References
- Brown, J. M., Anderson Goodell, E. M., Williams, J., & Bray, R. M. (2018). Socioecological risk and protective factors for smoking among active duty U.S. military personnel. Military Medicine, 183(7–8), e231–e239. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx021
- Brown-Johnson, C. G., England, L. J., Glantz, S. A., & Ling, P. M. (2014). Tobacco industry marketing to low socioeconomic status women in the USA. Tobacco Control, 23(e2), e139–146. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051224
- Carter, A. (2016). Policy memorandum 16-001. Washington, DC: Department of Defense Tobacco Policy.
- Creamer, M. R., Wang, T. W., Babb, S., Cullen, K. A., Day, H., Willis, G., … Neff, L. (2019). Tobacco product use and cessation indicators among adults — United States, 2018. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 68(45), 1013. doi:https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6845a2
- Cunradi, C. B., Moore, R. S., & Ames, G. (2008). Contribution of occupational factors to current smoking among active-duty U.S. navy careerists. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 10(3), 429–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200801889002
- Delaney, H., MacGregor, A., & Amos, A. (2018). “Tell them you smoke, you’ll get more breaks”: A qualitative study of occupational and social contexts of young adult smoking in Scotland. BMJ Open, 8(12), e023951. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023951
- Drope, J., Liber, A. C., Cahn, Z., Stoklosa, M., Kennedy, R., Douglas, C. E., … Drope, J. (2018). Who’s still smoking? Disparities in adult cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68(2), 106–115. doi:https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21444
- Dunkle, A., Kalpinski, R., Ebbert, J., Talcott, W., Klesges, R., & Little, M. A. (2019). Predicting smokeless tobacco initiation and re-initiation in the United States Air Force. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9, 100142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2018.11.001
- Fahey, M. C., Krukowski, R. A., Talcott, G. W., & Little, M. A. (2020). JUUL targets military personnel and veterans. Tobacco Control, 29(e1), e163–e164. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055377
- Fahey, M. C., Talcott, G. W., McMurry, T. L., Klesges, R. C., Tubman, D., Krukowski, R. A., & Little, M. A. (2020). When, how, & where tobacco initiation and relapse occur during U.S. Air Force technical training. Military Medicine, 185(5–6), e609–e615. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usaa016
- Gierisch, J. M., Straits-Troster, K., Calhoun, P. S., Beckham, J. C., Acheson, S., & Hamlett-Berry, K. (2012). Tobacco use among Iraq- and Afghanistan-era veterans: A qualitative study of barriers, facilitators, and treatment preferences. Preventing Chronic Disease, 9, E58. doi:https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110131
- Haddock, C., Hoffman, K., Taylor, J., Schwab, L., Poston, W., & Lando, H. (2008). An analysis of messages about tobacco in the military times magazines. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 10(7), 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14622200802163126
- Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
- James, E. L. (1918a, April 26). Makings for the front. The New York Times.
- James, E. L. (1918b, May 23). War department will issue tobacco rations. The New York Times.
- Joseph, A. M., Muggli, M., Pearson, K. C., & Lando, H. (2005). The cigarette manufacturers’ efforts to promote tobacco to the U.S. military. Military Medicine, 170(10), 874–880. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed.170.10.874
- Klesges, R., Ebbert, J., Talcott, G., Thomas, F., Richey, P., Womack, C., … Oh, J. (2015). Efficacy of a tobacco quitline in active duty military and TRICARE beneficiaries: A randomized trial. Military Medicine, 180(8), 917–925. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00513
- Kong, A. Y., Golden, S. D., Myers, A. E., Little, M. A., Klesges, R., Talcott, W., … Ribisl, K. M. (2019). Availability, price and promotions for cigarettes and non-cigarette tobacco products: An observational comparison of US Air Force bases with nearby tobacco retailers, 2016. Tobacco Control, 28(2), 189–194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054266
- Lando, H. A., Michaud, M. E., Poston, W. S., Jahnke, S. A., Williams, L., & Haddock, C. K. (2015). Banning cigarette smoking on US navy submarines: A case study. Tobacco Control, 24(e3), e188–192. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051624
- Lin, J., Zhu, K., Solivan-Ortiz, A. M., Larsen, S. L., Schneid, T. R., Shriver, C. D., & Lee, S. (2019). Deployment and smokeless tobacco use among active duty service members in the U.S. military. Military Medicine, 184(3–4), e183–e190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy186
- Little, M., Ebbert, J., Bursac, Z., Talcott, G., Talley, L., LeRoy, K., … Klesges, R. (2017). Enhancing the efficacy of a smoking quit line in the military: Study rationale, design and methods of the freedom quit line. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 59, 51–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2017.04.011
- Little, M., Ebbert, J., Krukowski, R., Halbert, J., Kalpinski, R., Patten, C., … Talcott, G. (2019). Predicting cigarette initiation and reinitiation among active duty United States Air Force recruits. Substance Abuse, 40(3), 340–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2019.1577678
- Little, M., Fahey, M., Klesges, R., McMurry, T., & Talcott, G. (2020). Evaluating the effects of a brief tobacco intervention in the U.S. Air Force. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 22(9), 1569–1577. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntaa001
- Little, M., Talcott, G., Bursac, Z., Linde, B., Pagano, L., Messler, E., … Klesges, R. (2016). Efficacy of a brief tobacco intervention for tobacco and nicotine containing product use in the US Air Force. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 18, 5. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv242
- Little, M. A., Bursac, Z., Derefinko, K. J., Ebbert, J. O., Talcott, G. W., Hryshko-Mullen, A., & Klesges, R. C. (2016a). Types of dual and poly-tobacco users in the US military. American Journal of Epidemiology, 184(3), 211–218. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv321
- Little, M. A., Derefinko, K. J., Bursac, Z., Ebbert, J. O., Colvin, L., Talcott, G. W., … Klesges, R. C. (2016b). Prevalence and correlates of tobacco and nicotine containing product use in a sample of United States Air Force trainees. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 18(4), 416–423. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntv090
- Little, M. A., Derefinko, K. J., Colvin, L., Ebbert, J. O., Bursac, Z., Talcott, G. W., … Klesges, R. C. (2015). The prevalence of e-cigarette use in a sample of U.S. Air Force recruits. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(3), 402–408. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.019
- Little, M. A., Fahey, M. C., Wang, X.-Q., Talcott, G. W., McMurry, T., & Klesges, R. C. (2021). Trends in tobacco use among young adults presenting for military service in the United States Air Force between 2013–2018 substance abuse. Substance Use & Misuse, 56(23), 370–376. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1868517
- Little, M. A., Pebley, K., Porter, K., Talcott, G. W., & Krukowski, R. A. (2020). ‘I think smoking’s the same, but the toys have changed’. Understanding facilitators of e-cigarette use among Air Force personnel. Journal of Addiction & Prevention, 8, 1.
