepreneurship through Phenomenological Inquiry: Philosophical and Methodological Issues.” International Small Business Journal 23 (2): 163–189. doi:10.1177/0266242605050511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, J., and A. R. Anderson. 2018. “Inspired or Foolhardy: Sensemaking, Confidence and Entrepreneurs’ Decision-Making.” Group Decision and Negotiation 27 (3): 393–415. doi:10.1007/s10726-018-9563-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Fina, A. 2009. “Narratives in interview—The Case of Accounts: For an Interactional Approach to Narrative Genres.” Narrative Inquiry 19 (2): 233–258. doi:10.1075/ni.19.2.03def.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dees, J. G., and B. B. Anderson. 2006. “Framing a Theory of Social Entrepreneurship: Building on Two Schools of Practice and Thought.” Research on Social Entrepreneurship 1 (3): 39–66.
   Google Scholar
• Dees, J. G. 2012. “A Tale of Two Cultures: Charity, Problem Solving, and the Future of Social Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Ethics 111 (3): 321–334. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1412-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defourny, J., and M. Nyssens. 2010. “Conceptions of Social Enterprise and Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences.” Journal of Social Entrepreneurship 1 (1): 32–53. doi:10.1080/19420670903442053.
   Google Scholar
• Dey, P. 2006. “The Rhetoric of Social Entrepreneurship: Paralogy and New Language Games in Academic Discourse in.” In Entrepreneurship as Social Change: A Third New Movements in Entrepreneurship, edited by C. Steyaert and D. Hjorth, 121–143. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dey, P., and C. Steyaert. 2010. “The Politics of Narrating Social Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Enterprising Communities 4 (1): 85–108. doi:10.1108/17506201011029528.
   Google Scholar
• Dey, P., and C. Steyaert. 2018. “Myth in Social Entrepreneurship Research: An Inquiry into Rationalist, Ideological and Dialectic Practices of Demystification.” In Social Entrepreneurship. An Affirmative Critique, edited by P. Dey and C. Steyaert, 100–126. Cheltenham UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Diochon, M., and A. R. Anderson. 2011. “Ambivalence and Ambiguity in Social Enterprise; Narratives about Values in Reconciling Purpose and Practices.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 7 (1): 93–109. doi:10.1007/s11365-010-0161-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, S. D., and A. R. Anderson. 2007. “Mumpsimus and the Mything of the Individualistic Entrepreneur.” International Small Business Journal 25 (4): 341–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd, S, A R. Anderson, and S L. Jack. 2021. ““Let Them Not Make Me a Stone”—repositioning Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Small Business Management. doi:10.1080/00472778.2020.1867734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing, S. 2005. “The Social Construction of Entrepreneurship: Narrative and Dramatic Processes in the Coproduction of Organizations and Identities.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29 (2): 185–204. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2005.00076.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabriel, Y. 2000. Storytelling in Organisations: Facts, Fictions and Fantasies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gaddefors, J., and A. R. Anderson. 2019. “Romancing the Rural: Reconceptualizing Rural Entrepreneurship as Engagement with Context(s).” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation 20 (3): 159–169. doi:10.1177/1465750318785545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. B. 2007. “Entrepreneurial Narrative and a Science of the Imagination.” Journal of Business Venturing 22 (5): 613–627. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2006.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garud, R., H. A. Schildt, and T. K. Lant. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Storytelling, Future Expectations, and the Paradox of Legitimacy.” Organization Science 25 (5): 1479–1492. doi:10.1287/orsc.2014.0915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Pakistan . 2016. ”Multidimensional Poverty in Pakistan.” Ministry of Planning, Development and Reform https://www.undp.org/content/dam/pakistan/docs/MPI/Multidimensional%20Poverty%20in%20Pakistan.pdf .
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, E. 2014. “Entrepreneurial Narrative Identity and Gender: A Double Epistemological Shift.” Journal of Small Business Management 52 (4): 703–712. doi:10.1111/jsbm.12127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding, R. 2004. “Social Enterprise: The New Economic Engine?” Business Strategy Review 15 (4): 39–43. doi:10.1111/j.0955-6419.2004.00338.x.
   Google Scholar
• Houtbeckers, E. 2017. “Researcher Subjectivity in Social Entrepreneurship Ethnographies: The Entanglement of Stories in a co-working Cooperative for Social Innovation.” Social Enterprise Journal 13 (2): 128–143. doi:10.1108/SEJ-07-2016-0025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, S. L., and A. R. Anderson. 1999. “Entrepreneurship Education within the Enterprise Culture: Producing Reflective Practitioners.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 5 (3): 110–125. doi:10.1108/13552559910284074.
   Google Scholar
• Jack, S. L., S. Moult, A.R. Anderson S, and S. D. Dodd. 2010. “An Entrepreneurial Network Evolving: Patterns of Change.” International Small Business Journal 28 (4): 315–337. doi:10.1177/0266242610363525.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, S. L., A. R. Anderson, S. D. Dodd, and S. Moult. 2015. Neergaard H., Leitch C. M. “Using the Constant Comparative Technique to Consider Network Change and Evolution.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research Techniques and Analysis in Entrepreneurship, 21–51. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, A. W. 2004. “Narrating the Entrepreneur.” International Small Business Journal 22 (3): 273–293. doi:10.1177/0266242604042379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, R., J. Latham, and M. Betta. 2008. “Narrative Construction of the Social Entrepreneurial Identity.” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 14 (5): 330–345. doi:10.1108/13552550810897687.
