3,625
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Teaching algorithms in upper secondary education: a study of teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, &
Pages 61-93 | Received 27 Jul 2020, Accepted 25 May 2021, Published online: 15 Jun 2021

References

  • Aho, A. V. (2011). Ubiquity symposium: Computation and computational thinking. Ubiquity, 2011(January). https://doi.org/10.1145/1922681.1922682
  • Alonzo, A. C., & Kim, J. (2016). Declarative and dynamic pedagogical content knowledge as elicited through two video-based interview methods. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 53(8), 1259–1286. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21271
  • Armoni, M. (2013). On teaching abstraction in CS to novices. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 32(3), 265–284. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/41271/
  • Barendsen, E., Dagienė, V., Saeli, M., & Schulte, C. (2014). Eliciting computer science teachers’ PCK using the content representation format: Experiences and future directions. In Y. Gülbahar, E. Karatas, & M. Adnan (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Situation, evolution and perspectives (pp. 71–82). Ankara University Press.
  • Barendsen, E., Grgurina, N., & Tolboom, J. (2016). A new informatics curriculum for secondary education in the Netherlands. In A. Brodnik & F. Tort (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Improvement of informatics knowledge and perceptions (pp. 105–117). Springer.
  • Barendsen, E., & Henze, I. (2019). Relating teacher PCK and teacher practice using classroom observation. Research in Science Education, 49(5), 1141–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-017-9637-z
  • Barr, V., & Stephenson, C. (2011). Bringing computational thinking to K-12: What is involved and what is the role of the computer science education community? ACM Inroads, 2(1), 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1145/1929887.1929905
  • Basso, D., Fronza, I., Colombi, A., & Pahl, C. (2018). Improving assessment of computational thinking through a comprehensive framework. In Proceedings of the 18th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (pp. 1–5). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Bayram-Jacobs, D., Henze, I., Evagorou, M., Shwartz, Y., Aschim, E. L., Alcaraz-Dominguez, S., Barajas, M., & Dagan, E. (2019). Science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge development during enactment of socioscientific curriculum materials. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 56(9), 1207–1233. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21550
  • Bell, T., & Vahrenhold, J. (2018). CS Unplugged – How is it used, and does it work? In H. J. Böckenhauer, D. Komm, & W. Unger (Eds.), Adventures between lower bounds and higher altitudes (pp. 497–521). Springer International Publishing.
  • Bell, T., Alexander, J., Freeman, I., & Grimley, M. (2009). Computer science unplugged: School students doing real computing without computers. The New Zealand Journal of Applied Computing and Information Technology, 13(1), 20–29. https://researchportal.bath.ac.uk/en/publications/computer-science-unplugged-school-students-doing-real-computing-wdoi=“10.1007/978-3-319-98355-4_29„
  • Black, J., Brodie, J., Curzon, P., Myketiak, C., McOwan, P. W., & Meagher, L. R. (2013). Making computing interesting to school students: Teachers’ perspectives. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 255–260). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in qualitative research. Sage.
  • Brandes, O., & Armoni, M. (2019). Using action research to distill research-based segments of pedagogical content knowledge of K–12 computer science teachers. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 485–491). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews - Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory – A practical guide through qualitative analysis. Sage Publications.
  • Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Computing at School Working Group. (2012). Computer science: A curriculum for schools. https://www.computingatschool.org.uk/cacfs
  • Cormen, T., Leiserson, C., Rivest, R., & Stein, C. (2009). Introduction to algorithms (3rd ed.). The MIT Press.
  • Corradini, I., Lodi, M., & Nardelli, E. (2017). Conceptions and misconceptions about computational thinking among Italian primary school teachers. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER ‘ 17) (pp. 136–144). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • CSTA. (2017). K-12 computer science standards, Revised. https://csteachers.org/page/standards/
  • Cutts, Q., Robertson, J., Donaldson, P., & O’Donnell, L. (2017). An evaluation of a professional learning network for computer science teachers. Computer Science Education, 27(1), 30–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2017.1315958
  • Dagienė, V., & Jevsikova, T. (2012). Reasoning on the content of informatics education for beginners. Social Sciences, 78(4), 84–90. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ss.78.4.3233     
  • Denning, P. J. (2017). Remaining trouble spots with computational thinking. Communications of the ACM, 60(6), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998438
  • Fenstermacher, G. D. (1994). The knower and the known: The nature of knowledge in research on teaching. Review of Research in Education, 20(1), 3–56. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732X020001003
  • Forišek, M., & Steinová, M. (2012). Metaphors and analogies for teaching algorithms. In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM technical symposium on computer science education (pp. 15–20). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Futschek, G. (2006). Algorithmic thinking: The key for understanding computer science. In R. T. Mittermeir (Ed.), Informatics education – The bridge between using and understanding computers (pp. 159–168). Springer.
  • Futschek, G., & Moschitz, J. (2010). Developing algorithmic thinking by inventing and playing algorithms. In Proceedings of the 2010 constructionist approaches to creative learning, thinking and education. http://publik.tuwien.ac.at/files/PubDat_187461.pdf
  • Gal-Ezer, J., Beeri, C., Harel, D., & Yehudai, A. (1995). A high-school program in computer science. Computer, 28(10), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/2.467599
  • Gal-Ezer, J., & Zur, E. (2002). The concept of ‘algorithm efficiency’ in the high school curriculum. In Proceedings of the 32nd ASEE/IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference. Boston, MA.
  • Gess-Newsome, J. (1999). Pedagogical content knowledge: An introduction and orientation. In J. Gess-Newsome & N. G. Lederman (Eds.), Examining pedagogical content knowledge: The construct and its implications for science education (pp. 3–17). Springer Netherlands.
  • Gibson, J. P. (2012). Teaching graph algorithms to children of all ages. In Proceedings of the 17th ACM Annual Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (pp. 34–39). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Grgurina, N., Barendsen, E., Suhre, C., van Veen, K., & Zwaneveld, B. (2017). Investigating informatics teachers’ initial pedagogical content knowledge on modeling and simulation. In V. Dagienė & A. Hellas (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Focus on learning programming (pp. 65–76). Springer International Publishing.
  • Grgurina, N., Tolboom, J., & Barendsen, E. (2018). The second decade of informatics in Dutch secondary education. In S. N. Pozdniakov & V. Dagienė (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Fundamentals of computer science and software engineering (pp. 271–282). Springer International Publishing.
  • Grover, S. (2017). Assessing algorithmic and computational thinking in K-12: Lessons from a middle school classroom. In P. J. Rich & C. B. Hodges (Eds.), Emerging research, practice, and policy on computational thinking (pp. 269–288). Springer International Publishing.
  • Grover, S., & Pea, R. (2013). Computational thinking in K–12: A review of the state of the field. Educational Researcher, 42(1), 38–43. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X12463051
  • Grover, S., Pea, R., & Cooper, S. (2015). Designing for deeper learning in a blended computer science course for middle school students. Computer Science Education, 25(2), 199–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2015.1033142
  • Haberman, B., Averbuch, H., & Ginat, D. (2005). Is it really an algorithm: The need for explicit discourse. ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 37(3), 74–78. https://doi.org/10.1145/1151954.1067469
  • Hashweh, M. Z. (2005). Teacher pedagogical constructions: A reconfiguration of pedagogical content knowledge. Teachers and Teaching, 11(3), 273–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/13450600500105502
  • Hasni, T. F., & Lodhi, F. (2011). Teaching problem solving effectively. ACM Inroads, 2(3), 58–62. https://doi.org/10.1145/2003616.2003636
  • Hazzan, O., Lapidot, T., & Ragonis, N. (2014). Guide to teaching computer science (2nd ed.). Springer.
  • Henze, I., & Van Driel, J. H. (2015). Toward a more comprehensive way to capture PCK in its complexity. In A. Berry, P. Friedrichsen, & J. Loughran (Eds.), Re-examining pedagogical content knowledge in science education (pp. 120–134). Routledge.
  • Henze, I., Van Driel, J. H., & Verloop, N. (2008). Development of experienced science teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge of models of the solar system and the universe. International Journal of Science Education, 30(10), 1321–1342. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500690802187017
  • Hromkovič, J., & Lacher, R. (2017). The computer science way of thinking in human history and consequences for the design of computer science curricula. In V. Dagienė & A. Hellas (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Focus on learning programming (pp. 3–11). Springer International Publishing.
  • Hubbard, A. (2018). Pedagogical content knowledge in computing education: A review of the research literature. Computer Science Education, 28(2), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2018.1509580
  • Lessner, D. (2013). The role of algorithm in general secondary education revisited. In I. Diethelm, J. Arndt, M. Dünnebier, & J. Syrbe (Eds.), Informatics in Schools: Local Proceedings of the 6th International Conference ISSEP 2013 – Selected Papers (pp. 99–110). Universitätsverlag Potsdam.
  • Leyzberg, D., & Moretti, C. (2017). Teaching CS to CS teachers: Addressing the need for advanced content in K–12 professional development. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGCSE Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (SIGCSE ’17) (pp. 369–374). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. (1985). Establishing trustworthiness. In naturalistic inquiry (Chapter 11). Sage Publications.
  • Liu, S. (2013). Pedagogical content knowledge: A case study of ESL teacher educator. English Language Teaching, 6(7), 128–138. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v6n7p128
  • Loughran, J., Mulhall, P., & Berry, A. (2004). In search of pedagogical content knowledge in science: Developing ways of articulating and documenting professional practice. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 41(4), 370–391. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.20007
  • Lye, S. Y., & Koh, J. H. L. (2014). Review on teaching and learning of computational thinking through programming: What is next for K–12? Computers in Human Behavior, 41, 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.09.012
  • Magnusson, S., Krajcik, J., & Borko, H. (1999). Nature, sources, and development of pedagogical content knowledge for science teaching. In J. Gess-Newsome & N. Lederman (Eds.), Examining pedagogical content knowledge (pp. 95–132). Springer.
  • Mason, M. (2010). Sample size and saturation in PhD studies using qualitative interviews. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 11(3), Art 8. https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-11.3.1428     
  • McDonald, N., Schoenebeck, S., & Forte, A. (2019). Reliability and inter-rater reliability in qualitative research: Norms and guidelines for CSCW and HCI Practice. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 3(CSCW), 23. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359174
  • Meijer, P. C., Verloop, N., & Beijaard, D. (1999). Exploring language teachers’ practical knowledge about teaching reading comprehension. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15(1), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-051X(98)00045-6
  • Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A method sourcebook. Sage Publications.
  • Nijenhuis-Voogt, J., Bayram-Jacobs, D., Meijer, P. C., & Barendsen, E. (2021). Omnipresent yet elusive: Teachers’ views on contexts for teaching algorithms in secondary education. Computer Science Education, 31(1), 30–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2020.1783149
  • Park, S., & Chen, Y.-C. (2012). Mapping out the integration of the components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): Examples from high school biology classrooms. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 49(7), 922–941. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21022
  • Park, S., & Oliver, J. S. (2008). Revisiting the conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): PCK as a conceptual tool to understand teachers as professionals. Research in Science Education, 38(3), 261–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-007-9049-6
  • Perrenet, J., Groote, J. F., & Kaasenbrood, E. (2005). Exploring students’ understanding of the concept of algorithm: Levels of abstraction. Annual Joint Conference Integrating Technology into Computer Science Education, 37(3), 64–68. DOI: 10.1145/1151954.1067467
  • Rahimi, E., Barendsen, E., & Henze, I. (2016). Typifying informatics teachers’ PCK of designing digital artefacts in Dutch upper secondary education. In Brodnik, Andrej and Tort, Françoise (Eds.), Informatics in schools: Situation, evolution, and perspectives (pp. 65–77). Springer.
  • Saeli, M., Perrenet, J., Jochems, W. M. G., & Zwaneveld, B. (2011). Teaching programming in secondary school: A pedagogical content knowledge perspective. Informatics in Education, 10(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2011.06
  • Schwill, A. (1994). Fundamental ideas of computer science. Bulletin - European Association for Theoretical Computer Science, 53, 274-295. http://juniorstudium.cs.uni-potsdam.de/Forschung/Schriften/EATCS.pdf
  • Schwill, A. (1997). Computer science education based on fundamental ideas. In D. Passey & B. Samways (Eds.), Information technology. IFIP advances in information and communication technology (pp. 285–291). Springer.
  • Selby, C., & Woollard, J. (2013). Computational thinking: The developing definition. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/356481/
  • Sentance, S., & Csizmadia, A. (2017). Computing in the curriculum: Challenges and strategies from a teacher’s perspective. Education and Information Technologies, 22(2), 469–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9482-0
  • Shulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X015002004
  • Shulman, L. S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411
  • Solomon, J. (2007). Putting the science into computer science: Treating introductory computer science as the study of algorithms. SIGCSE Bulletin, 39(2), 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1145/1272848.1272882
  • Statter, D., & Armoni, M. (2020). Teaching abstraction in computer science to 7th grade students. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 20(1), 8:1–8: 37. https://doi.org/10.1145/3372143
  • Taylor, S. J., & Bogdan, R. (1984). Introduction to qualitative research methods: The search for meanings (3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Verloop, N., Van Driel, J., & Meijer, P. (2001). Teacher knowledge and the knowledge base of teaching. International Journal of Educational Research, 35(5), 441–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-0355(02)00003-4
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner, & E. Souberman, Eds.). Harvard University Press.
  • Wangenheim, C. G., Hauck, J. C., Demetrio, M. F., Pelle, R., Da Cruz Alves, N., Barbosa, H., & Azevedo, L. F. (2018). CodeMater - Automatic assessment and grading of App Inventor and Snap! Programs. Informatics in Education, 17(1), 117–150. https://doi.org/10.15388/infedu.2018.08
  • Webb, M., Davis, N., Bell, T., Katz, Y. J., Reynolds, N., Chambers, D. P., & Sysło, M. M. (2017). Computer science in K–12 school curricula of the 2lst century: Why, what and when? Education and Information Technologies, 22(2), 445–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-016-9493-x
  • Werner, L., Denner, J., Campe, S., & Kawamoto, D. C. (2012). The fairy performance assessment: Measuring computational thinking in middle school. In Proceedings of the 43rd ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education (pp. 215–220). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Yadav, A., & Berges, M. (2019). Computer science pedagogical content knowledge: Characterizing teacher performance. ACM Transactions on Computing Education, 19(3), 29:1—-29: 24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3303770
  • Yadav, A., Berges, M., Sands, P., & Good, J. (2016). Measuring computer science pedagogical content knowledge: An exploratory analysis of teaching vignettes to measure teacher knowledge. In Proceedings of the 11th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education (pp. 92–95). New York, NY: Association for Computing Machinery.
  • Yadav, A., Gretter, S., Hambrusch, S., & Sands, P. (2016). Expanding computer science education in schools: Understanding teacher experiences and challenges. Computer Science Education, 26(4), 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/08993408.2016.1257418
  • Yadav, A., Sands, P., Good, J., & Lishinki, A. (2018). Computer science and computational thinking in the curriculum: Research and practice. In Voogt, Joke and Knezek, Gerald and Christensen, Rhonda and Lai, Kwok-Wing (Eds.), Second Handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 89–106). Springer International Publishing. 1 0.1 007/97 8-3-319-71054-9_6