- Meadows, S. O., Engel, C. C., Collins, R. L., Beckman, R. L., Cefalu, M., Hawes-Dawson, J., … Williams, K. M. (2018). 2015 Department of Defense Health Related Behaviors Survey (HRBS). RAND Health Quarterly, 8(2), 5.
- Meyer, J. W., & Rowan, B. (1977). Institutionalized organizations: Formal structure as myth and ceremony. American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340–363. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/226550
- Navy vessels to become ‘tobacco-free’ from January. (2020). Forces | Net. https://www.forces.net/news/navy-vessels-become-tobacco-free-january
- Nelson, J. P., Pederson, L. L., & Lewis, J. (2009). Tobacco use in the army: Illuminating patterns, practices, and options for treatment. Military Medicine, 174(2), 162–169. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-01-2008
- Popova, L., Linde, B. D., Bursac, Z., Talcott, G. W., Modayil, M. V., Little, M. A., … Klesges, R. C. (2016). Testing anti-smoking messages for Air Force trainees. Tobacco Control, 25(6), 656–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052477
- Porter, K. J., Krukowski, R. A., Bonilla, G., McKenna, L., Talcott, G., & Little, M. (2021, Feb 26). Using the socio-ecological model to explore facilitators and deterrents of tobacco use among airmen in technical training. Military Medicine, usab075. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab075
- Poston, W. S., Suminski, R. R., Hoffman, K. M., Jitnarin, N., Hughey, J., Lando, H. A., … Haddock, K. (2010). Military line leadership and tobacco control: Perspectives of military policy leaders and tobacco control managers. Military Medicine, 175(10), 811–816. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-10-00092
- Poston, W. S., Taylor, J. E., Hoffman, K. M., Peterson, A. L., Lando, H. A., Shelton, S., & Haddock, C. K. (2008). Smoking and deployment: Perspectives of junior-enlisted U.S. Air Force and U.S. Army personnel and their supervisors. Military Medicine, 173(5), 441–447. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed.173.5.441
- Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Jitnarin, N., Malone, R. E., & Smith, E. A. (2017). Perspectives of US military commanders on tobacco use and tobacco control policy. Tobacco Control, 26(3), 254–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052829
- Poston, W. S. C., Haddock, C. K., Jahnke, S. A., Smith, E., Malone, R. E., & Jitnarin, N. (2016). Cigarette prices and community price comparisons in US military retail stores. Tobacco Control, 26(5), 600–603. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053063
- QSR International Pty Ltd. (2018). NVivo (Version 12), https://www.qsrinternational.com/nvivo-qualitative-data-analysis-software/home
- Sarna, L., Aguinaga Bialous, S., Wells, M., Kotlerman, J., Froelicher, E., & Wewers, M. (2009). Do you need to smoke to get a break?: Smoking status and missed work breaks among staff nurses. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(2), S165–S171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.05.005
- Secretary of the Air Force. (2019). Tobacco free living (AFI 48-104). https://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/af_sg/publication/afi48-104/afi48-104.pdf
- Singaraju, R. C., Myers, J. N., Owczarzak, J. T., & Gielen, A. C. (2019). Combat readiness, harm aversion, and promotion eligibility: A qualitative study of U.S. servicemembers views on tobacco use and control in the military. Military Medicine, 184(3–4), e175–e182. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usy181
- Smith, B., Ryan, M. A., Wingard, D. L., Patterson, T. L., Slymen, D. J., Macera, C. A., & Millennium Cohort Study, T. (2008). Cigarette smoking and military deployment: A prospective evaluation. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(6), 539–546.
- Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2009a). “Everywhere the soldier will be”: Wartime tobacco promotion in the US military. American Journal of Public Health, 99(9), 1595–1602. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.152983
- Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2009b). Tobacco promotion to military personnel: “the plums are here to be plucked. Military Medicine, 174(8), 797–806. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-04-4108
- Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2012). Why strong tobacco control measures “can’t” be implemented in the U.S. military: A qualitative analysis. Military Medicine, 177(10), 1202–1207. doi:https://doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-12-00199
- Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2014). Mediatory myths in the U.S. military: Tobacco use as “stress relief. American Journal of Health Promotion, 29(2), 115–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.4278/Ajhp.121009-QUAL-491
- Sobel, R. (1978). They satisfy: The cigarette in American life. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
- Talcott, G., Cigrang, J., Sherrill-Mittleman, D., Snyder, D., Baker, M., Tatum, J., … Heyman, R. (2013). Tobacco use during military deployment. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 15(8), 8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts267
- U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2021). Tobacco 21. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/tobacco-products/retail-sales-tobacco-products/tobacco-21