   Google Scholar
• Karanda, C., and N. Toledano. 2012. “Social Entrepreneurship in South Africa: A Different Narrative for a Different Context.” Social Enterprise Journal 8 (3): 201–215. doi:10.1108/17508611211280755.
   Google Scholar
• Kearins, K., E. Collins, and H. Tregidga. 2010. “Beyond Corporate Environmental Management to a Consideration of Nature in Visionary Small Enterprise.” Business and Society 49 (3): 512–547. doi:10.1177/0007650310368988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearins, K., and E. Collins. 2012. “Making Sense of Ecopreneurs’ Decisions to Sell up.” Business Strategy and the Environment 21 (2): 71–85. doi:10.1002/bse.710.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmitt, J., and P. Muñoz. 2018. “Sensemaking the ‘Social’ in Social Entrepreneurship.” International Small Business Journal 36 (8): 859–886. doi:10.1177/0266242618789230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korsgaard, S., and A. R. Anderson. 2011. “Enacting Entrepreneurship as Social Value Creation.” International Small Business Journal 29 (2): 135–151. doi:10.1177/0266242610391936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larty, J., and E. Hamilton. 2011. “Structural Approaches to Narrative Analysis in Entrepreneurship Research: Exemplars from Two Researchers.” International Small Business Journal 29 (3): 220–237. doi:10.1177/0266242611401796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., and I. Marti. 2006. “Social Entrepreneurship Research: A Source of Explanation, Prediction, and Delight.” Journal of World Business 41 (1): 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair, J., J. Battilana, and J. Cardenas. 2012. “Organizing for Society: A Typology of Social Entrepreneuring Models.” Journal of Business Ethics 111 (3): 353–373. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1414-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. 2002. Qualitative Researching. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McKeever, E., S. Jack, and A. R. Anderson. 2015. “Embedded Entrepreneurship in the Creative re-construction of Place.” Journal of Business Venturing 30 (1): 50–65. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz, P, and B Cohen. 2017. “Towards a Social-Ecological Understanding of Sustainable Venturing.” Journal of Business Venturing Insights 7: 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, K., and D. Gibbs. 2016. “Rethinking Green entrepreneurship–Fluid Narratives of the Green Economy.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 48 (9): 1727–1749. doi:10.1177/0308518X16650453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson, C., and C. Howorth. 2008. “The Language of Social Entrepreneurs.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 20 (3): 285–309. doi:10.1080/08985620701800507.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson, C., C. Howorth, and A. Southern. 2017. “The Crafting of an (Un) Enterprising Community: Context and the Social Practice of Talk.” International Small Business Journal 35 (4): 385–404. doi:10.1177/0266242615621123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. 2015. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. 2003. Social Enterprise in Anytown. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. A. II, and J. P. Doh. 2005. “The High Impact of Collaborative Social Initiatives.” MIT Sloan Management Review 46 (3): 30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poldner, K., P. Shrivastava, and O. Branzei. 2017. “Embodied multi-discursivity: An Aesthetic Process Approach to Sustainable Entrepreneurship.” Business and Society 56 (2): 214–252. doi:10.1177/0007650315576149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerantz, M. 2003. “The Business of Social Entrepreneurship in a “Down Economy”.” Business 25 (3): 25–30.
   Google Scholar
• Riessman, C. K. 2008. Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. 2006. “Navigating Social and Institutional Barriers to Markets: How Social Entrepreneurs Identify and Evaluate Opportunities.” In Social Entrepreneurship, edited by J. Mair, J. Robinson, and K. Hockerts, 95–120. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, F. M. 2012. “A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Business Ethics 111 (3): 335–351. doi:10.1007/s10551-012-1413-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarasvathy, S. D., and N. Dew. 2005. “New Market Creation through Transformation.” Journal of Evolutionary Economics 15 (5): 533–565. doi:10.1007/s00191-005-0264-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seanor, P., M. Bull, S. Baines, and R. Ridley-Duff. 2013. “Narratives of Transition from Social to Enterprise: You Can’t Get There from Here!” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research 19 (3): 324–343. doi:10.1108/13552551311330200.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, E., and A. de Bruin. 2013. “Reconsidering Capitalism: The Promise of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship?” International Small Business Journal 31 (7): 737–746. doi:10.1177/0266242613497494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyaert, C., and D. Hjorth. 2006. Entrepreneurship as Social Change: A Third New Movements in Entrepreneurship Book. London: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, R. 2018. “Socio-Cultural and Economic Factors Affecting Women Political Participation in Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.” The Women-Annual Research Journal of Gender Studies 10 (10): https://sujo-old.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/THE-WOMEN/article/view/4460
   Google Scholar
• Welter, F., T. Baker, and K. Wirsching. 2019. “Three Waves and Counting: The Rising Tide of Contextualization in Entrepreneurship Research.” Small Business Economics 52 (2): 319–330. doi:10.1007/s11187-018-0094-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yunis, M., H. Hashim, and A. R. Anderson. 2018. “Enablers and Constraints of Female Entrepreneurship in Khyber Pukhtunkhawa, Pakistan: Institutional and Feminist Perspectives.” Sustainability 11 (1): 27. doi:10.3390/su11010027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar