920
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The impact of posttraumatic growth, transformational leadership, and self-efficacy on PTSD and depression symptom severity among combat Veterans

ORCID Icon, , , &
Pages 162-173 | Received 26 Feb 2017, Accepted 31 Dec 2017, Published online: 26 Mar 2018

References

  • Arbisi, P. A., Kaler, M. E., Kehle-Forbes, S. M., Erbes, C. R., Polusny, M. A., & Thuras, P. (2012). The predictive validity of the PTSD Checklist in a nonclinical sample of combat-exposed National Guard troops. Psychological Assessment, 24(4), 1034–1040. doi:10.1037/a0028014
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2001a). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
  • Bartone, P. T. (2006). Resilience under military operational stress: Can leaders influence hardiness? Military Psychology, 18(Suppl), S131–S148. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1803s_10
  • Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.
  • Bass, B., & Avolio, B. (2000). Multifactor leadership questionnaire. Redwood City, CA: Mind Garden.
  • Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of posttraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1129–1148. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2003.08.008
  • Borson, S., Scanlan, J., Brush, M., Vitaliano, P., & Dokmak, A. (2000). The Mini-Cog: A cognitive “vital signs” measure for dementia screening in multi-lingual elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 15(11), 1021–1027. doi:10.1002/1099-1166(200011)15:11<1021::AID-GPS234>3.0.CO;2-6
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in clinical practice. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Chesney, M. A., Neilands, T. B., Chambers, D. B., Taylor, J. M., & Folkman, S. (2006). A validity and reliability study of the Coping Self-Efficacy scale. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(3), 421–437. doi:10.1348/135910705X53155
  • Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (rev ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Dekel, S., Ein-Dor, T., & Solomon, Z. (2012). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic distress: A longitudinal study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 4(1), 94–101. doi:10.1037/a0021865
  • Foa, H., & Rothbaum. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
  • Guyker, W. M., Donnelly, K., Donnelly, J. P., Dunnam, M., Warner, G. C., Kittleson, J., … Meier, S. T. (2013). Dimensionality, reliability, and validity of the Combat Experiences Scale. Military Medicine, 178(4), 377–384. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00223
  • Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation,moderation, and conditional process modeling. Retrieved from http://www.afhayes.com/public/process2012.pdf
  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). An introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Institute of Medicine. (2008). Physiologic, psychologic, and psychosocial effects of deployment-related stress. In Gulf war and health (Vol. 6). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Ivey, G. W., & Kline, T. B. (2010). Transformational and active transactional leadership in the Canadian military. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 31(3), 246–262. doi:10.1108/01437731011039352
  • Jahn, A. L., Herman, L., Schuster, J., Naik., A., & Moye, J. (2012). Distress and resilience after cancer in Veterans. Research in Human Development, 9(3), 229–247. doi:10.1080/15427609.2012.705555
  • Kanste, O., Miettunen, J., & Kyngäs, H. (2007). Psychometric properties of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire among nurses. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 57(2), 201–212. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04100.x
  • Kim, J., Han, J. Y., Shaw, B., McTavish, F., & Gustafson, D. (2010). The roles of social support and coping strategies in predicting breast cancer patients’ emotional well-being: Testing mediation and moderation models. Journal of Health Psychology, 15(4), 543–552. doi:10.1177/1359105309355338
  • Kovjanic, S., Schuh, S. C., & Jonas, K. (2013). Transformational leadership and performance: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of basic needs satisfaction and work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 543–555.
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Luszczynska, A., Benight, C. C., & Cieslak, R. (2009). Self-efficacy and health-related outcomes of collective trauma: A systematic review. European Psychologist, 14(1), 51–62. doi:10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.51
  • Moyle, P. (1998). Longitudinal influences of managerial support on employee well-being. Work & Stress, 12(1), 29–49. doi:10.1080/02678379808256847
  • Perko, K., Kinnunen, U., & Feldt, T. (2014). Transformational leadership and depressive symptoms among employees: Mediating factors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 35(4), 286–304. doi:10.1108/LODJ-07-2012-0082
  • Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., Morgan, C., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Posttraumatic growth in Veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(1–2), 230–235. doi:10.1016/j.jad2010.03.021
  • Resick, P., Monson, C., & Chard, K. (2017). Cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A comprehensive manual. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • Schaubroeck, J., Walumbwa, F. O., Ganster, D. C., & Kepes, S. (2007). Destructive leader traits and the neutralizing influence of an “enriched” job. The Leadership Quarterly, 18(3), 236–251. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.03.006
  • Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Lurie-Beck, J. (2014). A meta-analytic clarification of the relationship between posttraumatic growth and symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2), 223–229. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.005
  • Skakon, J., Nielsen, K., Borg, V., & Guzman, J. (2010). Are leaders’ well-being, behaviours and style associated with the affective well-being of their employees? A systematic review of three decades of research. Work & Stress, 24(2), 107–139. doi:10.1080/02678373.2010.495262
  • Smith, A. J., Benight, C. C., & Cieslak, R. (2013). Social support and postdeployment coping self-efficacy as predictors of distress among combat Veterans. Military Psychology, 25(5), 452–461. doi:10.1037/mil0000013
  • Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. H. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Center for Military Health Policy Research.
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1996). The posttraumatic growth inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), 455–471. doi:10.1002/jts.2490090305
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat Veterans? American Psychologist, 66(1), 19–24. doi:10.1037/a0021896
  • Thomas, J. L., Britt, T. W., Odle-Dusseau, H., & Bliese, P. D. (2011). Dispositional optimism buffers combat Veterans from the negative effects of warzone stress on mental health symptoms and work impairment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 67, 866–880. doi:10.1002/jclp.20809
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Schnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). National Center for PTSD. Retrieved from www.ptsd.va.gov
  • Wood, M. D., Foran, H. M., Britt, T. W., & Wright, K. M. (2012). The impact of benefit finding and leadership on combat-related PTSD symptoms. Military Psychology, 24(6), 529–541. doi:10.1080/08995605.2012.736321

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.